5. Cynthia Paces, Prague Panoramas: National Memory and Sacred Space in the Twentieth Century (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2009), 56, 62–69. For Sucharda’s own account of the production and ceremonial unveiling of the statue, see Stanislav Sucharda, Historie pomníku Fr. Palackého v Praze: K slavnosti odhalení (Prague: Eduard Grégr a syn, [1912]); and idem, Pomník Frant. Palackého v Praze: Jeho vznik a význam (Prague: Eduard Grégr a syn, [1912]).
6. Nancy M. Wingfield, Flag Wars and Stone Saints: How the Bohemian Lands Became Czech (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2007).
7. Ladislav Holy, The Little Czech and the Great Czech Nation: National Identity and the Post-Communist Transformation of Society (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 38.
8. Paces, Prague Panoramas, 52–53; Holy, Little Czech, 37.
9. Karl Baedeker, Österreich, ohne Galizien, Dalmatien, Ungarn und Bosnien: Handbuch für Reisende, 29th ed. (Leipzig: Baedeker, 1913), 295.
10. Jiří Kořalka, Tschechen im Habsburgerreich und in Europa 1815–1914: Sozialgeschichtliche Zusammenhänge der neuzeitlichen Nationsbildung und der Nationalitätenfrage in den böhmischen Ländern (Vienna: Verlag für Geschichte und Politik, 1991), 291; idem, “The Czech Question in International Relations at the Beginning of the 20th Century,” Slavonic and East European Review 48, no. 111 (April 1970): 248–260, on 259.
11. Claire E. Nolte, The Sokol in the Czech Lands to 1914: Training for the Nation (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002), 174–175.
12. Anton Reiser [Rudolf Kayser], Albert Einstein: A Biographical Portrait (New York: Albert & Charles Boni, 1930), 85. On Einstein’s reservations about this book, see Albrecht Fölsing, Albert Einstein: A Biography, tr. and abridged Ewald Osers (New York: Penguin Books, 1997 [1993]), 85.
13. Philipp Frank, Einstein: Sein Leben und seine Zeit (Munich: Paul List, 1949), 255.
14. Hans Albert Einstein quoted in Zdeněk Guth, “Einsteinovi a Smíchov,” Neděle s Lidová demokracie 31, no. 15 (12 April 1975): 9–10, on 10.
15. Einstein to Lucien Chavan, 5 April [1911], CPAE 5:262, on 289.
16. Einstein to Heinrich Zangger, [7 April 1911], CPAE 5:263, on 289. On the contemporary boycott movements among Czech-identified and German-identified Bohemians, see Catherine Albrecht, “The Rhetoric of Economic Nationalism in the Bohemian Boycott Campaigns of the Late Habsburg Monarchy,” Austrian History Yearbook 22 (2001): 47–67.
17. Einstein to Heinrich Zangger, 7 November [1911], CPAE 5:303, on 346.
18. Einstein to Michele Besso, 13 May 1911, CPAE 5:267, on 295.
19. Einstein to Alfred and Clara Stern, 17 March [1912], CPAE 5:374, on 432–433.
20. Einstein to Zangger, [before June 1911], CPAE 5/267a, in vol. 10 on 16.
21. Heinrich A. Medicus, “The Friendship among Three Singular Men: Einstein and His Swiss Friends Besso and Zangger,” Isis 85, no. 3 (September 1994): 456–478, especially on 464.
22. Einstein to Mileva Marić, [4 February 1902], CPAE 1:134, on 332.
23. Einstein to Carl Schröter, [1 February 1912], CPAE 5:349, on 400.
24. Einstein to Hans Tanner, [24 April 1911], CPAE 5:265, on 293. Einstein’s biographer Carl Seelig, who knew the physicist personally, recalled hygiene being a constant touchstone in the Zurich–Prague comparisons: “On a later occasion when the conversation turned to this period, Einstein referred in his usual concise way to the hygienic conditions of the East, which could not be compared with the Swiss cult and cleanliness.” Seelig, Albert Einstein: A Documentary Biography, tr. Mervyn Savill (London: Staples Press Limited, 1956), 129.
25. Einstein to Lucien Chavan, [5–6 July 1911], CPAE 5:271, on 304.
26. Ronald W. Clark, Einstein: The Life and Times (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1971), 136–137.
27. Ferdinand Seibt, Deutschland und die Tschechen: Geschichte einer Nachbarschaft in der Mitte Europas (Munich: Piper, 1993), 217.
28. The Swiss model was discussed for Austria as a whole in September 1900 in the Ostdeutsche Rundschau, which ended up rejecting it and any other compromise with the Slavs. In 1906 Karl Renner wrote Grundlagen und Entwicklungsziele der österreichisch-ungarischen Monarchie, in which he suggested Swiss methods might be combined with the Moravian personalist system inaugurated the previous year. See the discussion in Elizabeth Wiskemann, Czechs and Germans: A Study of the Struggle in the Historic Provinces of Bohemia and Moravia, 2nd. ed. (London: Macmillan, 1967 [1938]), 69.
29. Ernst Denis, La Bohême depuis la Montagne-Blanche, 2 vols. (Paris: Ernest Leroux, 1903), 2:227; Jan Havránek, “The Development of Czech Nationalism,” Austrian History Yearbook 3, pt. 2 (1967): 223–260, on 240–241. Such comparisons and linkages between different national “questions” were a common feature of public political discourse across Europe in the nineteenth century, a phenomenon expertly analyzed in Holly Case, The Age of Questions: Or, A First Attempt at an Aggregate History of the Eastern, Social, Woman, American, Jewish, Polish, Bullion, Tuberculosis, and Many Other Questions over the Nineteenth Century and Beyond (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2018).
30. Jaroslav Kučera, Minderheit im Nationalstaat: Die Sprachenfrage in den tschechisch-deutschen Beziehungen 1918–1938 (Munich: Oldenbourg, 1999), 31; Alfred M. De Zayas, Nemesis at Potsdam: The Anglo-Americans and the Expulsion of the Germans: Background, Execution, Consequences, rev. ed. (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1979 [1977]), 27. For a thorough discussion on why Switzerland was a nonstarter as a model for the other nations, who considered it little more than an “eye-catcher” (Blickfang), see Johann Wolfgang Brügel, Tschechen und Deutsche, 1918–1938 (Munich: Nymphenberger, 1967), 99–101.
31. Emanuel Rádl, Der Kampf zwischen Tschechen und Deutschen, tr. Richard Brandeis (Reichenberg [Liberec]: Gebrüder Stiepel, 1928), 159.
32. “Vortrag Einstein,” Bohemia, no. 141 (23 May 1911): 10.
33. G. Kowalewski, Bestand und Wandel: Meine Lebenserinnerungen zugleich ein Beitrag zur neueren Geschichte der Mathematik (Munich: Oldenbourg, 1950), 237–238.
34. Ibid., 238.
35. Gerhard Kowalewski to Einstein, 14 July 1922, CPAE 13:288, on 409–410.
36. Einstein to Gerhard Kowalewski, 25 July 1922, CPAE 13:308, on 433; Einstein to Kowalewski, 7 November 1926, CPAE 15:408, on 625.
37. Kowalewski, Bestand und Wandel, 217.
38. Ibid., 249.
39. Hugo Bergman, “Personal Remembrances of Albert Einstein,” in Robert S. Cohen and Marx W. Wartofsky, eds., Logical and Epistemological Studies in Contemporary Physics (Dordrecht: D. Reidel, 1974), 388–394, on 389. Perhaps because they were written over half a century after the events in question, there are several inaccuracies in these reminiscences, and they should be used only with caution. For example, Bergmann dated Einstein’s time in Prague as beginning in 1910, when it was actually 1911; he thought the physicist was there for four years, instead of only three semesters; and so on.
40. Franz Kafka to Max Brod, 6 February 1914, in Max Brod and Franz Kafka, Eine Freundschaft, 2 vols. (Frankfurt am Main: Fischer, 1989), 2:137. See also Reiner Stach, Kafka: Die frühen Jahre (Frankfurt am Main: S. Fischer, 2014), 469.
41. Georg Gimpl, ed., Weil der Boden selbst hier brennt … : Aus dem Prager Salon der Berta Fanta (1865–1918) (Furth im Wald/Prague: Vitalis, [2000]). For a partial translation, see Wilma Abeles Iggers, Women of Prague: Ethnic Diversity and Social Change from the Eighteenth Century to the Present (Providence, RI: Berghahn Books, 1995), ch. 5. Neither Bertha nor Max appears to have been related either to the noted Czech-speaking feminist Julie Fantová-Kusá (1858–1908) or her husband, the celebrated architect Josef Fanta (1856–1954), who built the remarkable façade of the main train station in Prague. On this structure and its architect, see Rostislav Švácha, The Architecture of New Prague, 1895–1945, tr. Alexandra Büchler (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1995 [1985]), 33–35.
42. Arnold Heidsieck, The Intellectual Contexts of Kafka’s Fiction: Philosophy, Law, Religion (Columbia, SC: Camde
n House, 1994), 6.
43. Max Brod, Franz Kafka als wegweisende Gestalt (St. Gallen: Tschudy-Verlag, [1957]), 33–36; idem, Streitbares Leben 1884–1968 (Munich: F. A. Herbig, 1969), 169–170.
44. Hartmut Binder, “Der Prager Fanta-Kreis: Kafkas Interesse an Rudolf Steiner,” Sudetenland, no. 2 (1996): 106–150; Amnon Reuveni, “Bertha Fanta,” Das Goetheanum, no. 50 (12 December 1993): 515–517.
45. Hugo Bergmann, Das Unendliche und die Zahl (Halle an der Salle: Max Niemeyer, 1913); Bergmann, diary entry of 20 May 1933, reproduced in Schmuel Hugo Bergman, Tagebücher & Briefe, 2 vols., ed. Miriam Sambursky (Königstein: Athenäum, 1985), 1:343.
46. Max Brod to Franz Kafka, 20 December 1918, in Brod and Kafka, Eine Freundschaft, 2:254.
47. John Forrester, “Die Geschichte zweier Ikonen: ‘The Jews All over the World Boast of My Name, Pairing Me with Einstein’ (Freud, 1926),” tr. Bettina Engels, in Michael Hagner, ed., Einstein on the Beach: Der Physiker als Phänomen (Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Taschenbuch, 2005), 96–123, on 100–101.
48. Else Bergmann, “Familiengeschichte,” in Gimpl, Weil der Boden selbst hier brennt, 198–273, on 201–203.
49. Christian von Ehrenfels, Sexualethik (Wiesbaden: J. F. Bergmann, 1907); Edward Ross Dickinson, “Sex, Masculinity, and the ‘Yellow Peril’: Christian von Ehrenfels’ Program for a Revision of the European Sexual Order, 1902–1910,” German Studies Review 25, no. 2 (May 2002): 255–284; Hans Demetz, “Meine persönlichen Beziehungen und Erinnerungen an den Prager deutschen Dichterkreis,” in Eduard Goldstücker, ed., Weltfreunde: Konferenz über die Prager deutsche Literatur (Prague: Academia, 1967), 135–145, on 138–139. On von Ehrenfels as the person who may have introduced Einstein, see Binder, “Der Prager Fanta-Kreis,” 133.
50. Margarita Pazi, “Franz Kafka, Max Brod und der ‘Prager Kreis,’ ” in Karl Erich Grözinger, Stéphane Mosès, and Hans Dieter Zimmermann, eds., Franz Kafka und das Judentum (Frankfurt am Main: Jüdischer Verlag bei Athenäum, 1987), 71–92, on 88. The only surviving Brod diaries run from 4 September 1909 to 20 July 1911, which fortunately includes the beginning of the Einstein period. The rest were left with Brod’s brother in Prague, who destroyed them out of fear of their seizure by the Gestapo. Otto Brod was later murdered in the Holocaust.
51. The classic biographical study of Einsteinová is Desanka Trbuhović-Gjurić, Im Schatten Albert Einsteins: Das tragische Leben der Mileva Einstein-Marić (Bern: Paul Haupt, 1985). This book first appeared in Kruševac, Yugoslavia, from the Bagdala Press in 1969 under the title U senci Alberta Ajnštajna and was printed in Cyrillic. It argues very strongly for her as a put-upon wife whose own scientific aspirations were snuffed out by her husband’s bullying and indifference. This line of reasoning has been replicated in several studies of her life, such as Inge Stephan, Das Schicksal der begabten Frau: Im Schatten berühmter Männer (Zurich: Kreuz Verlag, 1989). The evidence for any scientific collaboration between the two is more equivocal than Trbuhović-Gjurić indicates. See the judicious discussion in John Stachel, “Albert Einstein and Mileva Marić: A Collaboration that Failed to Develop,” in Stachel, Einstein from “B” to “Z” (Boston: Birkhäuser, 2002). See also Alberto A. Martínez, Science Secrets: The Truth about Darwin’s Finches, Einstein’s Wife, and Other Myths (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2011).
52. Trbuhović-Gjurić, Im Schatten Albert Einsteins, 96.
53. Michele Zackheim, Einstein’s Daughter: The Search for Lieserl (New York: Riverhead, 1999), 45.
54. Mileva Einstein-Marić to Einstein, [4 October 1911], CPAE 5:290, on 331.
55. Georg Winternitz, “Glimpses of the Life of My Father, the Indologist Moriz Winternitz,” tr. Debabrata Chakrabarti, Tagore International (December 1988): 35–63.
56. Elizabeth Roboz Einstein, Hans Albert Einstein: Reminiscences of His Life and Our Life Together (Iowa City: Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research, University of Iowa, 1991), 18.
57. For extensive details on Einstein’s love life, with particular emphasis on his first two wives and this affair, see the gossipy Roger Highfield and Paul Carter, The Private Lives of Albert Einstein (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1993).
58. Einstein to Elsa Löwenthal, [30 April 1912], CPAE 5:389, on 457.
59. Einstein to Elsa Löwenthal, 21 May [1912], CPAE 5:399, on 467.
60. Einstein to Elsa Löwenthal, [3 April 1913], CPAE 5:437, on 520.
61. Einstein to Heinrich Zangger, 7 November [1911], CPAE 5:303, on 345. See also Zangger to Einstein, [after 28 November 1911], CPAE 5:315a, in vol. 13, on 15.
62. Einstein to Marie Curie, 23 November 1911, CPAE 5:312a, in vol. 8, on 7.
63. One entirely unreliable biography blames Slav–German tensions in Bohemia as a major contributing factor in the Einsteins’ divorce: Antonina Vallentin, The Drama of Albert Einstein, tr. Moura Budberg (Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Company, 1954), 52–53.
64. Frank, Einstein: Sein Leben und seine Zeit, 145.
65. For example, Clark, Einstein, 171; Fölsing, Albert Einstein, 71.
66. Einstein, Hans Albert Einstein, 20.
67. Einstein to Vladimir Varićak, 24 February 1911, CPAE 5:255a, in vol. 10, on 13.
68. Hans Kohn, Pan-Slavism: Its History and Ideology, 2nd. ed. (New York: Vintage, 1960 [1953]); Vyšný, Neo-Slavism and the Czechs; Bruce M. Garver, The Young Czech Party, 1874–1901 and the Emergence of a Multi-Party System (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1978), 12–13.
69. Bergman, “Personal Remembrances of Albert Einstein,” 389.
70. Stephan, Das Schicksal der begabten Frau, 102.
71. Wiskemann, Czechs and Germans, 71. See also Garver, Young Czech Party, 271; Robin Okey, “Austria and the South Slavs,” in Ritchie Robertson and Edward Timms, eds., The Habsburg Legacy: National Identity in Historical Perspective (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1994), 46–57.
72. Einstein to Helene Savić, [after 17 December 1912], CPAE 5:424, on 508.
73. On the publication context and interpretation, see Maurice Godé, “Un ‘petit roman’ qui a fait grand bruit: Une servante tchèque de Max Brod (1909),” in Allemands, juifs et tchèques à Prague/Deutsche, Juden und Tschechen in Prag, 1890–1924: Actes du colloque international de Montpellier, 8–10 décembre 1994 (Montpellier: Université Paul-Valéry-Montpellier III, 1996), 225–240. The book was subsequently translated into Russian by A. Eliasberg and into Czech by J. Osten. Brod would later highlight the significance of this “little novel” as his first major exploration of erotic writing, which later became a staple of the novels of his middle period. Max Brod, Der Prager Kreis (Stuttgart: W. Kohlhammer, 1966), 134. See also Gabriela Veselá, “E. E. Kisch und der deutschsprachige Prager erotische Roman,” Philologica Pragensia 28, no. 4 (1985): 202–215.
74. Max Brod, “Ein tschechisches Dienstmädchen: Kleiner Roman,” in Brod, Arnold Beer: Das Schicksal eines Juden: Roman, und andere Prosa aus den Jahren 1909–1913, ed. Hans-Gerd Koch and Hans Dieter Zimmermann (Göttingen: Wallstein, 2013 [1909]), 177–258, on 182.
75. On Brod as mediator, see Gaëlle Vassogne, Max Brod in Prag: Identität und Vermittlung (Tübingen: Max Niemeyer, 2009); Hans-Gerd Koch, “Max Brod: Ein jüdischer Dichter deutscher Zunge,” in Steffen Höhne and Ludger Udolph, eds., Deutsche–Tschechen–Böhmen: Kulturelle Integration und Desintegration im 20. Jahrhundert (Köln: Böhlau, 2010), 129–135; Barbora Šrámková, Max Brod und die tschechische Kultur (Wuppertal: Arco, 2010). Brod continued to be stung by the rebukes decades later: Max Brod, “Praha a já,” Literární noviny (10 December 1930): 4; idem, Streitbares Leben, 220–222.
76. Jiří Karásek ze Lvovic, “Z německé literatury,” Moderní revue 21, no. 7 (1909): 361–362, on 361. A very similar point, down to the Strobl comparison, is made in O. Theer, “O knihách,” Česká revue, no. 12 (1909): 761. See also Šrámková, Max Brod und die tschechische Kultur, 309.
77. Božena Benešová, “Krásná Prósa,” Novina 2, no. 13 (1908–1909): 410–411, on 411. A similar point is made by late
r literary critics: Agata Zofia Mirecka, Max Brods Frauenbilder: Im Kontext der Feminitätsdiskurse einiger anderer Prager deutscher Schriftsteller (Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 2014), 116; Ritchie Robertson, “National Stereotypes in Prague German Fiction,” Colloquia Germanica 22 (1989): 116–136, on 131–132. On feminism in Bohemia in this period, see Katherine David, “Czech Feminists and Nationalism in the Late Habsburg Monarchy: ‘The First in Austria,’ ” Journal of Women’s History 3, no. 2 (Fall 1991): 26–45; Melissa Feinberg, Elusive Equality: Gender, Citizenship and the Limits of Democracy in Czechoslovakia, 1918–1950 (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2006); Helena Volet-Jeanneret, La femme bourgeoise à Prague, 1860–1895: De la philanthropie à l’émancipation (Geneva: Slatkine, 1988); Jitka Malečková, “The Importance of Being Nationalist,” in Iveta Jusová and Jiřina Šiklová, eds., Czech Feminisms: Perspectives on Gender in East Central Europe (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2016), 46–59.
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