Demosthenes. (c. 384-322 B.C.): Greek orator, statesman and soldier whose speeches yield details on 4th century B.C. events. (Demosthenes, Vol. I-III, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1926-1930).
Didymus. (1st century B.C.): Prolific compiler of ancient writings whose works contributed important details on 4th century B.C. history via scholiasts.
Diodorus Siculus. (c. 90-20 B.C.): Sicilian historian whose surviving works include coverage of events in the 4th century B.C. Greek world. (Library of World History, Vol. I-XII, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1933-1967).
Dionysius of Halicarnassus. (late 1st century B.C.): Greek historian whose surviving works detail early Roman history and shed light on events in Grecian Italy. (Roman Antiquities, Vol. I-VII, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1937-1950).
Ephorus of Cyme. (c. 405-330 B.C.): Greek historian whose work is now lost, but was used as a source on 4th century B.C. events in the surviving works of others, including Diodorus and Plutarch.
Frontinus. (c. A.D. 35-103): Roman writer whose collection of military stratagems includes many from 4th century B.C. Greek warfare. (Stratagems, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1925).
Herodotus. (480s-420s B.C.): Greek historian often referred to as the `father of history' whose work culminates at the end of the Persian invasion of 480-79 and offers insights on military affairs relevant to the 4th century B.C. (The Landmark Herodotus, The Histories, New York: Pantheon Books, 2007).
Hyperides. (389-322 B.C.): Athenian statesman and orator whose surviving speeches contribute details on 4th century B.C. events.
Isocrates. (436-338 B.C.): Greek orator whose speeches provide detail on 4th century B.C. events. (Isocrates, Vol. I-III, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1928-1945).
Justin. (late 2nd century A.D.): Likely M. Iunianius lustinus, a Roman writer who summarized the now lost work of Pompeius Trogus, which came largely from Greek sources and included coverage of 4th century B.C. (Justin, Epitome of the Philippic History ofPompeius Trogus, Atlanta, GA: Scholars Press, 1994)
Livy. (59 B.C.- A.D. 17): Roman historian whose works include useful detail on the warfare among the Italians relevant to the 4th century B.C. (Livy, Rome and Italy, Books VI-X of The History of Rome from its Foundation, New York: Penguin Books, 1982).
Lysias. (c. 458-380 B.C.): Athenian speech writer whose surviving works shed light on events in the early 4th century B.C. (Lysias, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1930).
Nepos, Cornelius. (c. 110-24 B.C.): Roman writer whose works included biographies of a number of 4th century B.C. Greek generals. (Cornelius Nepos, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1984).
Onasander. (1st century A.D.): Greek philosopher who wrote a treatise on generalship that includes information relevant to 4th century B.C. warfare. (Aeneas Tacticus, Asclepiodotus, Onasander, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1928, p. 368-527).
Oxyrhynchus Historian. (late 5th-early 4th century B.C.): Greek writer known from fragments found in Oxyrhynchus (in Egypt) whose work includes coverage of the early 4th century B.C. (Hellenica Oxyrhynchia, London: Aris and Phillips, 1988).
Pausanias. (2nd century A.D.): Greek travel writer whose works include numerous historical details relevant to the 4th century B.C. (Description of Greece, Vol. I-V, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1918-1955).
Philistus. (c. 430-356 B.C.): Sicilian historian whose work is now lost, but provided source material to Timaeus and, hence, to Diodorus on events in Sicily during the 4th century B.C.
Philochoros. (c. 340-261 B.C.): Greek historian whose works survive only in fragments, specialized in the history of Attica and was a major source for other Hellenistic chronographers.
Plato. (c. 429-347 B.C.): Greek philosopher and student of Socrates whose works contain information regarding 5th and 4th century B.C. military matters. (Laches and Charmides, Cambridge, MA: Hackett, 1973).
Plutarch. (c. A.D. 45-120): Greek philosopher and writer whose works include biographies of Greek military figures of the 4th century B.C. (Plutarch's Lives, Vol. I andIi, New York: Modern Library, 2001).
Polyaenus. (2nd century A.D.): Macedonian rhetorician whose collection of stratagems include many from the 4th century B.C. Greeks. (Polyaenus, Stratagems of War, Vol. I and II, Chicago: Ares, 1994).
Polybios. (c. 208-124 B.C.): Greek historian whose works on the 3rd and 2nd centuries B.C. also shed some light on 4th century B.C. military practices. (The Histories, Vol. I-VI, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1922-1927).
Ptolemy. (367/66-282 B.C.): Macedonian general and Hellenistic ruler of Egypt (as Ptolemy I) whose lost history of Alexander heavily influenced other historians.
Strabo. (c. 64 B.C.-post A.D. 21): Most important geographer of ancient times, whose works supply numerous details about places and events in the 4th century B.C. (Geography, 8 vol. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1917-1932).
Theopompus. (1st century B.C.): Roman historian whose work relevant to the 4th century B.C. drew from earlier Greek sources and is lost save for summarization in Justin.
Thucydides. (c. 460-c. 400 B.C.): Greek historian and Athenian general whose work on the Peloponnesian Wars of the 5th century B.C. has relevance for 4th century B.C. military affairs as well. (The Landmark Thucydides, A Comprehensive Guide to the Peloponnesian War, New York: Pantheon Books, 1996)
Timaeus. (c. 350-260 B.C.): Greek historian whose work, now lost, sourced the surviving works of others, including Diodorus and Plutarch.
Xenophon. (c. 430-350 B.C.): Greek general and historian whose works include coverage of Greek wars down to 362 B.C. (Hellenica, Vol. land II, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1918-1921; The Landmark Xenophon's Hellenika, New York: Pantheon Books, 2009; Ana basis, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1922; Agesilaus in Scripta Minora, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1925).
Modern References
Adcock, F.E. 1957: The Greek and Macedonian Art of War. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Akurgal, E. 1985: Ancient Civilizations and Ruins of Turkey. Ankara, Turkey: Haset Kitabevi.
Allen, L 2005: The Persian Empire. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Anderson, J.K. 1970: Military Theory andPractice in the Age ofXenophon. Berkeley: University of California Press.
1974: Xenophon. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
Anson, E.M. 2010: "The Asthetairoi: Macedonia's Hoplites" in E. Carney and D. Ogden (eds.), Philip II and Alexander the Great, Father and Son, Lives and Afterlives. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Ashley, J.R. 1998: The Macedonian Empire, The Era of Warfare Under Philip II and Alexander the Great 359-323 BC. Jefferson, NC: McFarland.
Austin, M. 2006: The Hellenistic World from Alexander to the Roman Conquest, A Selection ofAncient Sources in Translation, 2d Ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Balfour, D. 2010: "Boeotian Crack Troops, The Theban Sacred Band," in Ancient Warfare Vol. 4, Issue 3 (June 2010).
Barber, R. 1990: Blue Guide Greece. New York: W.W. Norton.
Bardunias, P. 2011: "Storm of Spears and Press of Shields, the Mechanics of Hoplite Battle," in Ancient Warfare, Special Issue 2011: The Battle of Marathon.
Bar-Kochva, B. 1976: The SeleucidArmy, Organization and Tactics in the Great Campaigns. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Bennet, M., ed. 1998: Dictionary ofAncient and Medieval Warfare. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books.
Bennett, B., and Roberts, M. 2008: The Wars ofAlexander's Successors 323-281 BC, Volume I: Commanders & Campaigns. Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Pen & Sword Military.
Best, J.G.P. 1969: Thracian Peltasts and their Influence on Greek Warfare. Groningen, Netherlands: WoltersNoordhoff.
Billows, R.A. 1990: Antigonos the One-Eyed and the Creation of the Hellenistic State. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Bosworth, A.B. 2002: The Legacy ofAlexander; Politics, Warfare, and Propaganda under the Successors. Oxford:
Oxford University Press.
2010: "The Argeads and the Phalanx," in E. Carney and D. Ogden (eds.), Philip II andAlexander the Great, Father and Son, Lives and Afterlives. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Bradford, AS. 2001: With Arrow, Sword and Spear, A History of Warfare in the Ancient World. New York: Barnes and Noble.
Bruce, I.A.F. 1967: An Historical Commentary on the Hellenica Oxyrhynchia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Buckley, T. 1996: Aspects of Greek History, 750-323 b. c. A Source Book Approach. London: Routledge.
Burn, A.R. 1968: The Warring States of Greece. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Bury, J.B. 1900: A History of Greece to the Death of Alexander. London: MacMillan.
Carey, B.T., J.B. Allfree and J. Cairns. 2005: Warfare in theAncient World. Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Pen & Sword Military.
Cartledge, P. 1987: Agesilaos and the Crisis of Sparta. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
. 1989: "Hellenistic Sparta," in P. Cartledge and A. Spawforth, Hellenistic and Roman Sparta: A Tale of Two Cities. London: Routledge.
2002: Sparta and Lakonia, A Regional History 1300 to 362 BC, 2d ed. London: Routledge.
2003: The Spartans-The World of the WarriorHeroes ofAncient Greece. New York: Overlook Press.
Caven, B. 1990: Dionysius I, War-Lord of Sicily. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Cawkwell, G.L. 2002: "The Decline of Sparta," in M. Whitby (ed.), Sparta. London: Routledge.
. 2005: The Greek Wars: The Failure of Persia. New York: Oxford University Press.
Cernenko, E.V., A. McBride, and M.V. Gorelik. 1983: The Scythian 700-300 BC. Oxford: Osprey.
Champion, J. 2009: Pyrrhus ofEpirus. Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Pen & Sword Military.
2010: The Tyrants of Syracuse, War in Ancient Sicily, Volume l: 480-367BC. Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Pen & Sword Military.
Chaniotis, A. 2005: War in the Hellenistic World. Malden, MD: Blackwell.
Chrimes, K.M.T. 1949: Ancient Sparta: A Re-examination of the Evidence. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
Cole, P.J. 1981: "The Catapult Bolts of `IG' 22 1422," in Phoenix Vol. 35, No. 3 (Autumn, 1981):216-219.
Connolly, P. 1981: Greece and Rome at War. London: Macdonald Phoebus.
Cook, J.M. 1983: The Persian Empire. New York: Barnes and Noble.
Cornell, T.J. 1995: The Beginnings of Rome-Italy and Rome from the Bronze Age to the Punic Wars (c. 1000-264 BC). London: Routledge.
Cummings, L.V. 1940: Alexander the Great. New York: Grove.
Daly, G. 2002: Cannae, The experience of battle in the Second Punic War. London: Routledge.
Delbruck, H. 1990: Warfare in Antiquity: History of the Art of War, Vol. L Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
Dodge, T.H. 1890: Alexander: A History of the Origin and Growth of War from the Earliest Times to the Battle ofIpsus, Vol. I and IL London: Greenhill Books.
Ducrey, P. 1986: Warfare in Ancient Greece. New York: Schocken Books.
Engels, D.W. 1978: Alexander the Great and the Logistics of the Macedonian Army. Berkeley: University of California Press.
English, S. 2008: "Hoplite or Peltast? Macedonian `Heavy Infantry," in Ancient Warfare Vol. 2, Issue 1 (Feb.-Mar. 2008): 32-35.
2011: The Field Campaigns ofAlexander the Great. Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Pen & Sword Military.
Errington, R.M. 1993: A History of Macedonia. New York: Barnes and Noble.
Farrokh, K. 2007: Shadows in the Desert, Ancient Persia at War. Oxford: Osprey.
Ferrill, A. 1992: Alexander in India" in Cowley, R. (ed.), Experience of War. New York: W.W. Norton.
Fields, N. 2008: Tarentine Horsemen ofMagna Graecia 430-190 BC. Oxford: Osprey.
Fine, J.V.A. 1983: The Ancient Greeks, A Critical History. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Fitzhardinge, L.F. 1985: The Spartans. London: Thames and Hudson.
Forrest, W. G. 1969: A History of Sparta 950-192 BC. New York: W.W. Norton.
Freeman, E.A. 1894: The History of Sicily from the Earliest Times, Vol. IV. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Fuller, J.F.C. 1987: A Military History of the Western World: Volume I, From the Earliest Times to the Battle of Lepanto. New York: Da Capo.
1989: The Generalship of Alexander the Great. New York: Da Capo.
Gabriel, R.A. 2010: Philip II ofMacedonia, Greater than Alexander. Washington, DC: Potomac Books.
and Boose, D.W. 1994: The Great Battles ofAntiquity, A Strategic and Tactical Guide to Great Battles that Shaped the Development of War. Westport, CT: Greenwood.
and Metz, K.S. 1991: From Sumer to Rome-The Military Capabilities of Ancient Armies. New York: Greenwood.
Gaebel, R.E. 2002: Cavalry Operations in the Ancient Greek World. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
Garlan, Y. 1995: "War and Peace," in J. Vernant (ed.), The Greeks. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Goldsworthy, A.K. 1996: The Roman Army at War, 100 BC-AD 200. Oxford: Clarendon.
Grainger, J.D. 2007: Alexander the Great Failure, The Collapse of the Macedonian Empire. London: Hambledon Continuum.
Grant, M. 1987: The Rise of the Greeks. New York: Collier Books.
Green, P. 1990: Alexander to Actium: The Historical Evolution of the Hellenistic Age. Berkeley: University of California Press.
. 1991: Alexander of Macedon, 356-323 b.c.: A Historical Biography. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Griffith, G.T. 1984: The Mercenaries of the Hellenistic World. Chicago: Ares.
Hamilton, C.D. 1979: Sparta's Bitter Victories, Politics and Diplomacy in the Corinthian War. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University. Press.
Hammes, T.X. 2004: The Sling and the Stone, On War in the 21st Century. St. Paul, MN: Zenith.
Hammond, N.G.L. 1994: Philip ofMacedon. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
1997: Alexander the Great. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
Hanson, V.D. 1989: The Western Way of War: Infantry Battle in Ancient Greece. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
. 1999: The Soul of Battle, From Ancient Times to the Present Day, How Three Great Liberators Vanquished Tyranny. New York: The Free Press.
2008: "New Light on Ancient Battles," in Military History Quarterly Vol. 20, No.2: 28-35.
ed. 1993: Hoplites: The Classical Greek Battle Experience. London: Routledge.
Harding, P. 1985: Translated Documents of Greece eT' Rome, Vol. 2, From the End of the Peloponnesian War to the Battle of Ipsus. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Head, D. 1982: Armies of the Macedonian and Punic Wars 359-148 BC. Goring-by-Sea, UK: Wargames Research Group.
.1992: The Achaemenid Persian Army. Stockport, UK: Montvert.
Heckel, W. 1992: The Marshals ofAlexander's Empire. London: Routledge.
. 2002: The ears ofAlexander the Great 336-323 BC. Oxford: Osprey.
2006: "Callisthenes and the Alexander Sarcophagus," in Historia Band 55/4: 385-396.
C. Willekes, and G. G. Wrightson. 2010: "Scythed Chariots at Gaugamela: A Case Study," in E. Carney and D. Ogden (ed.), Philip II andAlexander the Great, Father and Son, Lives and Afterlives. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
and R. Jones. 2006: Macedonian Warrior, Alexander's Elite Infantryman. Oxford: Osprey.
Higgins, M.D., and R.A. Higgins. 1996: A Geological Companion to Greece and the Aegean. London: Gerald Duckworth & Co.
Hodkinson, S. 1993: "Warfare, Wealth, and the Crisis of Spartiate Society," in J. Rich and G. Shipley (eds.), War and Society in the Greek World. London: Routledge.
Holt, F.L. 2005: Into the Land of Bones, Alexander the Great in Afghanistan. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Hornblower, S. 1991: The Greek World, 479-323 b.c. (rev. ed.). London: Routledge.
and A. Spawforth (eds.). 1996: The Oxford Classical Dictionary. New York: Oxford University Press.
Howatson, M.C. (ed.) 1991: The Oxford Companion to Classical Literature. New York: Oxford University Pre
ss.
Hutchinson, G. 2000: Xenophon and the Art of Command. London: Greenhill Books.
Jones, A.H.M. 1967: Sparta. Oxford: Blackwell.
Koepfer, C. 2009: "The Sarissa," in Ancient Warfare. Vol. 3, Issue 2 (Apr.-May 2009).
Lazenby, J. 1990: "Hoplite Warfare," in J.W. Hackett ed., Warfare in the Ancient World. New York: Facts on File.
Lee, J.W.I. 2007: A Greek Army on the March, Soldiers and Survival in Xenophon's Anabasis. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
Liddell, H.G., and R. Scott. 1996: Greek-English Lexicon-With a Revised Supplement. New York: Oxford University Press.
Lonsdale, D.J. 2004: Alexander the Great, Killer ofMen, Historys Greatest Conqueror and the Macedonian Art of War. New York: Carroll and Graf.
Macadam, A. 1993: Blue Guide, Sicily. New York: W.W. Norton.
Marsden, E.W. 1969: Greek and Roman Artillery, Historical Development. New York: Oxford University Press.
McCartney, E.S. 1923: (Greek and Roman) Warfare by Land and Sea. Boston: Marshall Jones Company.
McGregor, M.F. 1987: The Athenians and Their Empire. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press.
McInerney, J. 1999: The Folds of Parnassos, Land and Ethnicity in Ancient Phokis. Austin: University of Texas Press.
Meiggs, R. 1992: The Athenian Empire. Oxford: Clarendon.
Mitchell, S. 1996: "Hoplite Warfare in Ancient Greece," in A.B. Lloyd ed., Battle in Antiquity. London: Gerald Duckworth & Co.
Montagu, J.D. 2000: Battles of the Greek and Roman Worlds: A Chronological Compendium of 667 Battles to 31 BC, from the Historians of the Ancient World. London: Greenhill Books.
Munn, M.H. 1993: The Defense of Attica, The Dema Wall and the Boiotian War of378-375 b.c. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Ober, J. 1991: "Fortress Attica," in Journal of Military History Vol. 3, No. 2: 26-35.
Oldfather, WA. 1928: "Notes on the Translations," in Aeneas Tacticus, Asclepiodotus, Onasander. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Olmstead, A.T. 1948: History of the Persian Empire. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Park, M. 2007: "The Silver Shields, Philip's and Alexander's Hypaspists," in Ancient Warfare Vol. 1, Issue 3 (Oct.-Nov. 2007): 25-28.
Greek and Macedonian Land Battles of the 4th Century BC Page 43