5. Dreger (2015), p. 262.
6. Dreger (2015), p. 262.
7. A good deal of this language often comes from the American Association of University Professors (AAUP), which was founded in 1915 to fight for academic freedom on campus. The AAUP’s statements from 1915 and 1940 are well thought out and inspirational commitments to academic freedom and free inquiry, and later statements by the AAUP on student speech and “extramural” speech (when a professor speaks off campus) also do an excellent job. AAUP. (1940). Statement of principles on academic freedom and tenure. Retrieved from https://www.aaup.org/report/1940-statement-principles-academic-freedom-and-tenure. See also: AAUP. (1915). Declaration of principles on academic freedom and tenure. Retrieved from https://www.aaup.org/NR/rdonlyres/A6520A9D-0A9A-47B3-B550-C006B5B224E7/0/1915Declara tion.pdf
8. FIRE. (n.d.). Adopting the Chicago Statement. Retrieved from https://www.thefire.org/student-network/take-action/adopting-the-chicago-statement
9. You can find the policies of more than 450 colleges and universities at www.thefire.org. Universities can join the growing number of colleges whose policies earn a “green light” rating from FIRE, which usually produces positive publicity for a university. As of the final draft of this manuscript, forty colleges and universities have received a green light rating. You can see which colleges are rated as red, yellow, or green at https://www.thefire.org/spotlight/using-the-spotlight-database
10. You can find some information on each school’s openness to viewpoint diversity, including its response to recent speech disruptions, by consulting the Heterodox Academy Guide to Colleges, available at http://heterodoxacademy.org/guide-to-colleges
11. Arnett, J. J. (2004).
12. Professors and deans can use the Campus Expression Survey, a free tool created by Heterodox Academy, to measure the speech climate on campus. Available at http://heterodoxacademy.org/campus-expression-survey
13. Simmons, R. J. (2014, May 18). Commencement address, Smith College. Retrieved from https://www.smith.edu/about-smith/smith-history/commencement-speakers/2014. Simmons was chosen as the substitute commencement speaker after Christine Lagarde, former managing director of the International Monetary Fund, withdrew in response to student protests.
14. This distinction could have been made clearer in the much-discussed 2016 letter sent to University of Chicago incoming freshmen by Dean of Students Jay Ellison. It read in part, “[W]e do not condone the creation of intellectual ‘safe spaces’ where individuals can retreat from ideas and perspectives at odds with their own.” You can read the dean’s entire letter here: https://news.uchicago.edu/sites/default/files/attach ments/Dear_Class_of_2020_Students.pdf
15. Haidt, J. (2017, March 2). Van Jones’ excellent metaphors about the dangers of ideological safety [Blog post]. Heterodox Academy. Retrieved from https://heterodoxacademy.org/2017/03/02/van-jones-excellent-metaphors
16. See, for example, Sidanius, Van Laar, Levin, & Sinclair (2004), which found a variety of negative effects (including decreased feeling of common identity and increased feelings of ethnic victimization) from participation in “ethnic enclaves” in college. Effects were similar for minority students, and for white students in fraternities.
17. Murray, P. (1945). An American Credo. CommonGround, 5 no.2 (1945): 24. Retrieved from http://www.unz2.com/print/CommonGround-1945q4-00022 [inactive]
18. See BridgeUSA.org, and see a profile of the group in: Khadaroo, S. T. (2017, October 26). The anti-Washington: College group offers a model for debating politely. The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved from https://www.csmonitor.com/EqualEd/2017/1026/The-anti-Washington-College-group-offers-a-model-for-debating-politely
Conclusion: Wiser Societies
1. Thomas Babington Macauley. From his book review on Southey’s Colloquies on Society, published in the Edinburgh Review in January 1830. Retrieved from http://www.econlib.org/library/Essays/macS1.html
2. Facebook says it is now trying to foster more “meaningful interactions”; see Vogelstein, F. (2018, January 11). Facebook Tweaks Newsfeed to Favor Content From Friends, Family. Wired. Retrieved from https://www.wired.com/story/facebook-tweaks-newsfeed-to-favor-content-from-friends-family
3. Tsukayama, H. (2018, March 1). Twitter’s asking for help on how to be less toxic. The Washington Post. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-switch/wp/2018/03/01/twitters-asking-for-help-on-how-to-be-less-toxic/?utm_term=.4b28ef8a631b. See especially this post by researchers working with Twitter: Measuring the health of our public conversations. (2018, March 1). Cortico. Retrieved from https://www.cortico.ai/blog/2018/2/29/public-sphere-health-indicators
4. Common Sense Media. (2018, February 5). Common Sense partners with the Center for Humane Technology; Announces “Truth About Tech” Campaign in response to escalating concerns about digital addiction. Retrieved from https://www.commonsensemedia.org/about-us/news/press-releases/common-sense-partners-with-the-center-for-humane-technology-announces
5. De la Cruz, D. (2018, March 29). Utah passes “free-range” parenting law. The New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/29/well/family/utah-passes-free-range-parenting-law.html
6. See: Illing, S. (2017, December 19). Reciprocal rage: Why Islamist extremists and the far right. Vox. Retrieved from https://www.vox.com/world/2017/12/19/16764046/islam-terrorism-far-right-extremism-isis
7. See: Illing, S. (2017, October 13). 20 of America’s top political scientists gathered to discuss our democracy. They’re scared. Retrieved from https://www.vox.com/2017/10/13/16431502/america-democracy-decline-liberalism
8. See: Chua (2018).
9. See: Rauch, J. (2017, November 9). Speaking as a . . . The New York Review of Books. Retrieved from http://www.nybooks.com/articles/2017/11/09/mark-lilla-liberal-speaking
10. Rauch, J. (2018, February 16). Have our tribes become more important than our country? The Washington Post. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/have-our-tribes-become-more-important-than-our-country/2018/02/16/2f8ef9b2-083a-11e8-b48c-b07fea957bd5_story.html
11. @DalaiLama. (2018, May 21). [Tweet]. Retrieved from https://twitter.com/DalaiLama/status/998497410199437312
12. Klein, A. (2010, April 26). Not cool: The U of C tops HuffPo’s anti-party list. The Chicago Maroon. Retrieved from https://www.chicagomaroon.com/2010/04/26/not-cool-the-u-of-c-tops-huffpo-s-anti-party-list
13. Franklin, B. (1750). Available at https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Franklin/01-04-02-0009
Appendix 1: How to Do CBT
1. For a review of self-help books for depression, see Anderson et al. (2005).
Appendix 2: The Chicago Statement on Principles of Free Expression
1. You can read the committee’s report here: https://freeexpression.uchicago.edu/sites/freeexpression.uchicago.edu/files/FOECommitteeReport.pdf
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