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Figure credits
Here Figure created by the author with Mathematica 11.0, using information from Trauth (2007) and Maslin (2014).
Here Figure created by the author with Mathematica 11.0, based on Force (2010) Figure 1, and using data on plate boundaries from Peter Bird, University of California, Los Angeles (http://peterbird.name/oldFTP/PB2002/).
Here Figure created by the author with Mathematica 11.0, using information from Woodward (2014) and Planetary Visions (http://www.planetaryvisions.com/Project.php?pid=2226).
Here Figure created by the author.
Here Figure created by the author with Mathematica 11.0, based on information in the International Chronostratigraphic Chart produced by the International Commission on Stratigraphy (http://www.stratigraphy.org/index.php/ics-chart-timescale).
Here Figure created by the author with Mathematica 11.0, using information from Metspalu (2004), Krause (2007), McNeill (2012b) Map 24.1, and Lopez (2015).
Here Figure created by the author with Mathematica 11.0, using information from Diamond (2003), Price (2009), Fuller (2014), Larson (2014).
Here Figure created by the author with Mathematica 11.0, using river data from Natural Earth (www.naturalearthdata.com).
Here Figure created by the author with Mathematica 11.0, using river data from Natural Earth (www.naturalearthdata.com).
Here Time sequence showing closure of Tethys from Stow (2010), reproduced with kind permission.
Here Current state of Mediterranean with mountain ranges created by the author with Mathematica 11.0 based on Stow (2010) Figure 29.
Here Figure created by the author with Mathematica 11.0.
Here Figure created by the author with Mathematica 11.0.
Here Figure created by the author with Mathematica 11.0. Cretaceous rock exposure distribution provided by United States Geological Survey (https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70136641), and with map reprojection help from Ahmed Fasih.
Here Figure created by the author with Mathematica 11.0, based upon UK geological map (www.bgs.ac.uk/discoveringGeology/geologyOfBritain/makeamap/map.html) with the permission of the British Geological Survey.
Here Figure created by the author with Mathematica 11.0 and river data from Natural Earth (www.naturalearthdata.com).
Here Figure created by the author with Mathematica 11.0, using information from Bernstein (2009) Map 1, Frankopan (2016), Silk Road Encyclopedia (www.silkroadencyclopedia.com/Images2/MapSilkRoadRoutesTurkeyChina.jpg) and Travel China Guide (https://www.travelchinaguide.com/images/map/silkroad/scenery.gif).
Here Figure created by the author with Mathematica 11.0, using steppes extent from Jiao (2017) and lines of the Great Wall based on map drawn by Maximilian Dörrbecker (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Great_Wall_of_China.jpg).
Here Figure created by the author with Mathematica 11.0.
Here Figure designed by the author and drawn by Matthew Broughton, based on Lutgens (2000) Figure 7.5, Wells (2012) Figure 6.13.
Here Figure created by the author with Mathematica 11.0, using information from Atlas of the World (2014).
Here Figure created by the author with Mathematica 11.0, using information from Jones (2004) Figure 3.1, Bernstein (2009) Map 14, Winchester (2011) p. 319, Wells (2012) Figure 6.14.
Here Figure created by the author with Mathematica 11.0, using information from Ulmishek (1999) Plate 3, Veevers (2004), Thomas (2013) Figure 3.2, and British Geological Society (http://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php/Regional_structure_of_the_Carboniferous,_Southern_Uplands).
Here Figure created by the author with Mathematica 11.0, using General Election 2017 data from the UK Parliament (https://researchbriefings.parliament.uk/ResearchBriefing/Summary/CBP-7979) and coal field data from the Northern Mine Research Society (www.nmrs.org.uk/mines-map/coal-mining-in-the-british-isles/), and with map reprojection help from Ahmed Fasih.
Here Figure created by the author with Mathematica 11.0, using information from Ulmishek (1999) Plate 5, and Veevers (2004).
Here Figure created by the author by digital manipulation of global image created by the NOAA-NESDIS-National Geophysical Data Center-Earth Observation Group.
Index
The page references in this index correspond to the printed edition from which this ebook was created. To find a specific word or phrase from the index, please use the search feature of your ebook reader.
Abbasids 212
Aberdeen: granite 148, 151
Abu Dhabi: Sheikh Zayed Mosque 136
Abu Simbel, Egypt: Great Temple of Rameses II 132
Achaemenid Empire 202
Acheulean tools 17, 22
acid rain 142, 280
Aden 107
Aden, Gulf of 11
adobe bricks 131, 155
Aegean/Aegean Sea 99, 100, 117, 162
Aegospotami, Battle of (405 BC) 118
Afar region/triangle 11, 18
Afghanistan 183, 190, 194
Africa 11, 15, 21, 56, 98, 104, 105, 106, 139, 160, 218n, 219, 220, 267, 285
animals 88, 89
hominin migration from 22, 23, 45–6, 47, 52, 63
plants 67, 87
see East, North, South and West Africa African-Americans 125–6
Agassiz, Lake 60, 61–2
agriculture/farming 25, 26, 28, 52, 59, 61, 62, 63–5, 70–71, 87–8, 90, 130, 203, 205, 255, 256–7, 258, 280, 281, 285
and climate change 280
and oil 274
and population growth 70
tools and ploughs 76, 77, 165–6, 215n, 255, 268, 285, 286
see also cereal crops; fruit; legumes aircraft engines 175, 176
Akkadians 131
Akrotiri, Thera 163
Akshardham, Delhi 136
Alabama 125, 126
cotton plantations 125, 253–4
Alans 207
Alaska 48–9, 52, 195
Alborán microcontinent 218n
Alborz Mountains 29–30
Alcáçovas, Treaty of (1479) 229, 230
Alexander the Great 101, 117n, 202
Alexandria 101, 187
Library 227
algae 138, 171, 261
Algeria 100
alpacas 76, 88, 89
Alps, the 32, 56, 58, 116, 135, 140, 154, 159, 163, 285
Altai Mountains 47, 196, 202
aluminium 174–5, 177, 182
aluminium silicates 266
Amazon 7, 63, 189
rainforest 223n, 275, 285
America(s) 55, 194n
animals 88–9
discovery of 231, 237
human migration into 48–52
see also North America; South America; United States American Civil War 124, 126, 254
American War of Revolution (1775–83) 122
ammonites 138
Amnissos, Crete 162
amphibians 79, 262
Amsterdam: banking 97
Anatolia 131, 157, 165, 204, 205
Andes Mountains 32, 54, 66, 67, 74
angiosperms 40, 78, 79–82, 90, 141n
Angkor Wat, Cambodia 129
animals, wild 13, 33–4, 49, 72, 83, 88–9, 66n
domestication of 52, 59, 74–8, 88–90, 199
megafauna 53n
see also mammals Antarctica 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 53, 86, 104, 267, 277
antelopes 12, 83
‘Anthropocene’ Age 3
antimony 175
APP mammals 82, 84, 85, 86
Appalachian Mountains 55, 124, 125, 267, 270
Aqaba, Gulf of 110n
Arabia/Arabian Peninsula 11, 27, 28, 47, 53, 75, 104, 107, 108–9, 110, 115, 188, 191
camels 89
deserts 29, 190, 192, 215, 285
stone tools 52n
Aragon, Spain 218
Aral Sea 105, 196
architecture 129–30, 131
American 134–5, 136 and n
ancient Egyptian 132–3
British 134, 151–3, 154–5
Minoan 161, 162
Roman 136n, 162n
Arctic, the 36, 38, 39, 40, 43, 64, 85
Arctic Ocean 60
Ardipithecus ramidus 13–15, 18
Argentina: pampas 196
artiodactyls 82–3, 84, 86, 144
Asia, South East 10, 75, 91, 119, 239
islands 111–15, 112–13
asphalt 273, 274
Assyrian Empire 27, 131, 202
asteroids 94, 143n, 168, 178n, 179
astronomy 194, 252n
Athens 116, 117–18
Atlantic Ocean 43, 61, 62, 95, 96, 99, 104, 106, 122, 139, 218, 219–20, 222, 226, 227, 229–30, 231, 237, 238, 267
and Mediterranean 105, 106, 118
Atlantic Trade Triangle 246, 249, 250–51, 252–4
Atlas Mountains 105, 163, 267
Attila the Hun 207
aurochs 74
Australia 10, 42, 48, 52n, 54, 121, 252 and n, 267, 285
domesticable animals 88
rare earth metals 181
grasses 87
Australopithecus 14–15, 16
A. afarensis 14, 18
Avars 203
avocados 66n
Awash river valley 13, 14, 18
Azores, the 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 229, 230, 231
Aztec culture 28
Bab-el-Mandeb strait 47, 107, 108, 110, 119, 121
Babylon 71, 273
Babylonians 131
Bacan Islands 114
Baghdad 110, 190, 212
Bahamas, the 230
Bahrain 120
Baikonur Cosmodrome, Kazakhstan 197n
Balaclava, Battle of (1854) 129
Banda Islands 111, 112–13, 114, 115
Banded Iron Formations (BIFs) 169–70, 173, 177, 179
Bank of England, London 134
banks and banking 97, 134
Barbarossa, Operation 215
Barbegal, France: waterwheels 257
barley 61, 65, 67, 117
basalt eruptions/flood basalt 141, 142, 143, 144, 145
basalt(ic) rocks 11, 141, 143, 145, 146, 160
Batavia (Jakarta), Indonesia 252
batteries, rechargeable 176, 180
bay (herb) 115n
beans 66, 81
Beatles, the: ‘Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds’ 14n
Bedouins 129
belemnites 138
Belgium 96, 269, 284
Belize 28
Bering land bridge/Strait 48, 49, 51, 52, 54, 89, 191
Bessemer Process 166–7
BIFs see Banded Iron Formations
Big Bang 167
Biological Old Regime 258
bipedalism 14–15, 16
birds 33, 80, 219n, 263
bison 49, 214n
bitumen 273
‘Black Death’ (accumulation of shale) 279
Black Death (plague) 211–12
Black Sea 105, 106, 117, 118, 120, 185, 190, 196, 207, 278n
‘black smokers’ 159, 160, 163
blast furnaces 165, 211, 257, 259
Bojador, Cape 223–4, 225
bone china 149
Borneo 112
Bosphorus 196, 117, 118, 120
Boston, Massachusetts 56
Brahmaputra River 91
brassicas 81, 82
Brazil 181, 244n, 247n
coffee plantations 252, 253, 254
Brazil Current 238, 239, 253
bricks 131, 139, 149, 152, 174, 255
adobe 131, 155
firebricks 131–2
Britain/England 56–9, 97
architecture 134, 152–3, 154–5
ceramics 149–50
coalfields/mines 259–60, 266, 269, 270–72, 271
corsairs 249
electricity 271n
exploration 229, 231
geology 150–53, 151
Labour Party 270, 271, 271–2
maritime trade 107n, 245
railways 260
Roman coal mines 259
Royal Navy 58, 118, 119
steam engines 259–60
see also Industrial Revolution; London British Museum, London 134, 148
bromine 175
bronze/bronze artefacts 130n, 1578, 161, 165, 174
Bronze Age 99, 137, 156, 158, 160–61, 164, 174, 200n
Brouwer, Captain Henrik 250–51
Brouwer Route 119n, 246, 250, 250–52
bubonic plague 211–12
Buckingham Palace, London 134
Buffalo, New York 55
Bukhara, Uzbekistan 190, 212
Bulgars 203, 204
Burgundians 207
Burma 92
Bush, President George W. 124
Bushveld Complex, South Africa 179–80
butane 276
Byblos 101n
Byzantine Empire 205, 213
Cabot, John 231
cacti 80
calcium carbonate 41, 129, 133, 139, 140
Calicut, India 240
California 52n, 248
Cambodia 92
Cambrian Period 152, 153
camels 19, 49, 75, 76, 77, 83, 88, 89, 107, 187, 191–2, 193, 197
Bactrian camels 89, 191
dromedaries 89, 191
Canada 49, 60, 63, 89, 163, 179, 195, 267, 277
fur trade 195
canals 71, 74, 150 and n, 152, 187
Canary Current 237
Canary Islands 218–19, 220, 222, 223, 225, 227, 228, 229, 230
Cape Cod, Massachusetts 56
Cape of Good Hope 121, 225–6, 231, 250
Cape Town 252
Cape Verde Islands 218, 219, 220, 229, 239, 253n
capitalism 96–7, 154, 270
caravans, merchant 81, 107, 110, 187, 188, 192–3, 194, 201, 211, 218
caravels 246
carbon 1, 85n, 157, 165, 166, 167, 175, 261, 263, 273, 275–6, 278, 279, 280, 281
carbon dioxide 10, 38, 40, 42, 44, 65, 84, 85 and n, 139, 142, 143, 144–5, 170, 171, 172, 261, 265, 275, 279–80, 281 and n, 287
Carboniferous Period 6, 78–9, 134, 151, 261–8
Caribbean, the 28, 52, 61, 230, 231, 237
sugar plantations 252, 253, 254
Carnegie, Andrew 270
Carolinas, the 124, 125
cotton plantations 253–4
Carpathian Mountains 163, 185, 196, 204
Carrara marble 135
cars/automobiles 174, 273
Carthage 100–1, 105n, 208
cartwheel hubs 130
Caspian Sea 105, 120, 196, 201, 207
cassava 131
Castile, Spain 217, 218
catalysts, chemical 178, 180
catalytic converters 178
cathedrals 127, 129, 134
Catholicism 185n
cattle/cows 67, 74, 75, 76, 77, 82n, 83, 84n, 86–7, 88, 172n, 198, 198, 201
Caucasus 185, 196, 204, 207, 209, 215
cedars/cedarwood 73, 70, 101n, 131
cellulose 263, 264
cement 139, 140–41
‘pozzolanic’ 162n
Cenozoic cooling 9–10, 39–40, 81
Cenozoic era 42, 44, 90, 141n
Central Steppe see Kazakh Steppe
ceramics/pottery 131–2, 255
porcelain 112, 115, 149–50
cereal crops 65, 67–9, 70, 78, 80, 86–7, 90, 125, 287; see also grain(s) Cerne Abbas Giant, Dorset 137
Cerro Rico see Potosí
Ceuta, Morocco 217–18
Ceylon see Sri Lanka
chalk 132, 136–8, 139–40, 152
Channel Tunnel 137
charcoal 157, 161, 164, 166, 173n, 255, 269
chariots, war 76, 116n, 200n
chert 17n, 156, 170
Chicago 55, 56, 135
chickens 74
Chile 54
chimpanzees 7, 14, 16, 46
China 28n, 182, 183–5, 186, 187, 190, 195, 206, 213, 214
agriculture 63, 65–6, 67, 77, 184
blast furnaces 165, 257
bronze 157
bubonic plague 211
canals 187
coal 258–9, 264
collar harnesses 77
compasses 169
exports 112, 115, 249
first humans 48, 52n, 53
ginkgo 79
Great Wall 203–4, 208
Homo erectus 23, 47
Mongols (Yuan dynasty) 209, 210, 212, 214
and oil 121
population 92, 186, 211, 284
porcelain 112, 115, 149
rare earth metals 177, 181
salt production 273
silk 112, 115, 187–8, 193n
and South American silver 249
and steppe nomads 202–3
Origins Page 31