CHAPTER TWO: A RADICAL ECHO, IGNORED
1. Joel Dyer, “The New Harvest of Rage,” Boulder Weekly, October 27, 2016, https://www.boulderweekly.com/news/the-new-harvest-of-rage/.
2. Ibid.
3. Ibid.
4. Rightwing Extremism: Current Economic and Political Climate Fueling Resurgence in Radicalization and Recruitment (Washington, DC: Department of Homeland Security Office of Intelligence and Analysis, April 7, 2009).
5. Ibid.
6. Ibid.
7. “Dispute Led to Shootings in Pittsburgh,” April 5, 2009, New York Times, https://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/06/us/06pittsburgh.html?ref=global-home.
8. “Shooter Wearing Bulletproof Vest Guns down 3 Pittsburgh Officers, Upset over Losing Job,” Fox News, April 4, 2009, http://www.foxnews.com/story/2009/04/04/shooter-wearing-bulletproof-vest-guns-down-3-pittsburgh-officers-upset-over.html.
9. Michelle Malkin, “Confirmed: The Obama DHS Hit Job on Conservatives Is Real,” Michelle Malkin (blog), April 14, 2009, http://michellemalkin.com/2009/04/14/confirme-the-obama-dhs-hit-job-on-conservatives-is-real/.
10. Ibid.
11. Ibid.
12. Ed O'Keefe, “Napolitano Defends Homeland Security Report on Right-Wing Extremism,” Washington Post, April 16, 2009, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/04/15/AR2009041503390.html.
13. “Bo Gritz,” Southern Poverty Law Center, https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/individual/bo-gritz.
14. “August Kreis,” Southern Poverty Law Center, https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/individual/august-kreis.
15. “Former Klansmen Tom Metzger and Bill Riccio Encourage Skinheads to Cooperate,” SPLC Intelligence Report, October 19, 2006, https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2006/former-klansmen-tom-metzger-and-bill-riccio-encourage-skinheads-cooperate?page=0%2C1.
16. “Once Popular Patriot Leader John Trochmann Now Leads ‘Mail Order Militia,’” SPLC Intelligence Report, May 8, 2001, https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2001/once-popular-patriot-leader-john-trochmann-now-leads-%E2%80%98mail-order-militia%E2%80%99.
17. Ibid.
18. “Real GDP Growth of the United States from 1990 to 2017,” Statista, January 2018, https://www.statista.com/statistics/188165/annual-gdp-growth-of-the-united-states-since-1990/.
19. “Fewer Births and Divorces, More Violence: How the Recession Affected the American Family,” Conversation, December 2, 2014, http://theconversation.com/fewer-births-and-divorces-more-violence-how-the-recession-affected-the-american-family-34272.
20. Peter Grüner and Marcus Brückner, “The OECD's Growth Prospects and Political Extremism,” Vox CEPR Policy Portal, May 16, 2010, https://voxeu.org/article/global-crisis-and-political-extremism.
21. Glen Kessler, “When Did Mitch McConnell Say He Wanted to Make Barack Obama a One-Term President?” Washington Post, January 1, 2017, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/fact-checker/wp/2017/01/11/when-did-mitch-mcconnell-say-he-wanted-to-make-obama-a-one-term-president/?utm_term=.9c1c885161d2.
22. “Trust in Government: 1958–2015,” Pew Research Center, Washington, DC, November 23, 2015, http://www.people-press.org/2015/11/23/1-trust-in-government-1958-2015/.
23. “Congress and the Public,” Gallup, Washington, DC, https://news.gallup.com/poll/1600/congress-public.aspx.
24. Mark Littler, “Rethinking Democracy and Terrorism: A Quantitative Analysis of Attitudes to Democratic Politics and Support for Terrorism in the UK,” Behavioral Sciences of Terrorism and Political Aggression 9, no. 1 (2017): 52–61, https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19434472.2016.1245211.
25. “Congress and the Public,” Gallup.
26. “Confidence in Institutions,” Gallup, Washington, DC, https://news.gallup.com/poll/1597/confidence-institutions.aspx.
27. “Right Track or Wrong Track,” Rasmussen Reports, Asbury Park, NJ, January 21, 2019, http://www.rasmussenreports.com/public_content/politics/top_stories/right_direction_wrong_track_nov19.
28. Judy L. Thomas, “The Spotlight Dims on Ex-White Supremacist, Militia Leaders,” Ledger, April 10, 2005, http://www.theledger.com/news/20050410/the-spotlight-dims-on-ex-white-supremacist-militia-leaders.
29. “Malik Zulu Shabazz,” Southern Poverty Law Center, https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/individual/malik-zulu-shabazz.
30. “Left-Wing Earth Liberation Front Advocates Extremist Agenda,” SPLC Intelligence Report, May 8, 2001, https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2001/left-wing-earth-liberation-front-advocates-extremist-agenda.
31. Barack Obama, “Transcript: ‘This Is Your Victory,’ Says Obama,” CNN, http://edition.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/11/04/obama.transcript/.
32. Bill Bradley, “AP Reports Nationwide Post-Election Racism,” Vanity Fair, November 15, 2008, https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2008/11/the-national-press-is-no-longer-ignoring-small-town-racism.
CHAPTER THREE: THE GREATEST THING TO EVER HAPPEN TO HATE
1. “David Duke,” Southern Poverty Law Center, https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/individual/david-duke.
2. Ibid.
3. Chip Berlet, “When Hate Went Online,” Research for Progress (blog), http://www.researchforprogress.us/topic/34691/when-hate-went-online.
4. Ibid.
5. “Louis Beam,” Southern Poverty Law Center, https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/individual/louis-beam.
6. Berlet, “When Hate Went Online.”
7. “Tom Metzger,” Southern Poverty Law Center, https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/individual/tom-metzger.
8. Berlet, “When Hate Went Online.”
9. Aristotle Kallis, Sara Zeiger, and Bilgehan Ozturk, Violent Radicalization and Far-Right Extremism in Europe (Istanbul, Turkey: SETA Publications, 2018).
10. Berlet, “When Hate Went Online.”
11. “David Duke,” Southern Poverty Law Center.
12. Karen Mock, Human Rights and the Internet (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2000), p. 142.
13. Reference for Business: Encyclopedia of Business, s.v. “Amazon.com: Forming a Plan,” https://www.referenceforbusiness.com/businesses/A-F/Amazon-com.html.
14. Mock, Human Rights and the Internet, p. 142.
15. Ines von Behr, Anaïs Reding, Charlie Edwards, and Luke Gribbon, “The Use of the Internet in 15 Cases of Terrorism and Extremism,” Radicalisation in the Digital Era (Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, 2013), p. 17.
16. Mock, Human Rights and the Internet, p. 143.
17. “Harvard Law School Librarian Discusses Cyberhate,” SPLC Intelligence Report, March 21, 2001, https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2001/harvard-law-school-librarian-discusses-cyberhate.
18. Mock, Human Rights and the Internet.
19. “Harvard Law School Librarian Discusses Cyberhate.”
20. Ibid.
21. Ibid.
22. John Kifner, “McVeigh's Mind: A Special Report; Oklahoma Bombing Suspect: Unraveling of a Frayed Life,” New York Times, December 31, 1995, https://www.nytimes.com/1995/12/31/us/mcveigh-s-mind-special-report-oklahoma-bombing-suspect-unraveling-frayed-life.html.
23. Ibid.
24. Ibid.
25. “Deborah Rudolph Speaks out about Her Former Brother-in-Law, Olympic Park Bomber Eric Robert Rudolf,” SPLC Intelligence Report, November 29, 2001, https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2001/deborah-rudolph-speaks-out-about-her-former-brother-law-olympic-park-bomber-eric-robert.
26. Ibid.
27. Ibid.
28. Jeffrey Gettleman, “US Bomb Suspect's Picture of His Life in the Woods Draws Some Skepticism,” New York Times, June 8, 2003, https://www.nytimes.com/2003/06/08/us/bomb-suspect-s-picture-of-his-life-in-the-woods-draws-some-skepticism.html.
29. Willem De Koster and Dick Houtman, “‘Stormfront Is Like a Second Home to Me’: On Virtual Community Formation by Right-Wing
Extremists,” Information, Communication & Society 11, no. 8 (2008): 1155–76.
CHAPTER FOUR: THE SOCIAL NETWORK'S NEGATIVE MIRROR
1. Ines von Behr, Anaïs Reding, Charlie Edwards, and Luke Gribbon, “The Use of the Internet in 15 Cases of Terrorism and Extremism,” Radicalisation in the Digital Era (Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, 2013), p. 19.
2. Aristotle Kallis, Sara Zeiger, and Bilgehan Ozturk, Violent Radicalization and Far-Right Extremism in Europe (Istanbul, Turkey: SETA Publications, 2018), p. 102.
3. Susannah Fox and Lee Raine, “Part 1: How the Internet Has Woven Itself into American Life,” Pew Research Center, Washington, DC, February 27, 2014, http://www.pewinternet.org/2014/02/27/part-1-how-the-internet-has-woven-itself-into-american-life/.
4. Gary Rivlin, “Wallflower at the Web Party,” New York Times, October 15, 2006, https://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/15/business/yourmoney/15friend.html?_r=1.
5. Associated Press, “Will Facebook Hold Out or Sell Out?” CNN, February 26, 2007, https://web.archive.org/web/20070324234412/http://www.cnn.com/2007/TECH/internet/02/26/next.big.deal.ap/index.html.
6. Tom Smith, “The Social Media Revolution,” International Journal of Market Research 51, no. 4 (2009): 559, https://www.scribd.com/document/203686033/The-Social-Media-Revolution.
7. Willem De Koster and Dick Houtman, “‘Stormfront Is Like a Second Home to Me’: On Virtual Community Formation by Right-Wing Extremists,” Information, Communication & Society 11, no. 8 (2008): 1155–75.
8. Ibid.
9. Ibid.
10. von Behr, Reding, Edwards, and Gribbon, “Use of the Internet in 15 Cases,” p. 26.
11. Brandon Griggs and John D. Sutter, “Oprah, Ashton Kutcher Mark Twitter ‘Turning Point,’” CNN, April 18, 2009, http://edition.cnn.com/2009/TECH/04/17/ashton.cnn.twitter.battle/.
12. “Twitter, Facebook and YouTube's Role in Arab Spring,” Social Capital Blog, January 26, 2011, https://socialcapital.wordpress.com/2011/01/26/twitter-facebook-and-youtubes-role-in-tunisia-uprising/.
13. Carol Huang, “Facebook and Twitter Key to Arab Spring Uprisings: Report,” National, June 6, 2011, https://www.thenational.ae/uae/facebook-and-twitter-key-to-arab-spring-uprisings-report-1.428773.
14. Kallis, Zeiger, and Ozturk, Violent Radicalization, pp. 104–105.
15. Ibid., p. 92.
16. Ibid., pp. 104–105.
17. Ibid., p. 92.
18. Ibid.
19. Graeme Wood, “What ISIS Really Wants,” Atlantic, March 2015, https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2015/03/what-isis-really-wants/384980/.
20. Alessandra Masi, “ISIS Propaganda Magazine Dabiq for Sale on Amazon, Gets Taken Down,” International Business Times, June 10, 2015, https://www.ibtimes.com/isis-propaganda-magazine-dabiq-sale-amazon-gets-taken-down-1961036.
21. Matthew Rowe and Saif Hassan, “Mining Pro-ISIS Radicalisation Signals from Social Media Users,” Proceedings of the Tenth International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media (Menlo Park, CA: Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence, 2016), pp. 329–38, http://oro.open.ac.uk/48477/1/13023-57822-1-PB.pdf.
22. Whitney Phillips, This Is Why We Can't Have Nice Things: Mapping the Relationship between Online Trolling and Mainstream Culture (Boston: MIT Press, 2015), pp. 164–65.
23. Tom Smith, “The Social Media Revolution,” International Journal of Market Research 51, no. 4 (2009): 559, https://www.scribd.com/document/203686033/The-Social-Media-Revolution.
24. Rowe and Hassan, “Mining Pro-ISIS Radicalisation Signals.”
25. von Behr, Reding, Edwards, and Gribbon, “Use of the Internet in 15 Cases.”
26. Michael Cooper, Michael S. Schmidt, and Eric Schmitt, “Boston Suspects Are Seen as Self-Taught and Fueled by Web,” New York Times, April 23, 2013, https://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/24/us/boston-marathon-bombing-developments.html?hp&pagewanted=all.
27. Tim Lister and Paul Cruickshank, “Dead Boston Bomb Suspect Poster Video of Jihadist, Analysis Says,” CNN, April 22, 2013, https://edition.cnn.com/2013/04/20/us/brother-religious-language.
28. Cooper, Schmidt, and Schmitt, “Boston Suspects Are Seen as Self-Taught.”
29. Ibid.
30. Lydia Warren and Louise Boyle, “‘It Wasn't Blood…It Was Paint’: Boston Bombers’ Defiant Mother Launches Bizarre Defense of Her ‘Framed’ Sons,” Daily Mail, April 25, 2013, https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2314663/Boston-bombers-crazed-mother-Zubeidat-Tsarnaeva-says-marathon-carnage-play-paint-instead-blood.html.
31. Alan Cullison and Pervaiz Shallwani, “Suspects’ Mother Was Placed on Watch List,” Wall Street Journal, April 26, 2013, https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887324743704578447263803031592.
32. Michael Daly, “Terry Lee Loewen, the Mellow Kansas Man Who Allegedly Dreamed of Jihad,” Daily Beast, December 16, 2013, https://www.thedailybeast.com/terry-lee-loewen-the-mellow-kansas-man-who-allegedly-dreamed-of-jihad.
33. Zlata Rodionova, “Paris Attacks Anniversary: ‘Open the Door, I Am Here to Rescue You,’ Isis Gunman Told Bataclan Survivor,” Independent, November 12, 2016, https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/paris-attacks-one-year-anniversary-bataclan-survivor-kelly-le-guen-isis-islamic-state-a7413901.html.
34. Caitlin Hu and Loubna Mrie, “ISIL Supporters Already Have a Hashtag for the Bloody Paris Attacks,” Quartz, November 14, 2015, https://qz.com/549818/isil-supporters-already-have-a-hashtag-for-the-bloody-paris-attacks-underway/.
35. “Unit Sales of Sony PlayStation 4 Consoles Worldwide from 2013 to 2017 (in Million Units,” Statista, October 2016, https://www.statista.com/statistics/651576/global-ps4-console-unit-sales/.
36. Andrew Griffin, “Paris Attacks May Have Been Arranged on a PlayStation 4, Reports Claim,” Independent, November 16, 2015, https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/paris-attacks-may-have-been-arranged-on-a-playstation-4-reports-claim-a6736231.html.
37. Ibid.
38. Thomas Brewster, “Sony Just Coughed Up PS4 Data to the FBI in a Kansas Terror Investigation,” Forbes, February 14, 2018, https://www.forbes.com/sites/thomasbrewster/2018/02/14/sony-playstation-4-data-disclosed-to-feds-in-terrorism-probe/#41f9a5305c7f.
39. Ye Peiqun, “A Research of the Advantages of Internet Entrepreneurship Based on Microblog” (Xi'an, China: 6th International Conference on Information Management Innovation Management and Industrial Engineering, 2013), https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6703211/.
40. “Former Klansmen Tom Metzger and Bill Riccio Encourage Skinheads to Cooperate,” SPLC Intelligence Report, October 19, 2006, https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2006/former-klansmen-tom-metzger-and-bill-riccio-encourage-skinheads-cooperate?page=0%2C1.
CHAPTER FIVE: 4CHAN AND THE RISE OF ANTI-SOCIAL MEDIA
1. Brian Raftery, “The 2009 Time 100 Finalists,” Time, http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1883644_1883653_1885481,00.html.
2. Monica Hesse, “A Virtual Unknown: Meet ‘Moot,’ the Secretive Internet Celeb Who Still Lives with Mom,” Washington Post, February 17, 2009, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/02/16/AR2009021601565.html.
3. Ibid.
4. Ibid.
5. Julian Dibbell, “Radical Opacity,” MIT Technology Review, August 23, 2010, https://www.technologyreview.com/s/420323/radical-opacity/.
6. Hesse, “Virtual Unknown.”
7. Jana Herwig, “Partial Transcript: Moot on 4chan and Why It Works as a Meme Factory,” Digiom (blog), April 6, 2010, https://digiom.wordpress.com/2010/04/06/moot-on-4chan-and-why-it-works-as-a-meme-factory/.
8. Ibid.
9. Sean Michaels, “Taking the Rick,” Guardian, March 19, 2008, https://www.theguardian.com/music/2008/mar/19/news.
10. Carrie Battan, “Is Vice Getting Nice?” New York Magazine, April 1, 2015, https://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2015/03/vice-getting-nice.html.
11. David Kushner, “4chan's Overlord Christopher Poole Reveals Why He Walked Away,” Rol
ling Stone, March 13, 2015, https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-features/4chans-overlord-christopher-poole-reveals-why-he-walked-away-93894/.
12. Ariana Eunjung Cha, “4chan Users Seize Internet's Power for Mass Disruptions,” Washington Post, August 10, 2010, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/08/09/AR2010080906102.html?hpid=topnews.
13. Fruzsina Eordogh, “Gamergate and the New Horde of Digital Saboteurs,” Christian Science Monitor, November 25, 2014, https://www.csmonitor.com/Technology/Tech-Culture/2014/1125/Gamergate-and-the-new-horde-of-digital-saboteurs.
14. Willem De Koster and Dick Houtman, “‘Stormfront Is Like a Second Home to Me’: On Virtual Community Formation by Right-Wing Extremists,” Information, Communication & Society 11, no. 8 (2008): 1155–76.
15. Ibid.
16. Kushner, “4chan's Overlord Christopher Poole.”
17. Eordogh, “Gamergate and the New Horde of Digital Saboteurs.”
18. Kushner, “4chan's Overlord Christopher Poole.”
19. Ibid.
CHAPTER SIX: ATTENTION HIJACKING
1. Eli Langer, “The Five-Year Anniversary of Twitter's Defining Moment,” CNBC, January 15, 2014, https://www.cnbc.com/2014/01/15/the-five-year-anniversary-of-twitters-defining-moment.html.
2. Ibid.
3. Samantha Grossman, “The Top 10 Things That Broke the Internet,” Time, December 2, 2014, http://time.com/collection-post/3587943/things-that-broke-the-internet/.
4. Ibid.
5. Whitney Philips, This Is Why We Can't Have Nice Things (Boston: MIT Press, 2015).
6. Ibid.
7. Tara Golshan, “2 Big Takeaways from a Scandalous Report on Internal Breitbart Documents,” Vox, October 5, 2017, https://www.vox.com/2017/10/5/16433172/buzzfeed-report-breitbart-documents-milo.
8. Joseph Bernstein, “Here's How Breitbart and Milo Smuggled White Nationalism into the Mainstream,” BuzzFeed News, October 5, 2017, https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/josephbernstein/heres-how-breitbart-and-milo-smuggled-white-nationalism.
9. Angela Nagle, Kill All Normies: Online Culture Wars from 4chan and Tumblr to Trump and the Alt-Right (Portland: Zero Books, 2017), pp. 102–103.
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