Know-It-All Society

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Know-It-All Society Page 18

by Michael P. Lynch


  evangelical, 79–81, 84–85

  values of, 79, 84, 88

  civility, 5, 12, 24, 133

  civilization, end of, 10

  civil rights movement, 38, 60, 107, 153

  Civil War, U.S., 94–97

  monuments of, 94, 95, 96–97

  climate change, 3, 63–68, 70–71, 101, 162

  Clinton, Hillary:

  conspiracy theories about, 30–31, 37–38, 40

  “deplorables” remark of, 85, 178

  2016 presidential campaign of, 121

  Clouds, The (Aristophanes), 142

  CNN, 96

  Colson, Chuck, 84

  Columbia University, 41

  Combahee River Collective, 106–7, 109, 112, 114, 180

  commitments, 56, 61, 69

  to action, 55

  adoption of, 74

  challenge of, 51

  emotional, 53

  moral, 69

  communication:

  active, 39–40

  distraction by, 43

  moral, 45

  online, 39–42, 46, 47–48

  primary function of, 42–43, 46

  verbal, 35, 37, 39–40, 44

  communitarianism, 113

  communities, 113, 125

  competence, 15

  concepts, 145–47

  discourse on, 146–47

  stretching of, 146

  Confederacy, 95

  confidence, 2, 47, 78, 150

  confusion, 33–34, 41, 44

  con games, 33

  Conservapedia, 103–4, 121

  conservatives, 117–18, 123, 124, 126–27, 129, 131

  conspiracy theories, 30–31, 37–39, 93–95, 132

  belief in, 39

  supported evidence for, 34–35

  contempt, 130–38

  convictions, 59–74, 83, 136, 177

  action and, 6, 53, 55

  arrogance and, 6

  aspiration and, 56–57

  attacks on, 6

  attitudes toward, 13–14

  belief and, 61, 68–74, 93

  blind, 7, 72, 73, 100

  certainty of, 54

  challenge of, 54

  changes in, 147–49

  confidence about, 7

  defending of, 62

  definitions of, 6, 57, 59

  emotional component of, 54

  expansion of, 7

  faulty, 143

  forming of, 1, 7, 54, 63, 91, 144

  having courage of, 51

  ignoring evidence against, 6

  loss of, 59

  maintaining of, 13, 14, 141

  moral, 13, 70, 71

  nature of, 53, 67

  opposition to, 54

  reason and, 8, 66

  reinforcement of, 7

  religious, 60

  of right and wrong, 13

  settled, 154

  testing of, 148

  tribal, 36

  about truth, 37

  cooperation, 5

  Copernicus, 10

  corruption, 142, 162

  bribery and, 37

  of information culture, 37, 98

  pollution vs., 36–37

  protests of, 38

  courage, 51

  creation, 147

  crime, 64, 81

  Crockett, Molly, 42, 43–44

  Cruz, Ted, 121

  cynicism, 98

  Czechoslovakia, 70

  Darwall, Stephen, 181

  death penalty, 44–45

  death threats, 38

  deception, 31–33

  intention and, 32–33

  lying vs., 32

  self-, 36, 37, 49

  sleight of hand and, 33

  as “success term,” 33

  defensiveness, 7, 23, 79, 95

  deism, 123

  democracy, 4, 11, 105, 109, 124, 125–26, 132, 134–36, 149, 155

  challenges of, 6

  citizens of, 157, 170

  convictions and ideals of, 14, 134

  fragility of, 54

  ideals of, 170

  liberal, 32

  value of truth in, 8

  Democratic Party, 25, 30, 34, 58, 85, 86–87, 89, 121, 124, 128

  Dennett, Daniel, 177

  Descartes, René, 54, 61, 166

  desire, 12, 68, 100

  Dewey, John, 149, 150, 154–55, 156–58, 162

  dialogue, 143–44, 147–48

  Dickens, Charles, 57

  Dillon, Robin, 181

  discovery, 10, 128, 147

  discrimination, 17–18, 37

  dissent, 152–54, 161

  doctors, 158, 159, 160

  dogmatism, 3, 11, 53, 170

  religious, 10

  spread of, 4–5, 30

  doom, prophecies of, 10

  doubt, 54, 61, 153

  Douthat, Ross, 93

  Dunning, David, 15

  Earth, 118, 151

  as center of the universe, 10

  circling of the sun by, 20

  economic power structure, 85–86

  ego, truth and, 23–24, 98–99, 143, 151

  elections, 9

  presidential, 2, 3, 69, 80–92, 121–23

  Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 53

  emoticons, 47–48

  emotions, 43, 54, 137

  building bonds of, 46, 47, 73, 83–84

  conveying of, 40, 45–47, 49

  facial expression of, 47

  sharing of, 83–84

  tribal, 46

  see also passion; sentiments

  enemies, 92, 108

  Enlightenment, 105

  enthusiasm, 53

  esteem, signs of, 20

  Europe, 10, 13, 70, 142

  existence, 54, 61

  existentialism, 56

  experts, 22, 135

  questioning of, 27, 139, 140

  expressivism, 45, 49

  Facebook, 39, 72, 175–76

  advertisements on, 29

  emotional connections on, 47

  fact-checking, 161

  facts, 32, 62, 71

  “alternative,” 3, 120

  citing of, 27, 83

  civic, 4

  contempt for, 79

  disagreement over, 12

  disregard of, 81, 83

  “hidden,” 82, 83

  questioning of, 1

  sources of, 12

  teaching of, 4

  fairness, 145

  faith:

  bad, 99–100, 122, 130

  blind, 10, 72

  loss of, 59, 60

  “fake news,” 1, 3, 7, 24, 30–32, 36, 134, 162

  accusations of, 39

  harm of, 31

  manipulation with, 32

  for profit and political gain, 31–32

  purveyors of, 44, 49

  susceptibility to, 34

  “false flag attacks,” 38, 94, 96

  falsehoods, 30–35, 98

  belief in, 7, 33

  corruption and, 39

  distinguishing truth from, 52

  outrageous, 34–35

  pronouncement of, 3

  family, 55, 60, 145

  fascism, 76

  fear, 121, 148

  of change, 7

  exploitation of, 7

  of ignorance, 21

  of mistakes, 23

  of status loss, 87–88, 92–93

  feminism, 106–7, 112, 113

  black, 106

  Fernbach, Phil, 174

  Fiasco (Ricks), 22–23

  figure skating, 146

  Fisher, Matthew, 28

  Florida, 147

  Founding Fathers, 123

  Fox News, 122, 128

  France, sixteenth-century, 10–11

  Frank, Thomas, 85

  Franklin, Benjamin, 31

  Fraser, Nancy, 112–13

  free assembly, 156

  freedom, 109, 132

  free press, 156

  free trade, 70

  Freud, Sigmund, 5
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  Frost-Arnold, Karen, 176

  Galileo Galilei, 20

  games, 145–46

  Gawande, Atul, 158, 160

  gay marriage, 66, 79

  genius, 24

  geography, 10, 76

  globalism, 80

  God, 84, 117

  God and Donald Trump (Strang), 80–81

  Godwin, Pearce, 131

  Goebbels, Joseph, 132

  Goldberg, Jonah, 93, 108–9, 127

  Goldberg, Sandy, 176

  goodness, 11

  Google, ix, 27–30, 104

  “Google-knowing,” 27–28

  Gordon, Lewis, 179

  Gosar, Paul, 94

  grammar, 15

  Great Britain, 4, 31

  greed, 79

  Greek philosopy, 18, 19, 164, 165

  see also Socrates

  grit, 19

  groupthink, 123–24

  guessing, 33, 91

  guilt, 62

  gun control legislation, 67

  gun violence, 38, 63, 65, 132

  Habermas, Jürgen, 124, 182

  Haidt, Jonathan, 180

  happiness, 11, 165–66

  Harding, Sandra, 119

  Harvard University, 127

  Haslanger, Sally, 180

  hatred, 11, 74, 77

  health care, 101

  hearts, 35

  and minds, 36

  power of, 45

  Heyer, Heather, 94

  Hitler, Adolf, 76–78

  Hochschild, Arlie Russell, 58, 82, 90, 91

  Hollywood, 128

  Holocaust, 75, 76

  hostility, 77, 163

  hubris, 18–20

  HuffPost, 121, 122

  humanity, 76, 152

  nature of, 15

  observations about, 11

  quest for truth in, 9–10

  worst in, 26

  human rights, 111

  human welfare, 156

  Hume, David, 5, 16–17, 18, 19–20, 44, 149

  character and personality of, 35

  critical insights of, 35–36, 45

  humility, 14, 24, 151, 169

  lack of, 79

  necessity of, ix

  see also intellectual humility

  Hungary, 4

  hunger, 40

  hurricanes, 63, 64

  hypocrisy, 4

  Icarus, 18, 19

  idealism, 8

  ideas, 150

  association of, 16–17

  identity:

  family, 55, 105

  national, 58

  personal, 55, 56, 105

  political, 65

  social, 55, 56, 105, 109, 113

  tribal, 60

  see also self-identity

  identity politics, 105–9, 120

  advocates of, 106

  critics of, 104–5, 106, 107, 108

  exercises in, 106

  two concepts of, 105–8, 112

  ideology, 53, 74, 79, 100, 152, 162

  Nazi, 76–77

  ignorance:

  admission of, 139, 149

  fear of, 21

  “illusion of explanatory depth,” 15, 28

  immigration, 101, 145

  incivility, 6

  infallibility, 3, 78

  information, 73

  access to, 12, 28

  alternative, 34

  analysis of, 29

  bubbles of, 30, 34

  confirmation of, 20–30

  contradictory, 164

  conveying of, 36

  corrupted, 49

  deceptive, 31–33

  disagreement over, 12

  dismissal of, 35

  doubting of, 34

  false, 3, 4, 7, 30–35, 39

  misuse of, 30

  political use of, 30–31

  prediction of, 29

  processing of, 16

  recommendation and endorsement of, 40–41

  reliability of, 37

  sharing of, 37, 40–42

  sources of, 24–25, 27–30, 34, 35

  technological, 12

  testimonial, 40

  as tool of empire and war, 31

  toxic, 31

  vulnerability to, 49

  weaponizing of, 3

  word of mouth, 37

  see also “fake news”; news

  information pollution, 7, 30–35, 36, 39, 98, 100.170

  definition of, 31

  golden age of, 32

  justification of, 31

  political use of, 32

  inquiry, 149, 157, 161, 163, 165, 166

  intellectual elitism, 126, 128, 129

  intellectual humility, 8, 51, 149–54, 160, 182

  adopting of, 149, 150

  democracy and, 150

  encouragement of, 161

  essence of, 169

  intelligence, 17, 69–70

  internet, 106

  apps of, 29

  clicking on links on, 29, 41

  creation of, 36

  digital platforms on, 45–46

  know-it-all culture encouraged on, 35

  personalization of, 32

  political misinformation on, 33

  as reinforcement mechanism, 30

  search engines on, 27–30

  sharing content on, 39–42, 46

  shopping on, 32

  social platforms on, 3, 7, 9, 29, 32

  speed and ease of access to, 28

  spread of outrage on, 4

  videos and stories on, 37–38, 40

  Internet of Things, 29

  Internet of Us, 29

  intuition, 16, 17, 21, 113

  Iraq War, 22

  irony, 21, 35, 40, 116, 154

  Islamic terrorism, 80

  jazz, 146

  Johnson, Lyndon B., 23

  Jones, Alex, 94

  judgment:

  automatic and involuntary, 17

  biased, 17–18

  forming of, 17

  moral, 45

  rational and deliberate, 15–16

  removal of, 58

  justice, 70, 141

  social, 170

  Kaepernick, Colin, 152, 153–54

  Kahan, Dan, 66–67, 68, 178

  Kahneman, Daniel, 174

  Kansas, 123

  Kant, Immanuel, 110, 124, 134, 145

  Kennedy, John F., 23

  know-it-alls, 2, 162

  characteristics of, 21–26, 74, 86, 103

  internet encouragement of, 35

  knowledge, 73, 78, 114

  common, 123, 174

  confusing power with, 142

  dialogue as path to, 143–44

  lack of, 33, 139–42, 143, 144

  overestimating of, 15–18, 21, 28–30, 139

  pursuit of, 11, 143–44, 157

  of right vs. wrong, 52

  shared, 114–15

  transfer of, 43

  of unrelated subjects, 28

  wisdom vs., 140

  Kristof, Nicholas, 127

  language, 52, 92, 144

  expressive, 49

  hypocrisy and, 4

  moral, 44

  of symbols, 58

  Lao-tzu, 142

  Lee, Robert E., 94

  legislation, 4

  liberals, 103–5, 117, 125, 128–30, 138

  arrogance of, 121, 123, 193–94

  in higher education, 126–29

  traditional, 125

  values of, 104, 108

  liberty, 145

  light, speed of, 169

  Lilla, Mark, 107–9

  Listen First Project, 131

  listening, 24, 150

  Locke, John, 113, 124

  logic, 52, 53, 54, 62, 65, 66, 119

  Lorde, Audre, 106

  loyalty, 75, 78, 82, 100

  truth and., 6

  lying, 4, 32–33, 151

  deception vs., 32

  see also falsehoods

  Machiavelli, Niccolò, 31, 108

  Manne, Kate, 179


  marriage, 115, 145, 146

  Marx, Karl, 153

  Marxism, 107, 112

  Medina, José

  memes, 105, 106

  #MeToo movement, 114

  military training, 46–47

  Mill, John Stuart, 166

  Millikan, Ruth, 176

  Mills, Charles, 125

  mind:

  change of, 51–53, 99

  empty, 150

  faculties of, 16

  frame of, see attitudes

  hearts and, 36

  mechanisms of, 17

  strength of, 20

  mistakes, 15, 39

  admission of, 21, 78–79

  fear of, 23

  money, 59, 85

  Montaigne, Michel de, 9–16, 18, 149, 166, 173

  Catholic faith of, 12

  influence of, 16

  political life of, 9, 10, 11

  skepticism of, 143

  teaching of, 26, 141–42

  works of, 9, 11

  on worldview, 6, 10, 12

  moon landing conspiracy theories, 34

  Moore, Russell, 84

  morality, 44–45, 60, 69, 73–74, 136–37

  communication of, 45

  sentiments of, 42

  social passion and, 36

  Moses, 16

  Muslims, 17, 89

  Mutz, Diana, 86, 87, 88–89

  myths, 18–19, 97

  national consciousness, 2

  nationalism, 4, 76, 92, 93

  white, 147

  National Socialist Party, 78

  nature, 36

  Nazis, 76–77, 94–95, 108, 131–32, 151

  atrocities of, 156

  “Blood and Soil” slogan of, 94

  Stormfront website of, 147

  negotiation, 146–47

  neo-Nazis, 13, 94

  news, 1, 161

  editing of, 34

  misleading, 31

  sharing of, 40–41, 43

  sources of, 35

  twenty-four-hour cycle of, 9

  see also “fake news”

  New World, discovery of, 10

  New York, N.Y., 80

  New York Times, 06, 30, 147–48

  Nietzsche, Friedrich, 62–63, 168

  1984 (Orwell), 169–70

  Niobe, 19

  Noah, 16

  North Carolina, 63

  Oakeshott, Michael, 124–25

  Obama, Barack, 80, 122

  obligations, 60

  obsessions, 8, 142

  opinions, 118, 134

  agreement with, 20

  alternate, 24

  confidence in, 20

  political, 145

  shaping of, 17, 141

  shifting of, 52

  see also beliefs

  oppression, 114

  optimism, 125

  Oracle of Delphi, 11

  Orwell, George, 169

  outrage, 42133

  moral, 43–44

  overconfidence, 15, 19, 20, 30

  Paine, Thomas, 153

  partisanship, 150

  passion, 54

  reason as slave of, 35, 36, 39

  role of, 36

  rousing of, 31

  social, 36

  social media as vehicle for, 30

  peer pressure, 68

  performance, self-rating of, 15

  Pew Research Center, 126, 128

  philosophy, ix, 5, 8, 16, 35, 167, 168

  Greek, 11, 142, 143, 165–66

  justification of, 52

  political, 124–25

  problems of, 13–14, 52

  Pilate, Pontius, 167

  pilots, 159, 160

 

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