by Deborah Blum
28: National Archives, Records of the Patent and Trademark Office.
29: By U.S. FDA, via Wikimedia Commons.
30: U.S. Food and Drug Administration, via Wikimedia Commons.
31: William Howard Taft and Elihu Root seated at desk, Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, LC-USZ62-66346.
32: New Wine In Old Bottles, by Darling in the Des Moines Register and Leader, reproduced in the Literary Digest, December 25, 1909. Via Wikimedia Commons.
33: Cartoon by Clifford Berryman, from the Washington Star, March 1912.
34: National Archives, Records of the Food and Drug Administration, 1908.
35: Mrs. H. W. Wiley and John and Harvey, by Underwood & Underwood, Washington, D.C. 1920. Library of Congress, National Woman’s Party Records, Manuscript Division
36: The Tacoma Times, March 23, 1912, p. 5, image 5. Library of Congress, Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers.
37: U.S. postage stamp of Harvey W. Wiley, June 27, 1956. Designed by Robert Miller, engraved by C.A. Brooks. Via Wikimedia Commons.
38: Portrait of Harvey Washington Wiley from The World’s Work, via Wikimedia Commons.
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Index
The page numbers in this index refer to the printed version of this book. The link provided will take you to the beginning of that print page. You may need to scroll forward from that location to find the corresponding reference on your e-reader.
Accum, Fredrick, 14
acetic acid, 3
Act for Preventing Adulteration in Food and Drink (Great Britain), 15
Adams, Samuel Hopkins, 258
Addams, Jane, 109
“Adulteration of Food, The” (Wiley), 39
adulteration of foods
Accum’s analyses, 14
Angell’s charges, 15
butter/oleomargarine and, 24–27
coffee and, 36–38
deaths in Great Britain and, 14–15
exhibit on, at Pan-American Exposition of 1901, 76
Farmer’s cookbooks warning of dangers of, 100
flour and, 60–61
home tests to identify, 110–13
honey/maple syrup and other sweeteners and, 16–19
Hurty’s analyses, 62–64, 82
industrial chemistry and, 2–4, 81
Ladd’s analyses, 82–83
lard and, 35–36
Mason hearings and, 65–70
milk industry practices and, 1–4, 62–63
Pure Food and Drug Act definition, 156–57
Shepard’s analyses, 83–84
spices and condiments and, 30–32
sugar products and, 16–19
See also canned foods; specific individual foods
Agricultural Appropriations Act, 157
Agriculture Department. See Department of Agriculture (USDA)
alcohol
beer, 66–67, 74–75
Mason hearings and, 66–67
preservatives in, 32–34
whiskey/whiskey industry (See whiskey/whiskey industry)
wine/wine industry, 32–34, 66, 212
Aldrich, Nelson, 132–33
Alger, Russell A., 52
Allen, Robert M., 104, 113–14, 122, 124, 131, 164, 165, 196
Alliance Review, 203
allspice, 30
Alsberg, Carl L., 273–75
Coca-Cola settlement in caffeine case and, 274–75
named chief of Bureau of Chemistry, 269
resignation of, 279
saccharin case and, 274, 277–78
sting operation on McCormick’s pepper operations and, 273
alum, 82
American Association for the Advancement of Science, 254
American Association for the Promotion of Purity in Food Products, 206
American Beverage Corporation, 220
American Chemical Society, 189
American Food Journal, 197, 216
American Grocer, 15
American Medical Association (AMA), 103, 133, 204, 254, 285
American Social Science Public Health Association, 15
Anderson, Oscar, Jr., 6
Angell, George Thorndike, 15
Angell, James Burrill, 170
Anheuser-Busch, 74, 75
Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 108
annatto, 27
Anti-Saloon League, 74
Appeal to Reason, 120, 136
Arena, 60
Armour, J. Ogden, 141–42, 149
Armour brothers, 24, 54, 119
Armstrong, Orland, 284
arsenic, 14–15, 29, 37
Arthur, Chester A., 20, 21
Atlanta Georgian, 223, 237
Bailey, James W., 117–18
baked goods, 82
Baker, Ray Stannard, 126
Baker’s Stomach Bitters, 106
baking industry, 104
Ballard and Ballard Company, 254
Ballinger, William, 140
Battershall, Jesse Park, 27–28, 29–30, 110
Baur, Joseph, 81
Beale, Richard Lee T., 15–16
Bedford, Edward Thomas, 186
Beef Court, 53–59
beekeepers, 19
beer, 66–67, 74–75
Bennett, Mark, 115, 116
benzene, 229
Beveridge, Albert, 133, 147, 151
Beveridge Amendment, 147–49
Bigelow, Willard, 111, 112, 127–28, 134, 173, 196
appointed acting chief of Bureau of Chemistry, 263
defrauding government charges related to Rusby hiring arrangement, 247–59
exhibit on pure and adulterated food at Pan-American Exposition, 1901, 76
testimony of, in embalmed beef crisis, 57–58
wine industry products, investigation of, 66
Bingham, James, 214–15
Bird, Arthur C., 200
black pepper, 31
bleached flour/bleached flour industry, 104, 197–200, 216–17, 231–33, 270–72
blended whiskies (rectifiers) and distillers, conflict between, 49–51, 165–69, 209–11, 225–26
Blot, Pierre, 178
Board of Food and Drug Inspection (USDA)
attorney general memo on legality of, 211–12
corn syrup endorsed by, 187
Doolittle appointed to, 259
Food Inspection Decision (FID) 76 and, 174–75
McCabe removed from, 259
members of, 171, 259–60
removes certification requirement from rules governing dyes, 228–30
routinely disagree with and vote against Wiley, 212–14
three-month rule and, 212
Wilson announces creation of, 171–72
Bonaparte, Charles J., 168–69
Boos, William, 219
borax (sodium borate), 3, 69
Poison Squad studies and, 89–97, 101–3, 202–3
tests to detect, 112–13
Boston Cooking-School Cook Book, The (Farmer), 98–100
Boston Evening Record, 201
Boston Journal, 235
Bottled-in-Bond Act, 50
Bowers, Lloyd W., 210–11, 225
Bradford, Yorkshire candy poisoning incident, 14–15
Brosius, Marriott, 71
Brown, George Rothwell, 92–94, 95–96, 97
brown sugar, 2, 66
Bryan, William Jennings, 73–74, 200
Buffalo Courier, 263–64
Bulletin 13 (Foods and Food Adulterants), 23–24, 26, 28, 32, 41, 59–60
Bureau of Chemistry and Soils (USDA), 283
Bureau of Chemistry (USDA), 21–22, 24, 27, 30, 33–34
Alsberg named chief of, 269
bleached flour investigation of, 197–200
Bulletin 13 (Foods and Food Adulterants), 23–24, 26, 28, 32, 41, 59–60
Bulletin 100 on tests to detect adulteration, 111–13
Campbell as chief of, 279
Coca-Cola case, 224–25, 236–44
coffee, tea and cocoa investigations of, 36–38
displays of, at Pan-American Exposition of 1901, 76
Dunlap named as associate chemist, 170–71
fermented beverages investigation by, 32–34
lard study of, 35–36
Mason hearings and, 65, 66–67
milk and butter investigations of, 23–24, 26–27
under Morton, 39–46
patent medicine investigations of, 105–6
Poison Squad studies
under Rusk, 35
spices and condiments investigated by, 30–32
split into two divisions, 283
temperance beverages analyzed by, 74–75
Wiley hired as chief chemist, 5, 20–22
Wilson appointed secretary of, 48
Butt, Archie, 249
butter, 24–27, 116
borax used as preservative in, 69
Butter Act of 1886, 26
dyes used in, 27
Mason hearings and, 66, 69
oleomargarine hearings in House and Senate and, 25–26
Wiley investigates, 24, 26–27
Butter Act of 1886, 23–24
butterine, 24. See also oleomargarine
caffeine, 221–22, 237–44, 274–75
California Fruit Grower, 123
Campbell, Walter G., 165, 279, 282, 285
Candler, Asa, 220–21
Candler, Charles Howard, 240–41
Candler, John S., 240
candy, 14–15, 27, 29
canned foods/canned food industry, 139
cumulative exposure to metals in, 67–68
embalmed beef crisis, western states, 61–62
embalmed beef scandal, 51–59
French canning companies, copper sulfate used by, 187
metal poisoning from, 59–60
vegetables, 41, 67–68
Wiley’s speech to, 139–41
Cannon, Joseph, 166
Carlson, Anton, 277–78
Carson, Rachel, 290
catsup, 82–83, 177–81
cayenne, 116
Century, 217
Cessat of Bordeaux, 188
Chandler, Charles F., 241
charcoal, 37
Chattanooga Daily Times, 243, 244
Chattanooga News, 237
cheese, 27
chemical additives, 2
Chemical Trade Journal, 268
Chemistry Division. See Bureau of Chemistry (USDA)
Chesebrough, Robert, 37
Chevreul, Michel Eugène, 24
Chicago Tribune, 52, 53, 130, 143, 146, 150, 217–18, 235
Chittenden, Russell, 68, 188–89, 205, 253. See also scientific review board
chromate of lead. See lead chromate
Churchill, Winston, 142–43
cider vinegar, 116
cinnamon, 2
citric acid, 81
Cleveland, Grover, 22, 35, 39
cloves, 30, 31
Club News, 163–64
Coal-Tar Colors Used in Food (Hesse), 233–34
coal-tar dyes, 229–30, 233–34, 287
Coca-Cola, 107, 220–25, 236–44, 274–75
cocoa, 36
coffee, 2, 36–38, 112, 127–28
Coleman, Norman J., 22, 35
Collier, Peter, 19–20, 21
Columbia Conserve Company, 179, 194
Constitution of the United States
Nineteenth Amendment, 277
Seventeenth Amendment, 236
Consumers’ Union, 285
Coolidge, Calvin, 279
copper, 14
copper salts, 187
copper sulfate, 67–68, 112, 174
corn, 17
Corn Products Refining Company, 186, 281
corn starch, 112
corn syrup, 16–19, 67, 186–87
Cosmopolitan, 145
cottonseed oil, 35–36
cough syrup poisoning, 1937, 285, 287
Crampton, C. A., 33
Crane, W. Murray, 249
Cranston Village Improvement Association, 108
cream of tartar, 66
Croly, Jane Cunningham, 109
Cudahy, 54
Curtice Brothers, 214
Cutter, Edward, 48
cyanide, 37
Czolgosz, Leon, 77
dairy industry
Mason hearing testimony of, 66, 69
opposition to Hepburn-McCumber legislation, 104
See also butter; milk
Dalkon Shield, 287
Daniels, Jasper, 49–50
Denver Post, 235
Department of Agriculture (USDA), 4–5
Board of Food and Drug Inspection. See Board of Food and Drug Inspection (USDA)
Bureau of Chemistry. See Bureau of Chemistry (USDA)
enforcement funding for, 163
Food and Inspection Division, 165
Food Inspection Decision (FID) 76, 173–76
receives cabinet status level, 35
diethylene glycol, 285, 287
Difenderfer, Robert, 254–55
Division of Chemistry (USDA). See Bureau of Chemistry (USDA)
Dockstader, Lew, 96–97
Dodge, Grenville, 52
Dodge, Henry Irving, 127–28
Dodge Commission, 52–53
Doolittle, Roscoe, 259, 266–67
Doubleday, Frank Nelson, 130, 131, 141–42
Doubleday, Page & Company, 129–31, 136, 141–42, 144
Dow, Herbert Henry, 81, 197
Dow Chemical Company, 81, 197
drop black, 37
Druggist Circular, 263
Dudley & Co. Canned Goods, 138
Dunlap, Frederick L., 174, 183, 187, 259–60
hired as associate chemist by Roosevelt and Wilson, 170–71
leaves Department of Agriculture, 270
Moss committee hearings and, 256–57, 259
uses Rusby hiring arrangement as basis for charges against Wiley, 248
See also Board of Food and Drug Inspection (USDA)
Dunlap, Renick W., 281
Dunne, Finley Peter, 143–44
dyes, artificial, in foods
in butter and margarine, 27
in canned peas, 67–68
coal-tar dyes, 229–30, 233–34, 287
in coffee, 37
Food Inspection Board removes certification requirements, 228–30
poisonous metallic elements and compounds used as, 14
synthetic, in nineteenth century, 3
Wiley’s Mason hearing testimony regarding, 67–68
Eagan, Charles P., 53
Earthjustice Institute, 289
Edson, Cyrus, 34
Elizabeth Cady Stanton Suffrage Club, 261
Elliott, Bruce, 231, 232–33
embalmed beef crisis, 61–62
embalmed beef scandal, 51–59
Beef Court, 53–59
Dodge Commission findings, 52–53
embalmed milk, 3–4, 62–63
Emery, John G., 200, 260
Emory, W. O., 238
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 290
Evening Star, 252–53, 255–56
Everybody’s Magazine, 127, 138
Ewing, Buck, 137, 138
Fahlberg, Constantin, 185
fake ingredients in foods. See adulteration of foods
Farmer, Fannie, 98–99, 107
flavoring agents, 81
Florida Board of Pharmacy, 254
flour
adulteration of, 2, 60–61
bleaching/bleached flour industry, 104, 197–200, 216–17, 231–33, 270–72
flourine, 61
Folin, Otto, 245
Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act of 1938, 285–86
Food, Drug and Insecticide Division (USDA), 283
food adulteration and fakery. See adulteration of foods
Food Adulteration and Its Detection (Battershall), 27–28
Food and Cookery for the Sick and Convalescent (Farmer), 99, 100
Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 283, 285–86, 287, 288
Food and Inspection Division (USDA), 165
Food Inspection Board. See Board of Food and Drug Inspection (USDA)
Food Inspection Decision (FID) 76, 173–76
Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA), 288
Foods and Food Adulterants (Bulletin 13), 23–24, 26, 28, 32, 41, 59–60
Foods and Their Adulteration (Wiley), 203
food toxicity trials. See Poison Squad studies
formaldehyde, 2–4
Bureau of Chemistry report on, 202
deaths linked to embalmed milk, 3–4, 62–63
Hofman’s discovery of, 13
home test for, 111
as milk preservative, 2–4
as possible beef preservative (See embalmed beef scandal)
Fowler, Nathaniel, 261
France, 150
Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper, 23
Frasier, A. C., 139
Freezine, 61, 68–69, 70
French canning companies, 187
French peas, 82
Fuller, H. C., 238
garblers, 30
Gaston, James, 241
General Federation of Women’s Clubs, 109, 163–64
Germany, 14, 150
Gibbons, Ross, 59
Gillilan, S. W., 96–97
ginger, 30
glucose, 17, 18
Goldsborough, Fitzhugh Coyle, 236
Good Housekeeping, 261
Gottlieb, Scott, 289
“Great American Fraud, The” (Adams), 258
Great Britain, 14–15
Act for Preventing Adulteration in Food and Drink, 15