For the time being the origin of the red-haired inhabitants of Biddulph Moor remains a mystery. But regardless of their heritage the Bridestones seems to have been the site of one of the last—perhaps the last—megalithic stone circle anywhere in Britain or Ireland. And its tomb may have been the final resting place of the last remnant of the enigmatic sect the Celts called Druids, an extraordinary people whose monuments once spanned the entire British Isles and were erected for well over three thousand years and whose most famous accomplishment was Stonehenge.
Endnotes
CHAPTER 1. AN ENIGMA IN STONE
1 Prior, BC: Life in Britain and Ireland.
2 Hawkins, Stonehenge Decoded.
3 Geoffrey of Monmouth, History of the Kings of Britain.
4 Darvill and Wainwright, “Beyond Stonehenge.”
5 Holland, Haunted Wales.
6 Underwood, Where the Ghosts Walk.
7 Oliver, Journal of Samuel Curwen, Loyalist.
8 Conroy, Breton-English, English-Breton Dictionary.
9 Aubrey and Fowles, Monumenta Britannica.
10 Burl and Mortimer, Stukeley’s Stonehenge.
11 Burl, Stone Circles of Britain, Ireland and Brittany.
12 Burl, Prehistoric Avebury.
CHAPTER 2. THE BIRTH OF CIVILIZATION
1 Peregrine, World Prehistory.
2 Guthrie, Nature of Paleolithic Art.
3 Reid, Prehistoric Houses in Britain.
4 Thomas, Understanding the Neolithic.
5 Langmaid, Prehistoric Pottery.
6 Tylecote, History of Metallurgy.
7 Barber, Martyn. Bronze and the Bronze Age.
8 James and Thorpe, Ancient Inventions.
9 Landau, Sumerians: Cradle of Civilization.
10 Crawford, Sumer and the Sumerians.
11 Crawford, Sumer and the Sumerians.
12 Kramer, Sumerian Mythology.
13 Charvát, Birth of the State.
14 Smith and Masson, Ancient Civilizations of Mesoamerica.
15 Plato, Timaeus and Critias.
16 Plato, Timaeus and Critias.
17 Phillips, Act of God.
18 de Camp, Lost Continents.
19 Cox and Hart, Plate Tectonics: How It Works.
20 Ramaswamy, The Lost Land of Lemuria.
21 Cunliffe, Extraordinary Voyage of Pytheas the Greek.
CHAPTER 3. PRELUDE: THE EMERGING CULTURES OF THE LATE STONE AGE
1 Trump, Malta: Prehistory and Temples.
2 Moore, Prehistory of South America.
3 Dyson and Rowland, Archaeology and History in Sardinia.
4 Hodder, Leopard’s Tale.
5 Hodder, Leopard’s Tale.
6 Collins, Göbekli Tepe.
7 Burl, From Carnac to Callanish.
8 Le Roux and Lecerf, Le Grand Cairn de Barnenez.
9 Thom, Megalithic Remains in Britain and Brittany.
10 Pettitt, Palaeolithic Origins of Human Burial.
11 Ehlers, Hughes, and Gibbard, Ice Age.
12 Thomas, Understanding the Neolithic.
13 Gaffney, Fitch, and Smith, Europe’s Lost World.
14 Bradley, Raymond, Paleoclimatology.
15 Smith and Brickley, People of the Long Barrows.
16 Smith and Brickley, People of the Long Barrows.
17 Smith and Brickley, People of the Long Barrows.
18 Malone, Neolithic Britain and Ireland.
CHAPTER 4. THE BEGINNING: THE STONES OF STENNESS
1 Ritchie, Graham, Stones of Stenness, Orkney.
2 Hunt, Oxford Handbook of Archaeological Ceramic Analysis.
3 Bradley, Richard, Prehistory of Britain and Ireland.
4 Cleal and MacSween, Grooved Ware.
5 Tilley, Ethnography of the Neolithic.
6 Clarke, Skara Brae.
7 Smith and Brickley, People of the Long Barrows.
8 Ritchie, Anna, Prehistoric Orkney.
9 Ritchie, Anna, Prehistoric Orkney.
10 Wickham-Jones, Orkney: A Historical Guide.
11 Clarke, Skara Brae.
12 Ritchie, Anna, Prehistoric Orkney.
13 Clarke, Skara Brae.
14 Wickham-Jones, Monuments of Orkney.
15 Richards, Building the Great Stone Circles.
16 Renfrew, Prehistory of Orkney.
17 Foster, Maeshowe and the Heart of Neolithic Orkney.
18 Orcadian, July 20, 1861.
19 Marshall, “Carved Stone Balls,” 108.
20 Sharples, Excavations at Pierowall Quarry.
CHAPTER 5. PROGRESSION: THE DISCOVERY OF STONE CIRCLES THROUGHOUT THE BRITISH ISLES
1 Ashmore, Calanais: The Standing Stones.
2 Armit, Archaeology of Skye and the Western Isles.
3 Armit, Archaeology of Skye and the Western Isles.
4 Brophy, MacGregor, and Ralston, Neolithic of Mainland Scotland.
5 Clare, Prehistoric Monuments of the Lake District.
6 Barrowclough, Prehistoric Cumbria.
7 Ó Nuallain, Stone Circles in Ireland.
8 Stout and Stout, Newgrange.
9 Armit et al., Neolithic Settlement in Ireland and Western Britain.
10 Mount, “Aspects of Ritual Deposition.”
11 Lynch, Prehistoric Anglesey.
12 “Stonehenge May Have Been First Erected in Wales, Evidence Suggests,” Guardian, December 7, 2015.
13 “Stonehenge 'Bluestone’ Quarries Confirmed 140 Miles Away in Wales,” UCL News, December 7, 2015.
14 “Stonehenge, Older than Believed,” BBC News, October 9, 2008.
15 Parker Pearson, Stonehenge: Exploring the Greatest Stone Age Mystery.
16 Gibson, Prehistoric Pottery.
17 McGrail, Ancient Boats and Ships.
CHAPTER 6. THE PHASES OF MEGALITHIC COMPLEXES
1 Peterson, Neolithic Pottery from Wales.
2 Malone, Neolithic Britain and Ireland.
3 Gibson, Prehistoric Pottery.
4 Wickham-Jones, Monuments of Orkney.
5 Bradley, Richard, Prehistory of Britain and Ireland.
6 Lynch, Prehistoric Anglesey.
7 Burl, Stone Circles of Britain, Ireland and Brittany.
8 Reid, Prehistoric Houses in Britain.
9 Barber, Elizabeth, Prehistoric Textiles.
10 Burl, Stone Circles of Britain, Ireland and Brittany.
11 Pollard, Neolithic Britain.
12 Burl, Prehistoric Avebury.
13 Wickham-Jones, Monuments of Orkney.
14 Strong, Stanton Drew.
15 Harding, Jan, Henge Monuments of the British Isles.
16 Burl, Prehistoric Avebury.
17 Burl, Prehistoric Avebury.
18 Gillings et al., Landscape of the Megaliths.
19 Strong, Stanton Drew.
20 Leary, Silbury Hill.
21 Wickham-Jones, Monuments of Orkney.
CHAPTER 7. RIVALRY AMONG THE MEGALITHIC COMPLEXES
1 Welfare, Great Crowns of Stone.
2 Burl, Stone Circles of Britain, Ireland and Brittany.
3 Harding, Dennis, Iron Age Hillforts.
4 Bayliss, Bronk-Ramsey, and MacCormac, “Dating Stonehenge.”
5 Wainwright and Renfrew, Henge Monuments.
6 Parker Pearson et al., “Age of Stonehenge.”
7 Parker Pearson et al. “Bluehenge.”
8 Gaffney, Chris, et al. “The Stonehenge Hidden Landscapes Project.”
9 Burl, Stone Circles of Britain, Ireland and Brittany.
10 Burl, Prehistoric Avebury.
11 Davies, “New Avenues of Research.”
12 Bayliss, Bronk-Ramsey, and MacCormac, “Dating Stonehenge.”
13 Pitts and Whittle, “Development and Date of Avebury.”
14 Bayliss, Bronk-Ramsey, and MacCormac, “Dating Stonehenge.”
15 “Avebury Stone Circle Contains Hidden Square, Archaeologists Find,” Guardian, July 29, 2017.
CHAPTER 8. LONG STONES AND LEY LINES
1 Byng, Dartmoor’s Mysterious Megaliths.
2 Ray, Archaeology of Herefordshire.
3 Barber and Williams, Ancient Stones of Wales.
4 Ross, Ancient Scotland.
5 Scarre, Megalithic Monuments of Britain and Ireland.
6 Watkins, Old Straight Track.
7 Michell, View over Atlantis.
8 Watkins, Old Straight Track.
9 Devereux and Thomson, Ley Hunter’s Companion.
10 Devereux and Thomson, Ley Hunter’s Companion.
11 Devereux and Thomson, Ley Hunter’s Companion.
12 Mills, Dictionary of British Place Names.
13 Devereux and Thomson, Ley Hunter’s Companion.
14 Devereux and Thomson, Ley Hunter’s Companion.
15 Giot, Prehistory in Brittany.
CHAPTER 9. THE MIGRATION OF THE BEAKER PEOPLE AND OTHER CULTURES
1 Martínez and Salanova, Bell Beaker Transition in Europe.
2 Martínez and Salanova, Bell Beaker Transition in Europe.
3 Wainwright, Durrington Walls.
4 Parker Pearson, Stonehenge: Exploring the Greatest Stone Age Mystery.
5 Garwood, Beaker Burials in Britain and North-West Europe.
6 Scarre, Megalithic Monuments of Britain and Ireland.
7 Martínez and Salanova, Bell Beaker Transition in Europe.
8 Parker Pearson, Bronze Age Britain.
9 Powell, “Gold Ornament from Mold.”
10 Taylor, Bronze Age Goldwork.
11 Burl, From Carnac to Callanish.
12 Darvill, Prehistoric Britain.
13 Bruck, Bronze Age Landscapes.
14 Barber, Martyn, Bronze and the Bronze Age.
15 Bruck, Bronze Age Landscapes.
16 Henderson, Atlantic Iron Age.
17 Cunliffe, Ancient Celts.
18 Koch, Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia.
19 Cunliffe, Iron Age Britain.
20 Harding, Dennis, Iron Age Hillforts.
21 Armit, Iron Age Lives.
22 Harding, Dennis, Death and Burial.
23 Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca Historica, bk. 2, ch. 47.
24 Darvill and Wainwright, “Stonehenge Excavations 2008.”
CHAPTER 10. CELTIC INHERITANCE AND THE ROMAN INVASION
1 Southern, Roman Army.
2 Southern, Roman Army.
3 Tacitus, Annals, bk. 14, ch. 37.
4 Velleius, Compendium of Roman History, bk. 2.
5 Caesar, Gallic Wars.
6 Caesar, Gallic Wars, bk. 4, ch. 20.
7 Caesar, Gallic Wars, bk. 4, ch. 13.
8 Tacitus, Annals, bk. 12.
9 Tacitus, Annals, bk. 12.
10 Tacitus, Annals, bk. 14.
11 Smith, George, Rediscovered Stone Circle.
12 Tacitus, Annals, bk. 14, ch. 32.
13 Cassius Dio, Roman History, bk. 62, ch. 2.
14 Tacitus, Annals, bk. 14.
15 Tacitus, Annals, bk. 14, ch. 38.
16 Tacitus, Annals, bk. 14, ch. 39.
17 Tacitus, Life of Julius Agricola, bk. 1.
18 Tacitus, Life of Julius Agricola, bk. 1.
19 Tacitus, Life of Julius Agricola, bk. 1.
20 Tacitus, Life of Julius Agricola, bk. 1.
21 Clarkson, Picts: A History.
22 Burl, Stone Circles of the British Isles.
23 Weir, Early Ireland: A Field Guide.
24 Weir, Early Ireland: A Field Guide.
CHAPTER 11. THE DRUID’S LASTING INFLUENCE
1 Novak, Christianity and the Roman Empire.
2 Freeman, St. Patrick of Ireland.
3 Adamnán, Vita Sancti Columbae.
4 Howlett, Muirchú Moccu Macthéni’s “Vita Sancti Patricii.”
5 Plummer, Bethada Naem Nerenn.
6 O’Donovan, Annals of the Kingdom of Ireland.
7 O’Donovan, Annals of the Kingdom of Ireland.
8 Ó Cuindlis, Leabhar Breac.
9 Best and Bergin, Book of Leinster.
10 Best and Bergin, Lebor Na Huidre.
11 Best and Bergin, Book of Leinster.
12 Kimpton, Cu Chulainn’s Death.
13 Best and Bergin, Book of Leinster.
14 Caesar, Gallic Wars, bk. 6, ch. 14.
15 Caesar, Gallic Wars, bk. 6.
16 Jones, Strabo: Geography, bk. 4.
17 Caesar, Gallic Wars, bk. 6.
18 Welles, Diodorus Siculus, bk. 4.
19 Jones, Strabo: Geography, bk. 4.
20 Welles, Diodorus Siculus, bk. 4.
21 Romer, Pomponius Mela’s Description of the World, bk. 2, ch. 3.
22 Hippolytus, Refutation of All Heresies, bk. 1, ch. 2.
23 Caesar, Gallic Wars, bk. 6.
24 Jones, Strabo: Geography, bk. 4.
25 Romer, Pomponius Mela’s Description of the World, bk. 2, ch. 3.
26 Duff, Lucan: The Civil War, bk. 1.
27 Healey, Pliny the Elder, bk. 16.
28 Tacitus, Annals, bk. 14.
29 Caesar, Gallic Wars, bk. 6.
30 Healey, Pliny the Elder, bk. 30.
31 Hippolytus, Refutation of All Heresies, bk. 1, ch. 2.
32 Williams, Two Lives of Gildas.
33 Sherley-Price, Bede, bk. 1.
34 Inett, Origines Anglicanae, vol. 1.
35 Harding et al. “Evidence for Variable Selective Pressures.”
36 Pala et al., “Mitochondrial DNA Signals.”
37 Balaresque et al., “Predominantly Neolithic Origin.”
38 O’Dushlaine et al., “Population Structure and Genome-Wide Patterns.”
39 Caesar, Gallic Wars, bk. 6.
40 Crummy, Stanway.
41 Joyce, Smaller Social History of Ancient Ireland.
42 Joyce, Smaller Social History of Ancient Ireland.
CHAPTER 12. ASTRONOMY AND MEDICINE IN THE STONE CIRCLES
1 Caesar, Gallic Wars, bk. 6, ch. 17.
2 Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca Historica, bk. 2, ch. 47.
3 Caesar, Gallic Wars, bk. 6, ch. 14.
4 Jones, Strabo: Geography, bk. 5, ch. 4.
5 Romer, Pomponius Mela’s Description of the World, bk. 2, ch. 3.
6 Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca Historica, bk. 5, ch. 31.
7 Hippolytus, Refutation of All Heresies, bk. 1, ch. 22.
8 Duff, Lucan: The Civil War, bk. 1.
9 Romer, Pomponius Mela’s Description of the World, bk. 2, ch. 3.
10 Caesar, Gallic Wars, bk. 6, ch. 14.
11 Walkowitz, Megalithic Syndrome.
12 Shore-Henshall, Chambered Tombs of Scotland, vol. 2.
13 Radley and Plant, “Two Neolithic Sites at Taddington.”
14 Ashbee, “Excavations at Halangy Down.”
15 Barnett, Barrows in the Peak District.
16 Britnell and Savoury, Gwernvale and Penywyrlod.
17 Greenwell and Rolleston, British Barrows.
18 Renfrew, Prehistory of Orkney.
19 Chiasson et al., “Acaricidal Properties of Artemisia absinthium.”
20 Darvill, Prehistoric Britain.
21 Soni et al., “Pharmacological Properties of Datura stramonium.”
22 Bown, Royal Horticultural Society New Encyclopedia of Herbs and Their Uses.
23 Livarda, Madgwick, and Riera Mora, Bioarchaeology of Ritual and Religion.
24 Sequin, Chemistry of Plants.
25 Caesar, Gallic Wars, bk. 6, ch. 16.
26 Healey, Pliny the Elder: Natural History, bk. 16, ch. 95.
27 Kowalchik and Hylton, William H. Rodale’s Illustrated Encyclopedia of Herbs.
28 Caesar, Gallic Wars, bk. 6, ch. 14.
29 Romer, Pomponius Mela’s Description of the World, bk. 2, ch. 3.
30 Magli, Archaeoastronomy.
31 Caesar, Gallic Wars, bk. 6, ch. 14.
32 Romer, Pomponius Mela’s Description of the World, bk. 2, ch. 3.
33 Hippolytus, Refutation of All Heresies, bk. 1, ch. 2.
CHAPTER
13. SECRET OF THE STONES AND THE RED-HAIRED DRUIDS
1 Hull, Text Book of Irish Literature.
2 Encyclopædia Britannica.
3 Jones, Strabo: Geography, bk. 4, ch. 4.
4 Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca Historica, bk. 5, chapter 31.
5 Caesar, Gallic Wars, bk. 6, ch. 14.
6 Healey, Pliny the Elder: Natural History, bk. 16, ch. 95.
7 Lean, “Druids Offer Up Cancer Cure.”
8 Weir, Early Ireland: A Field Guide.
9 Best and Bergin, Book of Leinster.
10 Meyer, Sanas Cormaic: Cormac’s Glossary.
11 Connolly, Vita Prima Sanctae Brigitae.
12 Ó hÓgáin, Myth, Legend and Romance.
13 Gildas, De excidio Britanniae. Vol. 7.
14 Morgan and Morgan, Prehistoric Cheshire.
15 Rowlands, Mona Antiqua Restaurata.
16 Dunlop, Transactions of the Lancashire and Cheshire Antiquarian Society.
17 Sleigh, History of the Ancient Parish of Leek.
18 Biddulph & District Genealogy & Historical Society, “Meeting Report: Greenway Moor.”
Bibliography
Adamnán. Vita Sancti Columbae. New York: AMS Press, 1979.
Armit, Ian. The Archaeology of Skye and the Western Isles. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1996.
_______. Iron Age Lives: The Archaeology of Britain and Ireland 800 BC–AD 400. Abingdon, UK: Routledge, 2016.
Armit, Ian, Eileen Murphy, Eimear Nelis, and Derek Simpson. Neolithic Settlement in Ireland and Western Britain. Oxford: Oxbow Books, 2015.
Ashbee, Paul. “Excavations at Halangy Down, St Mary’s, Scilly.” Cornish Archaeology 9 (1970).
Ashmore, Patrick. Calanais: The Standing Stones. Edinburgh: Historic Scotland, 2002.
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