by Alison Weir
Strong, Roy: Artists of the Tudor Court: The Portrait Miniature Rediscovered, 1520–1620 (Victoria and Albert Museum, London, 1983).
Strong, Roy: The English Renaissance Miniature (London, 1983, revised edition 1984).
Strong, Roy: Gloriana: The Portraits of Queen Elizabeth I (London, 1987).
Strong, Roy: Portraits of Queen Elizabeth I (Oxford, 1963).
Strong, Roy: Tudor and Jacobean Portraits (2 vols., London, 1969).
Struthers, Jane: Royal Palaces of Britain (London, 2004).
Tallis, Nicola: “Mary Boleyn: An Introduction” (unpublished ms., 2009).
Tazon, Juan E.: The Life and Times of Thomas Stukeley, 1525–1578 (Burlington, 2003).
Thoms, William J.: Anecdotes and Traditions (Camden Society, 5, London, 1839).
Thornton-Cook, Elsie: Her Majesty: The Romance of the Queens of England, 1066–1910 (New York, 1926).
Thurley, Simon: The Royal Palaces of Tudor England (Yale, 1993).
Tighe, W. J.: “The Herveys: Three Generations of Tudor Courtiers” (Proceedings of the Suffolk Institute of Archaeology and History, 36, 1988).
Tompkins, H. W.: “Standard” Guide to Rochford (Southend, 1923).
Tremlett, Giles: Catherine of Aragon, Henry’s Spanish Queen (London, 2010).
Trowles, Tony: Treasures of Westminster Abbey (London, 2008).
Tucker, M. J.: “The Ladies in Skelton’s Garland of Laurel” (Renaissance Quarterly, 22, 1969).
Tunis, David L.: Fast Facts on the Kings and Queens of England (Milton Keynes, 2006).
Turvey, Roger: The Treason and Trial of Sir John Perrot (University of Wales, 2005).
Tytler, Sarah: Tudor Queens and Princesses (London, 1896; reprinted New York, 2006).
Unlocking Essex’s Past: From Heritage Conservation at Essex County Council (www.unlockingessex.essexcc.gov.uk).
Van Duyn Southworth, John: Monarch and Conspirators: The Wives and Woes of Henry VIII (New York, 1973).
Varlow, Sally: The Lady Penelope: The Lost Tale of Love and Politics in the Court of Elizabeth I (London, 2007).
Varlow, Sally: “Sir Francis Knollys’s Latin Dictionary: New Evidence for Katherine Carey” (Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research, 2006).
Victoria County Histories (www.british-history.ac.uk).
Walder, John: All Colour Book of Henry VIII (London, 1973).
Waldherr, Kris: Doomed Queens (New York, 2008).
Warnicke, Retha: “Anne Boleyn’s Childhood and Adolescence” (Historical Journal, 28, 4, 1985).
Warnicke, Retha: The Rise and Fall of Anne Boleyn: Family Politics at the Court of Henry VIII (Cambridge, 1989).
Warwick Castle (guidebooks, Birmingham, 1994, 2002).
Weir, Alison: Elizabeth the Queen (London, 1998).
Weir, Alison: Henry VIII: King and Court (London, 2001).
Weir, Alison: The Lady in the Tower: The Fall of Anne Boleyn (London, 2009).
Weir, Alison: The Six Wives of Henry VIII (London, 1991).
Weir, Alison: “The Wives of Henry VIII: A Domestic History of the Reign” (unpublished ms., 1,024 pages, 1974).
Westminster Abbey: Official Guide (London, 1953, 1966).
Wilkinson, Josephine: The Early Loves of Anne Boleyn (Stroud, 2009).
Wilkinson, Josephine: Mary Boleyn (Stroud, 2009).
Williams, Neville: Henry VIII and His Court (London, 1971).
Williams, Neville: The Life and Times of Elizabeth I (London, 1972).
Wilson, Derek: Henry VIII: Reformer and Tyrant (London, 2009).
Wilson, Derek: In the Lion’s Court: Power, Ambition and Sudden Death in the Reign of Henry VIII (London, 2001).
Woods, Susan: Lanyer: A Renaissance Woman Poet (Oxford and New York, 1999).
The World Roots Genealogy Archive: European Royalty and Nobility (www.worldroots.com).
Wright, Thomas: The County of Essex (London, 1836).
Wright, Thomas: The History of Ireland (3 vols., London, 1855).
Wright, Thomas: Queen Elizabeth and her Times, vol. 1 (London, 1838).
MISCELLANEOUS WEBSITES
www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk
www.chateau.medieval.fr
www.derkeiler.com (for the Stafford family, with extensive references)
www.gilles.maillet.free.fr
www.teachergenealogist.com
www.vivies.com
Notes and References
ABBREVIATIONS
L. & P. Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, of the Reign of Henry VIII.
S. C. Spanish Calendar: Calendar of Letters, Despatches and State Papers relating to Negotiations between England and Spain, preserved in the Archives at Simancas and Elsewhere.
V. C. Venetian Calendar: Calendar of State Papers and Manuscripts relating to English Affairs preserved in the Archives of Venice and in the other Libraries of Northern Italy.
V. C. H. Victoria County Histories.
INTRODUCTION
1. Tallis.
1: THE ELDEST DAUGHTER
1. Loades: Henry VIII: Court, Church and Conflict.
2. Blomefield.
3. The Complete Peerage.
4. Griffiths.
5. For Blickling Hall, to which there are many references in this chapter, I am indebted in several instances to the paper of Elizabeth Griffiths, who discovered that Sir Geoffrey Boleyn built a house on the site. The date 1452 is inferred from internal evidence in The Paston Letters; Blomefield gives it as 1450.
6. Wilkinson: Mary Boleyn.
7. Ibid.; Griffiths; Leland.
8. The Paston Letters; National Archives: Ancient Deeds: C.137,862,5972.
9. The Paston Letters.
10. The Complete Peerage; his will was proved on July 2 that year.
11. Stow.
12. Calendar of Inquisitions Post Mortem: Henry VII.
13. Ibid.; her age is given as twenty or more in the inquisition postmortem on her mother, taken in November 1485.
14. The Complete Peerage.
15. The Oxford Companion to Irish History.
16. Michael Clark.
17. Harleian mss.
18. Calendar of Patent Rolls: Henry VII: 1485–1509; Blomefield.
19. L. & P.; in 1529, at the legatine court convened at Blackfriars to try Henry VIII’s nullity suit against Katherine of Aragon, Boleyn gave his age as fifty-two.
20. Calendar of Patent Rolls: Henry VII: 1485–1509; Wilkinson: Mary Boleyn; Griffiths; The Crown and Local Communities in England and France in the Fifteenth Century.
21. Meyer.
22. L. & P.
23. Cited by Ives.
24. Brewer.
25. L. & P.
26. Surrey is known to have been resident at Sheriff Hutton Castle only between 1489 and 1499, when he was serving as Lieutenant of the North. Anne Bourchier had married Lord Dacre probably in 1492; Elizabeth Tylney died in 1497. Her daughters Elizabeth and Muriel are given their maiden name and style, so were not yet married when the poem was written (Muriel married before 1504). For Skelton and this poem, see Rollins; Tucker; Morley and Griffin; Brownlow in Skelton, John: The Book of the Laurel; The Complete Peerage.
27. L. & P.
28. For example, Anne Boleyn; Jones.
29. For example, Warnicke: The Rise and Fall of Anne Boleyn; Claremont.
30. For example, Loades: The Six Wives of Henry VIII; Plowden: The Other Boleyn Girl.
31. Not her son, Henry, as Hart states.
32. Round is incorrect in asserting that Hunsdon was mistaken here, and that Boleyn was created Lord Rochford to him and his heirs male, and Earl of Wiltshire and Ormond to him and his heirs general; the earldom of Wiltshire was granted to him in tail male, the others in tail general; see The Complete Peerage.
33. Calendar of State Papers, Foreign Series, of the Reign of Elizabeth.
34. Round.
35. The Complete Peerage; Broadway. On the death of Queen Elizabeth in March 1603, George Carey became sole heir to Thomas Boley
n, Earl of Wiltshire and Ormond, and when he died without male issue six months later, his daughter Katherine Carey inherited his claim to the earldom. When she died in 1635, her son, George Berkeley, born in 1613, succeeded her in her apparent right to the earldom of Ormond, even though that earldom was in fact still held by the Butlers.
36. Ms. in the Chapter House, Westminster Abbey.
37. Tallis; Bernard: Anne Boleyn; Sergeant.
38. Sergeant.
39. The Complete Peerage; Starkey: Six Wives.
40. Ives; Calendar of the Close Rolls preserved in the Public Record Office: Henry VII. I am indebted to Douglas Richardson for kindly drawing my attention to this reference.
41. Barbara Harris.
42. Ibid.
43. As before, I am grateful to Douglas Richardson for this information.
44. Ives.
45. Warnicke: “Anne Boleyn’s Childhood.”
46. Warnicke: The Rise and Fall of Anne Boleyn; Wilkinson: Mary Boleyn.
47. Bell. For a fuller discussion of the examination of the bones, see Weir: The Lady in the Tower.
48. For example, Warnicke: The Rise and Fall of Anne Boleyn; Jones.
49. The best source is The Complete Peerage.
50. Paget: “The Youth of Anne Boleyn”; Warnicke: “Anne Boleyn’s Childhood.” For the full text of the letter, in context, see pp. 54–55.
51. Ives; Bernard: Fatal Attractions.
52. S. C.
53. Round.
54. Plowden: The Other Boleyn Girl.
55. Powell.
56. Hughes.
57. Powell.
58. Ibid.; Mongello.
59. Powell states that Mary Boleyn was born around March 25, 1498, “at the same time as the Princess Mary,” but the latter had been born two years earlier.
60. Powell.
61. Brewer, in L. & P.; The Complete Peerage.
62. Somerset: Ladies in Waiting; Hoskins; Hackett; Williams: Henry VIII and His Court. Tunis has Mary born in 1504 at “Hever Castle in Chilton Foliat,” but Hever is in Kent, not Wiltshire, while Chilton Foliat was possibly the birthplace of Mary’s first husband, William Carey.
63. Warnicke: The Rise and Fall of Anne Boleyn.
64. Bernard: Anne Boleyn.
65. Metrical Visions.
66. Ambassades en Angleterre de Jean du Bellay.
67. Powell.
68. Blomefield.
69. Ibid.; Griffiths; Shelley.
70. L. & P.
71. The Rutland Papers.
72. Calendar of Patent Rolls: Henry VII: 1485–1509.
73. Calendar of the Close Rolls preserved in the Public Record Office: Henry VII; Griffiths; Norwich Cathedral: Church, City and Diocese, 1096–1996.
74. Calendar of Patent Rolls: Henry VII: 1485–1509; Calendar of the Close Rolls preserved in the Public Record Office: Henry VII; L. & P.; Blomefield. Sir William’s will is given in Testimenta Vetusta.
75. Calendar of Patent Rolls: Henry VII: 1485–1509.
76. Calendar of the Close Rolls preserved in the Public Record Office: Henry VII, where he is described as “late of Blickling, Co. Norfolk.”
77. Blomefield.
78. L. & P. This overturns John Newman’s assertion that Hever was never the Boleyns’ chief residence, as they did nothing to “transform their house into a worthy expression of their ambitions.” But the works at Hever carried out by Sir Geoffrey Boleyn, and, more importantly, by Sir Thomas, prove rather the contrary. Moreover, there are very few references to Thomas Boleyn being in Norfolk during the reign of Henry VIII.
79. Norton: Anne Boleyn.
80. Cited by Norris.
2: THE BEST OF HUSBANDS
1. L. & P.
2. Ibid.; Starkey: Six Wives.
3. L. & P.
4. Rymer; Wilkinson: Mary Boleyn.
5. L. & P.
6. Warnicke: The Rise and Fall of Anne Boleyn.
7. Stow; Panton. Sir Thomas More had studied at New Inn from 1494 to 1496 before going on to do law at Lincoln’s Inn. New Inn survived to be acquired by the London County Council in 1899 and was demolished in 1902 to make way for a road linking Holborn and the Strand.
8. The word means a setting of precious stones so closely set that no metal shows.
9. S. C.
10. Hart.
11. For further information on Henry VIII’s obsession with hygiene, see Weir: Henry VIII, The King and His Court.
12. V. C.
13. S. C.
14. L. & P.
15. S. C.
16. L. & P.
17. Sloane mss.
18. V. C.
19. S. C.
20. Mathew.
21. Hart gives his name as Chapuys, but Eustache Chapuys did not take up his post until 1529. The ambassador at this time was Luis Caroz.
22. S. C.
23. For example, Norton: Anne Boleyn; Jones; Hart; Williams: Henry VIII and His Court; Powell; Wilkinson: Mary Boleyn.
24. L. & P.
25. Powell.
26. Walder.
27. Lewis, in Sander.
28. L. & P.
29. Pro ecclesiasticae unitatis defensione, published in 1538 and based on an open letter sent to Henry in 1536.
30. L. & P.
31. Ibid.
32. Ibid.
33. Ibid.
34. Camden: Annales rerum Anglicarum et Hibernicarum regnante Elizabetha.
35. Further evidence for the existence of Rastell’s life of More is in Arundel ms. 152 in the British Library, in which a reference is made to “certain brief notes appertaining to Bishop Fisher, collected out of Sir Thomas More’s Life, written by Mr. Justice Rastell.”
36. Camden: Annales rerum Anglicarum et Hibernicarum regnante Elizabetha.
37. For a general discussion of “The Garland of the Laurel,” see Tucker; Rollins; Brownlow, in Skelton.
38. S. C.
39. Jones.
40. Ibid.
41. Van Duyn Southworth.
42. Luke.
43. Rival.
44. Glenne.
45. Walder.
46. Luke.
47. Thornton-Cook.
48. Ives; Hart.
49. Calendar of State Papers and Manuscripts existing in the Archives and Collections of Milan.
50. L. & P.
51. Ibid.; Anselme; www.gilles.maillet.free.fr.
52. Jones; The World Roots Genealogy Archive: European Royalty and Nobility (www.worldroots.com).
53. www.chateau.medieval.fr; Online Family Trees (www.gw1.geneanet.org).
54. S. C.
55. Cotton mss. Caligula.
56. S. C.
57. Inventories of the Wardrobe, Plate, Chapel Stuff etc. of Henry Fitzroy, Duke of Richmond and Somerset; Fraser.
58. National Archives: The King’s Book of Payments, E36/215.
59. Childe-Pemberton.
60. Hall.
61. Ibid.; Inventories of the Wardrobe, Plate, Chapel Stuff etc. of Henry Fitzroy, Duke of Richmond and Somerset.
62. Wilkinson: Mary Boleyn.
63. Hall. For Jane Popincourt, see Chapter 3.
64. L. & P.
65. Jones.
66. Jones states that, on this occasion, Elizabeth sang a song she had composed herself, but does not cite the source.
67. Four Years at the Court of Henry VIII; Hall.
68. Jones.
69. Ibid.
70. Ibid.
71. Ibid.
72. Childe-Pemberton.
73. From the Eltham Ordinances in The Antiquarian Repertory.
74. Ibid.
75. Childe-Pemberton. It was largely demolished in the 1540s and only the nave of the former priory survives today as the nave of the parish church. The present house, called Jericho Priory, is eighteenth century, and incorporates a range from the seventeenth century or perhaps earlier; the building known as Jericho Cottage dates from the seventeenth century (data from English Heritage, at www.britishlistedbuildi
ngs.co.uk). I should like to thank Karen Gardner for sending me information about Jericho Cottage.
76. Beauclerk-Dewar and Powell.
77. Hall.
78. Jones, without citing a source, claims that, after the birth, the Queen visited Elizabeth to congratulate her. Given Katherine’s anger at the ennobling of Elizabeth’s child, this is highly unlikely.
79. National Archives: Inquisitions Post Mortem, C142; Map Room.
80. Beauclerk-Dewar and Powell.
81. L. & P.; The Complete Peerage.
82. L. & P.
83. Ibid.
84. Ibid.
85. Somerset: Ladies in Waiting.
86. L. & P.
87. Ibid.
88. Ibid.
89. Ibid.
90. Ibid.; The Complete Peerage.
91. The Complete Peerage.
92. Ibid.
93. L. & P.
94. Ibid.
95. Ibid.; The Complete Peerage.
96. Cited by Beauclerk-Dewar and Powell.
3: INTO THE REALM OF FRANCE
1. L. & P.
2. Ibid.
3. Ibid.
4. Ibid.; Rymer.
5. L. & P.
6. Loades: The Tudor Queens of England.
7. Martienssen.
8. Rival.
9. Erickson: Anne Boleyn.
10. Fraser.
11. Loades: The Tudor Queens of England.
12. Claremont.
13. Erickson: Bloody Mary.
14. Norton: Anne Boleyn.
15. Martienssen.
16. Barbara Harris.
17. Loades: The Tudor Queens of England.
18. Herbert.
19. Grattan Flood.
20. Hobden.
21. It was suggested to me by a correspondent that “My Lady Carey’s Dompe,” a mournful dance of a type peculiar to the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, which comes from the earliest collection of English music for the virginals, was composed for Mary Boleyn when she was married to William Carey, and that it might be associated with her affair with Henry VIII. This composition has been dated to c. 1524/5, which would place it in the right period, yet it could also have been written at any time between 1500 and 1540 or later; and it could not have been named after Mary, because she was not styled Lady Carey—William Carey was never knighted. The Lady Carey in the title must have belonged to one of the senior lines of the Carey family. Certainly this music has never been associated with Mary Boleyn. Some say this dompe was a traditional Irish melody composed by Turlough O’Carolan. The name is associated with the saying “down in the dumps,” and there is evidence that dompes were played at funerals.