by Polybius
31. The Carthaginians were now indeed in evil case. It was not long since they had sustained a disaster at sea: and now they had met with one on land, not from any failure of courage on the part of their soldiers, but from the incompetency of their commanders. Simultaneously with these misfortunes, they were suffering from an inroad of the Numidians, who were doing even more damage to the country than the Romans. The terror which they inspired drove the country folk to flock for safety into the city; and the city itself had to face a serious famine as well as a panic, the former from the numbers that crowded into it, the latter from the hourly expectation of a siege. But Regulus had different views. The double defeat sustained by the Carthaginians, by land as well as by sea, convinced him that the capture of Carthage was a question of a very short time; and he was in a state of great anxiety lest his successor in the Consulship should arrive from Rome in time to rob him of the glory of the achievement. He therefore invited the Carthaginians to make terms. They were only too glad of the proposal, and sent their leading citizens to meet him. The meeting took place: but the commissioners could not bring their minds to entertain his proposals; they were so severe that it was almost more than they could bear to listen to them at all. Regulus regarded himself as practically master of the city, and considered that they ought to regard any concession on his part as a matter of favour and pure grace. The Carthaginians on the other hand concluded that nothing worse could be imposed on them if they suffered capture than was now enjoined. They therefore returned home without accepting the offers of Regulus, and extremely exasperated by his unreasonable harshness. When the Carthaginian Senate heard the conditions offered by the Roman general, though they had almost relinquished every hope of safety, they came to the gallant and noble resolution that they would brave anything, that they would try every possible means and endure every extremity, rather than submit to terms so dishonourable and so unworthy of their past history.
[1] περὶ δὲ τοὺς καιροὺς τούτους καταπλεῖ τις εἰς τὴν Καρχηδόνα ξενολόγος τῶν ἀπεσταλμένων εἰς τὴν Ἑλλάδα πρότερον [εἰς τὴν Καρχηδονίων], ἄγων στρατιώτας πλείστους, ἐν οἷς καὶ Ξάνθιππόν τινα Λακεδαιμόνιον, ἄνδρα τῆς Λακωνικῆς ἀγωγῆς μετεσχηκότα καὶ τριβὴν ἐν τοῖς πολεμικοῖς ἔχοντα σύμμετρον. [2] ὃς διακούσας τὸ γεγονὸς ἐλάττωμα καὶ πῶς καὶ τίνι τρόπῳ γέγονεν, καὶ συνθεωρήσας τάς τε λοιπὰς παρασκευὰς τῶν Καρχηδονίων καὶ τὸ πλῆθος τῶν ἱππέων καὶ τῶν ἐλεφάντων παραυτίκα συνελογίσατο καὶ πρὸς τοὺς φίλους ἐνεφάνισε διότι συμβαίνει τοὺς Καρχηδονίους οὐχ ὑπὸ Ῥωμαίων, αὐτοὺς δ᾽ ὑφ᾽ αὑτῶν ἡττᾶσθαι διὰ τὴν ἀπειρίαν τῶν ἡγουμένων. [3] ταχὺ δὲ διὰ τὴν περίστασιν τῶν τοῦ Ξανθίππου λόγων διαδοθέντων εἰς τὰ πλήθη καὶ τοὺς στρατηγούς, ἔγνωσαν οἱ προεστῶτες ἀνακαλεῖσθαι καὶ πεῖραν αὐτοῦ λαμβάνειν. [4] ὁ δὲ παραγενόμενος εἰς τὰς χεῖρας ἔφερε τοῖς ἄρχουσι τοὺς ἀπολογισμοὺς καὶ παρὰ τί νῦν σφαλείησαν, καὶ διότι πεισθέντες αὐτῷ καὶ χρησάμενοι τοῖς ἐπιπέδοις τῶν τόπων ἔν τε ταῖς πορείαις καὶ στρατοπεδείαις καὶ παρατάξεσιν εὐχερῶς ἑαυτοῖς τε τὴν ἀσφάλειαν δυνήσονται παρασκευάζειν καὶ τοὺς ὑπεναντίους νικᾶν. [5] οἱ δὲ στρατηγοὶ δεξάμενοι τὰ λεγόμενα καὶ πεισθέντες αὐτῷ παραχρῆμα τὰς δυνάμεις ἐνεχείρισαν. [6] ἦν μὲν οὖν καὶ κατὰ ταύτην τὴν παρὰ τοῦ Ξανθίππου διαδιδομένην φωνὴν ὁ θροῦς καὶ λαλιά τις εὔελπις παρὰ τοῖς πολλοῖς: [7] ὡς δ᾽ ἐξαγαγὼν πρὸ τῆς πόλεως τὴν δύναμιν ἐν κόσμῳ παρενέβαλε καί τι καὶ κινεῖν τῶν μερῶν ἐν τάξει καὶ παραγγέλλειν κατὰ νόμους ἤρξατο, τηλικαύτην ἐποίει διαφορὰν παρὰ τὴν τῶν πρότερον στρατηγῶν ἀπειρίαν ὥστε μετὰ κραυγῆς ἐπισημαίνεσθαι τοὺς πολλοὺς καὶ σπεύδειν ὡς τάχιστα συμβαλεῖν τοῖς πολεμίοις, πεπεισμένους μηδὲν ἂν παθεῖν δεινὸν ἡγουμένου Ξανθίππου. [8] τούτων δὲ γινομένων οἱ στρατηγοὶ συνιδόντες τοὺς ὄχλους ἀνατεθαρρηκότας παραδόξως ταῖς ψυχαῖς, παρακαλέσαντες αὐτοὺς τὰ πρέποντα τῷ καιρῷ μετ᾽ ὀλίγας ἡμέρας ὥρμησαν ἀναλαβόντες τὴν δύναμιν. [9] αὕτη δ᾽ ἦν πεζοὶ μὲν εἰς μυρίους καὶ δισχιλίους, ἱππεῖς δὲ τετρακισχίλιοι, τὸ δὲ τῶν ἐλεφάντων πλῆθος ἔγγιστά που τῶν ἑκατόν.
32. Now it happened that just about this time one of their recruiting agents, who had some time before been despatched to Greece, arrived home. He brought a large number of men with him, and among them a certain Lacedaemonian named Xanthippus, a man trained in the Spartan discipline, and of large experience in war. When this man was informed of their defeat, and of how it had taken place, and when he had reviewed the military resources still left to the Carthaginians, and the number of their cavalry and elephants, he did not take long to come to a decided conclusion. He expressed his opinion to his friends that the Carthaginians had owed their defeat, not to the superiority of the Romans, but to the unskilfulness of their own commanders. The dangerous state of their affairs caused the words of Xanthippus to get abroad quickly among the people and to reach the ears of the generals; and the men in authority determined to summon and question him. He appeared, and laid his views before the magistrates; in which he showed to what they owed their present disasters, and that if they would take his advice and keep to the flat parts of the country alike in marching, encamping, and giving battle, they would be able with perfect ease to secure safety for themselves and to defeat their opponents in the field. The generals accepted the suggestion, resolved to follow his advice, and there and then put their forces at his command. Among the multitude the observation of Xanthippus was passed from mouth to mouth, and gave rise, as was to be expected, to a good deal of popular rumour and sanguine talk. This was confirmed when he had once handled the troops. The way in which he got them into order when he had led them outside the town; the skill with which he manœuvred the separate detachments, and passed the word of command down the ranks in due conformity to the rules of tactics, at once impressed every one with the contrast to the blundering of their former generals. The multitude expressed their approbation by loud cheers, and were for engaging the enemy without delay, convinced that no harm could happen to them as long as Xanthippus was their leader. The generals took advantage of this circumstance, and of the extraordinary recovery which they saw had taken place in the spirits of the people. They addressed them some exhortations befitting the occasion, and after a few days’ delay got their forces on foot and started. Their army consisted of twelve thousand infantry, four thousand cavalry, and nearly a hundred elephants.
[1] οἱ δὲ Ῥωμαῖοι θεωροῦντες τοὺς Καρχηδονίους τάς τε πορείας ποιουμένους διὰ τῶν ὁμαλῶν τόπων καὶ τὰς στρατοπεδείας τιθέντας ἐν τοῖς ἐπιπέδοις τῶν χωρίων, κατ᾽ αὐτὸ μὲ�
� τοῦτο ξενιζόμενοι διετρέποντο, τοῖς γε μὴν ὅλοις ἔσπευδον ἐγγίσαι τοῖς πολεμίοις. [2] συνάψαντες δὲ τὴν μὲν πρώτην ἡμέραν κατεστρατοπέδευσαν ὡς δέκα σταδίους ἀποσχόντες τῶν ὑπεναντίων. [3] τῇ δὲ κατὰ πόδας οἱ μὲν προεστῶτες τῶν Καρχηδονίων ἐβουλεύοντο πῶς καὶ τί πρακτέον εἴη κατὰ τὸ παρόν: [4] οἱ δὲ πολλοὶ προθύμως ἔχοντες πρὸς τὸν κίνδυνον, συστρεφόμενοι κατὰ μέρη καὶ κατ᾽ ὄνομα τὸν Ξάνθιππον ἀναβοῶντες ἐξάγειν σφᾶς ᾤοντο δεῖν τὴν ταχίστην. [5] οἱ δὲ στρατηγοὶ τήν τε τῶν ὄχλων ὁρμὴν καὶ προθυμίαν θεωροῦντες, ἅμα δὲ καὶ τοῦ Ξανθίππου διαμαρτυρομένου μὴ παριέναι τὸν καιρόν, παρήγγειλαν τῷ μὲν πλήθει διασκευάζεσθαι, τῷ δὲ Ξανθίππῳ χρῆσθαι τοῖς πράγμασιν ἐπέτρεψαν ὥς ποτ᾽ αὐτῷ δοκεῖ συμφέρειν. [6] ὁ δὲ λαβὼν τὴν ἐξουσίαν, τοὺς μὲν ἐλέφαντας ἐξαγαγὼν ἐφ᾽ ἕνα πρὸ πάσης τῆς δυνάμεως ἐν μετώπῳ κατέστησε, τὴν δὲ φάλαγγα τῶν Καρχηδονίων ἐν ἀποστήματι συμμέτρῳ τούτοις κατόπιν ἐπέστησε. [7] τῶν δὲ μισθοφόρων τοὺς μὲν ἐπὶ τὸ δεξιὸν κέρας παρενέβαλεν, τοὺς δ᾽ εὐκινητοτάτους ὁμοῦ τοῖς ἱππεῦσιν ἑκατέρου τοῦ κέρατος προέστησεν. [8] οἱ δὲ Ῥωμαῖοι συνιδόντες παραταττομένους τοὺς ὑπεναντίους ἀντεξῄεσαν ἑτοίμως. [9] καταπληττόμενοι δὲ καὶ προορώμενοι τὴν τῶν ἐλεφάντων ἔφοδον, προθέμενοι τοὺς γροσφομάχους πολλὰς ἐπ᾽ ἀλλήλαις κατόπιν ἵστασαν σημείας, τοὺς δ᾽ ἱππεῖς ἐμέρισαν ἐφ᾽ ἑκάτερον τὸ κέρας. [10] τὴν δὲ σύμπασαν τάξιν βραχυτέραν μὲν ἢ πρόσθεν, βαθυτέραν δὲ ποιήσαντες τῆς μὲν πρὸς τὰ θηρία μάχης δεόντως ἦσαν ἐστοχασμένοι, τῆς δὲ πρὸς τοὺς ἱππεῖς, πολλαπλασίους ὄντας τῶν παρ᾽ αὐτοῖς, ὁλοσχερῶς ἠστόχησαν. [11] ἐπεὶ δ᾽ ἀμφότεροι κατὰ τὰς ἑαυτῶν προαιρέσεις καὶ καθόλου καὶ κατὰ μέρος ἑκάστους ἔθηκαν εἰς τὰς ἁρμοζούσας τάξεις, ἔμενον ἐν κόσμῳ, καραδοκοῦντες τὸν καιρὸν τῆς ἀλλήλων ἐπιθέσεως.
33. The Romans at once noticed a change. They saw that the Carthaginians chose level country for their line of march, and flat places for their encampments. This novelty puzzled and rather alarmed them, yet their prevailing feeling was an eager desire to come to close quarters with the enemy. They therefore advanced to a position about ten stades from them and employed the first day in pitching a camp there. Next day, while the chief officers of the Carthaginians were discussing in a council of war what dispositions were called for, and what line of strategy they were to adopt, the common soldiers, in their eagerness for the engagement, collected in groups, shouted out the name of Xanthippus, and showed that their opinion was in favour of an immediate forward movement. Influenced by the evident enthusiasm and eagerness of the army, and by the appeals of Xanthippus that they should not let the opportunity slip, the generals gave orders to the men to get ready, and resigned to Xanthippus the entire direction of affairs, with full authority to act as he thought most advantageous. He at once acted upon this authority. He ordered out the elephants, and placed them in a single line in front of the whole army. The heavy phalanx of the Carthaginians he stationed at a moderate interval in the rear of these. He divided the mercenaries into three corps. One he stationed on the right wing; while the other two, which consisted of the most active, he placed with the cavalry on both wings. When the Romans saw that the enemy were drawn up to offer them battle they readily advanced to accept it. They were however alarmed at the elephants, and made special arrangements with a view to resist their charge. They stationed the velites in the van, and behind them the legionaries, many maniples deep, while they divided the cavalry between the two wings. Their line of battle was thus less extended than usual, but deeper. And though they had thereby made a sufficient provision against the elephants, yet being far out-numbered in cavalry, their provision in that part of the field was altogether inadequate. At length both sides had made their dispositions according to their respective plans of operation, and had placed their several men in the posts assigned to them: and now they were standing drawn up in order, and were each of them watching for the right moment for beginning the attack.
[1] ἅμα δὲ τῷ τὸν Ξάνθιππον τοῖς μὲν ἐπὶ τῶν θηρίων παραγγεῖλαι προάγειν καὶ διασπᾶν τὰς τῶν ὑπεναντίων τάξεις, τοῖς δ᾽ ἱππεῦσιν ἐφ᾽ ἑκατέρου τοῦ κέρατος κυκλοῦν καὶ προσβάλλειν τοῖς πολεμίοις, [2] τότε δὴ καὶ τὸ τῶν Ῥωμαίων στρατόπεδον κατὰ τὰ παρ᾽ αὐτοῖς ἔθη συνεψόφησαν τοῖς ὅπλοις καὶ συναλαλάξαντες ὥρμησαν ἐπὶ τοὺς πολεμίους. [3] οἱ μὲν οὖν ἱππεῖς τῶν Ῥωμαίων ταχέως ἀφ᾽ ἑκατέρων τῶν κεράτων ἔφυγον διὰ τὸ πολλαπλασίους εἶναι τοὺς Καρχηδονίους. [4] τῶν δὲ πεζῶν οἱ ταχθέντες ἐπὶ τοῦ λαιοῦ κέρως, ἅμα μὲν ἐκκλίνοντες τὴν τῶν θηρίων ἔφοδον, ἅμα δὲ καταφρονοῦντες τῶν μισθοφόρων ὥρμησαν ἐπὶ τὸ δεξιὸν κέρας τῶν Καρχηδονίων: τρεψάμενοι δὲ τούτους ἐπέκειντο καὶ κατεδίωκον αὐτοὺς ἕως εἰς τὸν χάρακα. [5] τῶν δὲ κατὰ τοὺς ἐλέφαντας ταχθέντων οἱ μὲν πρῶτοι συμπεσόντες ὑπὸ τῆς βίας τῶν ζῴων ἐξωθούμενοι καὶ καταπατούμενοι σωρηδὸν ἐν χειρῶν νόμῳ διεφθείροντο, τῆς γε μὴν ὅλης τάξεως τὸ σύστημα διὰ τὸ βάθος τῶν ἐφεστώτων ἕως τινὸς ἀδιάσπαστον ἔμεινεν. [6] ἐπεὶ δ᾽ οἱ μὲν τὰς ἐσχάτας ἔχοντες τάξεις κυκλούμενοι πανταχόθεν ὑπὸ τῶν ἱππέων ἠναγκάζοντο πρὸς τούτους στρεφόμενοι κινδυνεύειν, οἱ δὲ διὰ μέσων τῶν ἐλεφάντων εἰς τὸ πρόσθεν ἐκβιαζόμενοι καὶ κατὰ νώτου παριστάμενοι τῶν θηρίων εἰς ἀκέραιον καὶ συντεταγμένην ἐμπίπτοντες τὴν τῶν Καρχηδονίων φάλαγγα διεφθείροντο, [7] τότε δὴ πανταχόθεν πονοῦντες οἱ μὲν πλεῖστοι τῶν Ῥωμαίων συνεπατήθησαν ὑπὸ τῆς ὑπερφυοῦς βίας τῶν ζῴων, οἱ δὲ λοιποὶ συνηκοντίσθησαν ὑπὸ τοῦ πλήθους τῶν ἱππέων ἐν αὐτῷ τῷ τῆς παρατάξεως τόπῳ, τελέως δέ τινες ὀλίγοι πρὸς φυγὴν ὥρμησαν. [8] οὐσῶν δὲ πεδινῶν τῶν ὑποχωρήσεων, καὶ τούτων οἱ μὲν ὑπὸ τῶν θηρίων καὶ τῶν ἱππέων ἀπώλλυντο, πεντακόσιοι δ᾽ ἴσως οἱ μετὰ Μάρκου τοῦ στρατηγοῦ φυγόντες μετ᾽ ὀλίγον ὑποχείριοι γενό�
�ενοι σὺν αὐτῷ ‘κείνῳ πάντες ἐζωγρήθησαν. [9] τῶν μὲν οὖν παρὰ τοῖς Καρχηδονίοις μισθοφόρων ἔπεσον εἰς ὀκτακοσίους οἱ κατὰ τὸ λαιὸν τῶν Ῥωμαίων ταχθέντες, τῶν δὲ Ῥωμαίων ἐσώθησαν μὲν εἰς δισχιλίους οἱ κατὰ τὸ δίωγμα τῶν προειρημένων ἐκτὸς γενόμενοι τοῦ κινδύνου, [10] τὸ δὲ λοιπὸν πλῆθος διεφθάρη πλὴν Μάρκου τοῦ στρατηγοῦ καὶ τῶν ἅμα τούτῳ φυγόντων. [11] αἱ μὲν οὖν σημεῖαι τῶν Ῥωμαίων αἱ σωθεῖσαι διέπεσον εἰς τὴν Ἀσπίδα παραδόξως: [12] οἱ δὲ Καρχηδόνιοι τοὺς νεκροὺς σκυλεύσαντες καὶ τὸν στρατηγὸν ἅμα μετὰ τῶν αἰχμαλώτων ἄγοντες ἐπανῆλθον περιχαρεῖς τοῖς παροῦσιν εἰς τὴν πόλιν.
34. No sooner had Xanthippus given the order to the men on the elephants to advance and disperse the lines in front of them, and to his cavalry to outflank both wings and charge the enemy, than the Roman army — clashing their shields and spears together after their usual custom, and simultaneously raising their battle-cry — charged the enemy. The Roman cavalry being far out-numbered by the Carthaginians were soon in full retreat on both wings. But the fortune of the several divisions of the infantry was various. Those stationed on the left wing — partly because they could avoid the elephants and partly because they thought contemptuously of the mercenaries — charged the right wing of the Carthaginians, succeeded in driving them from their ground, and pursued them as far as their entrenchment. Those stationed in front of the elephants were less fortunate. The maniples in front were thrown into utter confusion by the crushing weight of the animals: knocked down and trampled upon by them they perished in heaps upon the field; yet owing to its great depth the main body remained for a time unbroken. But it was not for long. The maniples on the rear found themselves outflanked by the cavalry, and were forced to face round and resist them: those on the other hand who forced their way to the front through the elephants, and had now those beasts on their rear, found themselves confronted by the phalanx of Carthaginians, which had not yet been in action and was still in close unbroken order, and so were cut to pieces. This was followed by a general rout. Most of the Romans were trampled to death by the enormous weight of the elephants; the rest were shot down in their ranks by the numerous cavalry: and there were only a very few who attempted to save themselves by flight. But the flatness of the country was unfavourable to escape in this manner. Some of the fugitives were destroyed by the elephants and cavalry; while only those who fled with the general Regulus, amounting perhaps to five hundred, were after a short pursuit made prisoners with him to a man.