by Clay Risen
Vincent, George E., ed. Theodore W. Miller, Rough Rider: His Diary as a Soldier Together with the Story of His Life. Akron: Privately printed, 1899.
Walker, Dale L. The Boys of ’98: Theodore Roosevelt and the Rough Riders. New York: Forge, 1998.
Wallace, Mike. Greater Gotham: A History of New York City from 1898 to 1919. New York: Oxford University Press, 2017.
Weigley, Russell F. History of the United States Army. New York: Macmillan, 1967.
Wells, J. O. Diary of a Rough Rider. St. Joseph, Mich.: A. B. Morse, n.d.
Westermeier, Clifford P. Who Rush to Glory: The Cowboy Volunteers of 1898. Caldwell, Idaho: The Caxton Printers. 1958.
Wheeler, Joseph. The Santiago Campaign. Boston: Lamson, Wolffe & Co., 1898.
Wiebe, Robert H. The Search for Order, 1877–1920. New York: Macmillan, 1967.
Wilkerson, Marcus M. Public Opinion and the Spanish-American War: A Study in War Propaganda. New York: Russell & Russell, 1932.
Wilson, Woodrow. A History of the American People. New York: Harper & Bros, 1902.
Wister, Owen. Roosevelt: The Story of a Friendship, 1880–1919. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1930.
Zacks, Richard. Island of Vice: Theodore Roosevelt’s Quest to Clean Up Sin-Loving New York. New York: Anchor, 2012.
Articles
Anonymous. “Can the United States Afford to Fight Spain?” The North American Review 164, no. 483 (February 1897): 209–15.
Auxier, George W. “Middle Western Newspapers and the Spanish-American War, 1895–1898.” The Mississippi Valley Historical Review 26, no. 4 (March 1940): 523–34.
———. “The Propaganda Activities of the Cuban Junta in Precipitating the Spanish-American War, 1895–1898.” The Hispanic-American Historical Review 19, no. 3 (August 1939): 286–305.
Barton, Clara. “Our Work and Observations in Cuba.” North American Review 166, no. 498 (May 1898): 552–59.
Bold, Christine. “Where Did the Black Rough Riders Go?” Canadian Review of American Studies 39, no. 3 (2009): 273–97.
Cordery, Stacy A. “The Precious Minutes Before the Crowded Hour: Edith and Theodore Roosevelt in Tampa, 1898.” Theodore Roosevelt Association Journal 31, no. 1–2 (Winter–Spring 2010): 22–31.
Cortada, James W. “Economic Issues in Caribbean Politics: Rivalry Between Spain and the United States in Cuba, 1848–1898.” Revista de Historia de America 86 (July–December 1978): 233–67.
Davis, Michelle Bray, and Rollie W. Quimby. “Senator Proctor’s Cuban Speech: Speculations on a Cause of the Spanish-American War.” Quarterly Journal of Speech 55, no. 2 (1969): 131–41.
Davis, Richard Harding. “The Rocking-Chair Period of the War.” Scribner’s, August 1898: 131–41.
———. “The Rough Riders’ Fight at Las Guasimas.” Scribner’s, October 1898: 259–73.
———. “The Battle of San Juan.” Scribner’s, October 1898: 387–402.
———. “In the Rifle Pits.” Scribner’s, December 1898: 644–58.
De Santis, Hugh. “The Imperialist Impulse and American Innocence, 1865–1900,” in American Foreign Relations: A Historiographical Review. Edited by Gerald K. Haines and J. Samuel Walker. London: Pinter, 1981.
Eggert, Gerald G. “Our Man in Havana: Fitzhugh Lee.” The Hispanic American Historical Review 47, no. 4 (November 1967): 463–85.
Emerson, Edwin. “Life at Camp Wikoff.” Munsey’s Magazine, October 1898: 256–72.
Field, James A. “American Imperialism: The Worst Chapter in Almost Any Book.” The American Historical Review 83, no. 3 (June 1978): 644–68.
Foner, Philip S. “Why the United States Went to War with Spain.” Science and Society 32, no. 1 (Winter 1968): 39–65.
Frates, Kent. “The Great McGinty.” True West, November 14, 2014. https://truewestmagazine.com/the-great-mcginty (accessed January 1, 2019).
Gatewood, Willard B., Jr. “Negro Troops in Florida 1898.” The Florida Historical Quarterly 49, no. 1 (July 1970): 1–15.
Gibson, George H. “Opinion in North Carolina Regarding the Acquisition of Texas and Cuba, 1835–1855,” The North Carolina Historical Review 37, no. 2 (April 1960): 185–201.
Gillette, Howard, Jr. “The Military Occupation of Cuba, 1899–1902: Workshop for American Progressivism.” American Quarterly 25, no. 4 (October 1973): 410–25.
Gleijeses, Piero. “1898: The Opposition to the Spanish American War.” Journal of Latin American Studies 35, no. 4 (November 2003): 681–719.
Grenville, John A. S. “American Naval Preparation for War with Spain, 1896–1898.” Journal of American Studies 2, no. 1 (April 1968): 33–47.
Harrington, Fred H. “The Anti-Imperialist Movement in the United States, 1898–1900.” The Mississippi Valley Historical Review 22, no. 2 (September 1935): 211–30.
Holbo, Paul S. “The Convergence of Moods and the Cuban-Bond ‘Conspiracy’ of 1898.” The Journal of American Society 55, no. 1 (June 1968): 54–72.
Huse, Harry. “On the Gloucester After the Battle.” The Century, May 1899: 115–16.
James, Henry. “Theodore Roosevelt and the National Consciousness.” Literature, April 23, 1898. Reprinted in Henry James, Literary Criticism, Vol. 1: Essays, English and American Writers. New York: Library of America, 1984, pp. 663–67.
Kennan, George. “George Kennan’s Story of the War.” Outlook, July 30, 1898: 769–74.
La Motte, Henry. “With the Rough Riders.” St. Nicholas, July 1899: 832–40.
Latane, John H. “Intervention of the United States in Cuba.” The North American Review 166, no. 496 (March 1898): 350–61.
Lee, Arthur. “The Regulars at El Caney.” Scribner’s, October 1898: 403–13.
Maass, Matthias. “When Communication Fails: Spanish-American Crisis Diplomacy 1898.” American Studies 52, no. 4 (2007): 481–93.
Marshall, Edward. “A Wounded Correspondent’s Recollections of Guasimas.” Scribner’s, September 1898: 273–76.
McClernand, E. J. “The Santiago Campaign.” Infantry Journal 21 (1922): 280–302.
Miles, Nelson A. “The War with Spain.” The North America Review 168, no. 510 (May 1899): 513–29.
Morgan, H. Wayne. “William McKinley as a Political Leader.” The Review of Politics 28, no. 4 (October 1966): 417–32.
O’Connor, Nancy Lenore. “The Spanish-American War: A Re-Evaluation of Its Causes.” Science and Society 22, no. 2 (Spring 1958): 129–43.
Offner, John L. “McKinley and the Spanish-American War.” Presidential Studies Quarterly 34, no. 1 (March 2004): 50–61.
Patterson, Thomas G. “United States Intervention in Cuba, 1898: Interpretations of the Spanish-American-Cuban-Filipino War.” The History Teacher 29, no. 3 (May 1996): 341–61.
Peabody, George Foster. “Why Should We Interfere?” The Advocate of Peace 60, no. 5 (May 1898): 114–15.
Pérez, Louis A. Jr. “The Meaning of the Maine: Causation and the Historiography of the Spanish-American War.” Pacific Historical Review 58, no. 3 (August 1989): 293–322.
Pratt, Julius W. “American Business and the Spanish-American War.” The Hispanic-American Historical Review 14, no. 2 (May 1899): 163–201.
Prentice, Royal. “The Rough Riders.” New Mexico Historical Review 26, no. 4 (October 1951): 261–76.
———. “The Rough Riders—Concluded.” New Mexico Historical Review 27, no. 1 (January 1952): 29–50.
Ramsden, Frederick W. “Diary of the British Consul at Santiago During the Hostilities.” McClure’s, October 1898: 580–90.
Ranson, Edward. “British Military and Naval Observers in the Spanish-American War.” Journal of American Studies 3, no. 1 (July 1969): 33–56.
Rayburn, John C. “The Rough Riders in San Antonio, 1898.” Arizona and the West 3, no. 2 (Summer 1961): 113–28.
Tarrago, Rafael E. “The Road to Santiago: Cuban Separatism and United States Americanism and How They Converged in 1898.” Iberoamericana 1, no. 3 (September 2001): 61–89.
Taylor, Hannis. “A Rev
iew of the Cuban Question in Its Economic, Political, and Diplomatic Aspects.” North American Review 165, no. 492 (November 1897): 610–35.
Walker, Dale. “Arizona’s Buckey O’Neill and the Rough Riders.” Montana: The Magazine of Western History 21, no. 1 (Winter 1971): 60–71.
———. “Last of the Rough Riders.” Montana: The Magazine of Western History 23, no. 3 (Summer 1973): 40–50.
Whitney, Caspar. “The Santiago Campaign,” Harper’s 97, no. 581 (October 1898): 795–818.
Yockelson, Mitchell. “ ‘I Am Entitled to the Medal of Honor and I Want It’: Theodore Roosevelt and His Quest for Glory.” Prologue 30, no. 1 (Spring 1998). https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/1998/spring/roosevelt-and-medal-of-honor-1.html (accessed January 1, 2019).
Index
A note about the index: The pages referenced in this index refer to the page numbers in the print edition. Clicking on a page number will take you to the ebook location that corresponds to the beginning of that page in the print edition. For a comprehensive list of locations of any word or phrase, use your reading system’s search function.
Adams, Brooks, 49
Adams, Henry, 20, 25, 59
Adams, John Quincy, 281
Africa, Spanish colonies in, 27, 28, 33
African Americans. See also black soldiers
black soldiers in Cuban revolts and, 31
postwar national unity and, 283
support for Spanish-American War and, 135
Aguadores, Cuba, assault, 190
Aguadores River
field hospital at, 221–22
Rough Rider camp at, 177, 179, 191
Alger, Russell, 84
Army’s Cuban policy mistakes and, 253
call for intervention in Cuba by, 51–52
Davis’s article on camp conditions and, 252
McKinley’s desire to avoid Cuban intervention and, 54
McKinley’s firing of, as secretary of war, 282
military background of, 67–68
Montauk holding camp problems and, 254
Montauk holding camp visits of, 264, 267
New York City victory parade and, 268
order to Shafter to move troops and, 245
planning of Cuban invasion by, 67–68, 99
proposed Medal of Honor for Roosevelt and, 278
Puerto Rican campaign and, 242
returning veterans and, 252–53
Roosevelt offered regimental command by, 58, 61, 190, 203
Roosevelt’s letter criticizing War Department and, 252
reaction to Roosevelt’s success by, 253
Santiago siege and, 218
Shafter’s battle plan and, 223, 224, 236
Shafter’s surrender negotiations and, 236, 238–39
Spanish fleet’s destruction and, 227
Arango, Clemencia, 38–39, 49
Army (U. S.)
advocates of American expansion and, 25
Alger and Cuban policy mistakes made by, 253
background on differing views on size and preparedness of, 63–64
Civil War size of, 8, 64, 65
criticism of generals’ leadership in, 184
declining support for, 65–66
Dewey’s Manila victory and pressure for Cuba invasion by, 67
Dodge Commission hearings on, 277
Hamiltonian ideal of standing armies and preparedness in, 63, 64, 74, 281, 282
Jackson ideal of volunteerism in, 63–64, 65–66, 68, 74, 281, 282, 284
Jeffersonian view of reliance on toughness of the American citizen in, 63
lack of plan for ending war and, 235
limited resources of, at start of Spanish-American War, 57, 63–66
McKinley’s formation of three volunteer regiments in, 58
offers to fight in, at approach of Spanish-American War, 55–58
Philippines occupation by, 11, 30
planning for Cuban invasion and, 67–68
popular support for, as war progressed, 235
post–Civil War condition of, 64–65
racial conflicts between black and white troops in, 118–19
Root’s reforms of, 282, 285
Rough Riders as inspiration for reform of, 282
Rough Riders’ regiment in. See Rough Riders
rush of volunteers for, 55–57, 68–70
San Juan Heights battle significance for, 194
Spanish-American War planning by, 66–67, 71
state militia volunteers in, 70
Tampa embarkation point management by, 111–12
travel rations of, 105–6
war authorization and expansion of, 66
Ash, Alvin, 130
Astor, John Jacob, 129
Bardshar, Henry, 208, 219, 234, 243, 245
Barton, Clara, 43
deaths under Weyler’s policy and, 33
field hospital work of, 51, 222
Maine explosion and, 38
on ships sailing for Santiago, 124
Battle of Las Guasimas. See Las Guasimas, Battle of
Battle of San Juan Heights. See San Juan Heights, Battle of
Battle of Santiago de Cuba. See Santiago de Cuba, Battle of
Beal, Fred, 163
Beck, Carl, 91
Bederman, Gail, 3
Berry, George, 205
Beveridge, Albert, 41, 135
Bigelow, John, 207
Bigelow, Poultney, 134
Bigelow, William Sturgis, 50
black American soldiers, 10, 12, 31, 141, 203, 232, 269, 283–84. See also 10th Cavalry Regiment
post–Civil War reunification theme and, 119
racial conflicts between white troops and, 118–19, 212
Roosevelt’s comments on, 212–13, 283–84
as Roosevelt’s valet, 77
Rough Riders and, 257
Shafter’s command of, 72
black Cuban soldiers, 29, 31, 147
Blaine, James G., 18
Board of New York City Police Commissioners. See New York City Police Commissioners board
Bonsal, Stephen, 7, 34, 35, 71, 112, 120, 121, 171, 206, 232, 235
Boston Globe, 266, 268, 273
Bridges, Robert, 259
Brito, Frank, 87, 118, 288, 289
Brodie, Alexander, 82, 95, 224
Las Guasimas battle and, 156, 158, 161, 165
Montauk holding camp visit with Roosevelt, 268
as third in command of Rough Riders, 85
training camp and, 97, 98, 103
Bronco Buster, The (Remington), 269
Brooklyn (ship), 225, 226, 238
Brown, Henry Alfred, 172–73, 233–34, 251
Brown, James, 94
Bryan, William Jennings, 21, 41, 135, 136
Bull, Charlie, 286
Burke, Teddy, 115, 129, 150–51, 153, 154, 175, 176–77
Calhoun, William J., 44
Callaghan, Bryan Jr., 91
Camp Wikoff. See Montauk, Long Island, holding camp
Camp Wood. See San Antonio, Texas, training camp
Canary Islands
possible attack on, 250
sugarcane brought to Cuba from, 27
Weyler’s assignment in, 32
Cannon, Joe, 55
Cánovas del Castillo, Antonio, 32, 43
Capron, Allyn, 82, 152
death of, 163, 169, 273
Las Guasimas battle and, 152, 154, 156, 157, 158, 160, 163
landing at Santiago and, 142
plan for attack on Santiago and, 122, 124
Rough Riders’ burial service for, 172–73
Troop L named after, 172
voyage to Santiago and, 132
Capron, Allyn Sr., 172, 173, 197
Carnegie, Andrew, 135
Carroll, Henry, 199
Cassi, Emil, 97, 98, 274
Central Cuban Relief Committee, 43, 48
Cervera y Topete, Pascual
arrival in Cuba by, 120–21
Santiago defenses and, 189
Spanish fleet’s dash for safety through blockade in, 225–27
Chaffee, Adna, 197–98
Chapman, John Jay, 259, 274
Charles Scribner’s Sons, 259–60
Church, James Robb, 75–76, 96, 130, 163, 165, 178, 234
Civil Service Commission, 19, 20
Civil War (U. S.), 105
opposition to war from veterans of, 15, 21–22, 41, 50, 52, 54, 56
size of federal army in, 8, 64, 65
Spanish-American War’s role in reconciliation after, 10, 105, 118–19, 120, 135
veterans of, as soldiers in Spanish-American War, 67, 68, 69, 72, 119, 184, 197, 206
Clark, J. P., 183
Cleveland, Grover
anti-expansionist policy of, 24–25
humanitarian impulse and imperialism and, 45
McKinley and noninterventionist policy of, 43, 53
neutrality in Spain’s war with Cuban rebels and, 31
noninterventionist policy of, 26
Cobb, Edward, 146, 148
Cody, Buffalo Bill, 10, 58, 62, 287
Colbert, Benjamin, 87, 90, 199
Coleman, Sherrard, 132, 172
Cortelyou, George, 22
Cosby, Arthur, 86, 97, 105, 163, 180, 195, 200, 206, 258
cowboy imagery
American culture with, 57, 63
Roosevelt and, 96, 273
Rough Riders’ portrayal and, 4, 62, 63, 87–88, 116, 170, 253, 271–72, 287–88
cowboy regiments
McKinley’s formation of, 58
Roosevelt and. See Rough Riders
suggestions for forming, 57–58, 84
Cowboy Reunion, Law Vegas, 288
cowboys, as Rough Riders, 4, 10, 58, 87, 88, 96, 97, 100, 108, 118, 137, 150, 267, 268
Cowles, Anna Roosevelt, 76, 95
Crane, Stephen, 155, 156, 165, 166, 201, 202, 217, 236
Creelman, James, 37, 197–98, 286
Cristóbal Colón (ship), 225, 226
Crockett, Joseph, 219
Crosby, Arthur, 191
Crowe, W. S., 282–83
Cuba
America as emergent world power and intervention in, 40, 41, 42–43, 280
American annexation proposal for, 41–42
American concepts of war as justification for intervention in, 42–43
American images of, 185
American investment in, 28, 29, 44
American planning for invasion of, 67–79
American pride over first major victory in, 214–15
American tariff on sugar cane in, 29