sacrifice xvi, 3, 48, 83, 105–8, 120–2, 132, 138, 144, 148–9, 175–6
Sahara Desert 26, 47
Sahure 146
Said, Edward (1935–2003) 11, 161
sail, invention of 43, 93
see also maritime trade
Saqqara (Egypt) 138, 140
Sargon of Akkad 24
Schliemann, Heinrich (1822–1890) 34
sculpture 43, 110–11
Scythians 105
seals 26, 61–4, 69, 72, 77, 83–7, 92–3, 103–4, 137
Semitic languages 26, 82
Shaft Graves, Mycenae 34
Shahdad 90
Shahr-i Sokhta 90
shell 34, 40–1, 44, 46, 50
Sherratt, Andrew G. (1946–2006) 59
Shoshenq II 33
silver 23–4, 40, 56, 79–80, 88, 96–9, 109, 112–13, 133
Sinai Desert 22, 33, 50
skull cult 46
Spelman, Henry (1562–1641) 155
statue cult 32–4, 39, 40, 85, 98, 109–16, 12O-4, 137–9, 143–5
Steiner, Franz Baermann (l909–1952) 3
Sumer 14–5
see also Mesopotamia
Sumerian King List 66–7, 127
Sumerian language 15, 26, 37, 82
Susa (Shush, Iran) 24, 71, 133
‘Syrian Saddle’ 36, 128
Tal-i Malyan (Iran) 91
Tanis (San al-Hagar, Egypt) 33
Taurus Mountains 24, 44, 58, 71
tell 14, 42
Tell Brak (ancient Nagar, Syria) 30, 75
Tell el-Farkha (Egypt) 32, 40
Tell el-’Ubaid (Iraq) 55
Tell Sabi Abyad (Syria) 63
temples xvii, 7, 14, 19, 23, 27, 35, 39, 68, 79, 86, 97–100, 105, 110, 115–6, 122, 131–6, 140–1, 145–6, 149
Tepe Gawra (Iraq) 40
Tepe Yayha (Iran) 91
Tethyan Ocean 89
textiles 59, 70, 79–81, 85–6, 116, 138
Three Age System 89
Tigris River xiii, 14, 15, 28–9, 36, 40, 59, 78–9, 90, 117
tin 40, 79–80, 88, 93–6, 139
torques 103, 105
tourism 174
Tower of Babel 70, 131, 158
tree crops, see horticulture
Troy (Hisarlik, Turkey) xviii, 38, 94–5, 157
turquoise 22, 33, 40, 50
Tutankhamun 33
Ubaid period 54–65, 72
Unas 34, 147–8
Ur (Tell el-Mukayyar, Iraq) 34, 38, 67 78, 95, 99–100, 102, 132, l6l
Ur-Namma 132
Ur-Nanshe 131
Urban Revolution 54, 65, 71
see also Uruk Expansion
urbanization 64, 66–87
Uruk (Warka, Iraq) 21, 35, 39, 66–7, 69–70
see also Uruk Expansion
Uruk Expansion 71–86
Volney, Comte de (1757–1820) 163–5
Wenamun, Report of 19–21, 33
wheeled transport 36, 77, 105, 139
Wilhelm II (1859–1941) 125–6, 170
wine 60, 69, 136–7
Wittfogel, Karl (1896–1988) 29
writing see also entries for individual scripts
early functions 25–7, 81–5
origins xiii, 4, 15–16, 54–5, 69–71, 81–5
Zagros Mountains 36, 42, 46, 51, 71, 80, 88, 91, 95
ziggurat 161
What Makes Civilization Page 18