by Bee Wilson
Ulpian, 51
Unilever, 168
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), banning of Red Dye no. 2, 264
United States: adulteration, experience of early endemic, xiv; alum in bread in, 83; business exploitation of the Pure Food and Drugs law, 202–4 (see also Heinz tomato ketchup); debate over food regulation in, characteristics of, 153–54; diet foods in, 241–47; the “embalmed beef” scandal, 181–82; federalism and food regulation in, 153–54; filth guidelines in, 305–7; food adulteration, confirmation of, 164; food quality, deterioration after the Civil War of, 152–53; fortification of food, risks of overconsumption of, 241–42; fortification of food in, 236–41; genetically modified foods, no labelling requirement for, 304; government action/inaction regarding food adulteration, xiv, 164, 167, 178–79, 189–90, 199–200, 202–4 (see also Food and Drug Administration, U.S.); government’s role in the battle over margarine, 173–74; government support for food additives, 231; Heinz ketchup and benzoates, the case of, 204–9; hunger and malnutrition in, discovery of, 234; imitation foods in, 222–28; infant mortality in, 156, 158, 163; labelling, nutritional, 274–77; labelling regulations, 200–204, 211; laissez-faire/industrialization and food adulteration in, xiv, 153; margarine, the battle over, 167–74; meat inspection and The Jungle, 190–200; New Foods, call for new standards to promote, 234–35; obesity, problem of, 241, 278; organic food, standards for, 310; preservatives, Wiley’s campaign against, 180–89; processed foods and additives, golden age of, 228–33; the pure food movement (see pure food movement); scaremongering in, 163–64; seller-beware food culture, contemporary, 95–96; the swill milk scandal, 154–62; Wiley and the battle against food adulteration, 174–80 (see also Wiley, Harvey Washington); wine, increasing popularity of, 62; women’s opposition to food adulteration in, 164–67
urbanization, food adulteration and, 38–39, 153, 155
urine, 82
vanilla, compared with vanillin, 260
vanillin, 259–60
Ventnor Hospital, 147
verdigris, use in tea adulteration, 32–33
Verrett, Jacqueline, 243
Victoria (queen of England), 100
Vietnam, Chinese fake eggs smuggled into, 314
vitamins: food fortified with, 236–37; poisoning from, 237–39
Wakley, Thomas: Hassall and the Lancet’s public health campaign, 127–29; the Lancet, creation and agenda of, 124–26; portrait of, 125
Walker, Caroline, 266–71, 273
Wallace, Henry, 236
Wallington, Richard Archer, 141
Warton’s Ervalenta, 134–35
Washington Post: on the Beveridge Meat Inspection Bill, 199–200; on the buttermargarine conflict, 171–72; Wiley’s “poison squad” experiments, coverage of, 184–88
water: as adulterating agent, 288–89; Hassall on the quality of, 129–32
Waters, Alice, 252–53, 325
wealth: food adulteration levels and, 101–7; gourmet food swindles and, 280–86; organic food and, 309
weights and measures: enforcement by pepperers and spicers, 90–91; establishing, 63–67; grocers’ swindles based on, 99–100
Weimar Germany, ersatz food in, 217
Wen Jiabao, 317
Westphalia, 10–11
whiskey rectifiers, 203
Whitley, Andrew, 301–2
Wiley, Harvey Washington: on American attitudes about being cheated, 152; beekeepers and, 177–78; character of, 174–75; Coca-Cola company, lawsuit against, 211; early life and career of, 175–76; “embalmed beef,” investigation of, 181–82; as federalist, 154; food adulteration, campaigns against, 178–80; ketchup, actions regarding, 204–5, 207–9; mislabelling of food, objections to, 200, 211, 274; photos of, 183–84; the “poison squad” experiments, 183–89, 204; on a postage stamp, 175; preservatives, campaign against, 180–89, 204–5; Pure Food and Drugs Act, passage of, 189–90; “purity” in food, definition of and faith in, 201–2, 209, 323–24; Roosevelt and, 189, 210–12; sugar, health risks of eating, 210; sugars, analyses of, 176–78; waning influence of, 210–12
William the Conqueror, 64–65
Willis, Paul, 228
Wilson, James, 188, 210
wine: Accum on making, 23; adulteration of before the twentieth century, 55–57; of the ancient world, additives to, 50–52; the Appellation Contrôlée (AOC) system, 60–62; chalked Sicilian, 56; contemporary cases of adulteration of, 62–63; discovery of lead as poisonous in, 53–54; laws and standards regarding, 49, 53, 57, 60–62; lead in, 51–55; popularity of despite adulteration, 58–59; quality of, twentieth-century improvement in the, 48–49; reliability of grapes and wine making, adulteration and, 58–60
Winslow, Mrs., “soothing syrup” of exposed as opiate-based, 165
Winsor, Friedrich A. (Frederick), 7–9
Wisconsin, regulation of margarine in, 168–69
women: as “Mrs. Average Housewife” to food advertisers, 267; of the National Consumer’s League, 189; opposition to food adulteration in the United States, 164–67
Women’s Christian Temperance Union, 165
Wood, Sir Charles, 119
Woolfe, Mark: Basmati rice, DNA analysis of, 292–97; behind-the-scenes forensics of, 298; description of, 286–87; enzymes, use of, 301; food surveys by the Authenticity team under, 287–89; Hassall, comparison with, 286–87; knowledge, fighting adulteration with, 325
World War I: ersatz food in Germany during, 214–17; Orwell on synthetic food during, 213–14; synthetic food in Britain during, 213–14, 218–19
World War II: ersatz food in Germany during, 218; synthetic food in Britain during, 220–22
Worshipful Company of Fishmongers, 87
Wright, J. W., 29
Zhang Linwei, 316–17
Zheng Xiaoyu, 314–15