childbearing, 48–49, 163
childhood mortality, 25, 49, 141–42, 155, 213, 237, 261 infectious disease rates in, 49, 127, 145, 161–64, 191, 237
see also infant mortality
children: autism in, 193–94
diarrhea in, 143
public health protections for, 215
rising survival rates of, 145, 155, 161–64, 237
smallpox in, 129–31, 138
as targets of germ warfare, 208
traditional practices for, 145
unvaccinated, 137–38, 193–95
vaccines directed toward, 127, 129–31, 139–40
Children’s Plague, 49
China, Chinese, xii, 6, 42, 43, 56, 93, 95, 99, 123, 125, 146, 162, 167, 178–79, 200, 208–9 Black Death in, 50–51
cholera pandemic in, 105
in Covid-19 pandemic, 182–83, 226, 227
misuse of antibiotics in, 202, 204
sanitation in, 100–102
smallpox in, 124–26
syphilis in, 66
trade with, 34–35, 50–51
Chinghiz Khan, 42
chloramphenicol, 201–2
chlorination, 143
chloroquine, 199–200
cholera, 89, 91, 104–10, 132–33, 135, 140, 155, 157, 173, 181, 199 mortality rates from, 105–6, 108–9, 205
vaccine for, 139
Christianity: bathing discouraged by, 101–2
conflict between Islam and, 39–40
indigenous people exploited by, 60–61
leprosy and, 85
in Mongol invasion, 42, 44
circumcision, 145, 216
Civil War, US, sanitation in, 113
“cleanliness industry,” 110–12
Clement VI, Pope, 45, 47, 86, 122
climate change, 35, 41, 207
Cloaca Maximus, 101
Cohen, Daniel, 164
Columbus, Christopher, 6, 56–57, 59, 66, 138, 178
Conditions of Agricultural Growth, The (Boserup), 26
condoms, 81, 90–91, 136, 142, 143, 191
conspiracy theories, 192, 196
consumption, 104
contact tracing, 82–83, 180, 222–23
contagionist theory, 132
Contagious Disease Acts, British, 90
Cook, James, 66
Cook, Justin, 79
cooking, 99–100, 121
cordons sanitaires, 151
coronavirus vaccine, 228
Cortés, Hernán, 58, 63
Covid-19, xi, xiii–xiv, 8–10, 33, 77, 146, 157, 171, 175, 179–80, 211, 221, 234–37 cost of response to, 223–24
Ebola compared to, 116
economic impact of, 166–67, 185
exclusion strategies in, 82, 96, 180–83, 213
global response to, 174, 179, 183, 222–29, 234, 236
misinformation about, 95
vaccine challenges of, 139, 228
WHO response to, 226–29
cowpox, xiii, 128–30
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, 175
Crimean War, 91
Crohn’s disease, 193
cryptosporidiosis, 175
Cuitláhuac, 58
cyclops (water flea), 14
cyclosporiasis, 175
Cyprian plague, 36
cysticercosis, 19–20
D’Aluisio, Faith, 24
DDT, 190, 199–201
debridement, 113, 206
deforestation, 175
dehydration, 21, 132
demographic dividend, 162
De motu cordis (Harvey), 123
dengue fever, 75, 95, 165, 175, 190
de Re Militari (Vegetius), 81
Descartes, René, 123–24
diabetes, 129, 144, 206
diarrhea, 21, 25, 32, 105, 114, 140–42, 144, 165, 191, 203–5, 268
diphtheria, 20, 92, 129, 134, 140, 144, 257
Discourse on Method (Descartes), 123–24
disease mutation, 175
disgust: in lack of sanitation, 103
as response to disease, 80–81
disinfection, 88, 92, 94, 198
DNA, 13, 221 see also genes
DNA tracing, 197–98
doctors, anti-vaccination stance of, 193–96
Doctors Without Borders, 94, 228
Drisdelle, Rosemary, 14
drought, 27
drug quality control, 270
drug research, funding for, 220–21
drug resistance, 179, 200–207
Duflo, Esther, 155
Dürer, Albrecht, 231
dysentery, 68, 71, 123, 236
Ebola, 9, 32–33, 36, 75, 94–95, 115–16, 139, 160, 175, 180, 211, 221–22, 225–26
E. coli, 203–4
ecological release, 17
economic dynamism, 8, 156
economic inequality, 127 disease as cause of, 65
in drug research and development, 220
in mortality rates, 115
in response to health threats, 165–66
Edward III, King of England, 47–48, 102
Egypt, 17–19, 34, 70, 90, 153, 197
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 199
Elias, Chris, xii
el-Sayed, Hamdy, 19
encephalitis, 21
endemics, 21–23, 27
Enteric Reference Laboratory, 201
Epidemic Prevention and Water Purification Department, 208
epidemics, 21–23, 36, 49–50
Erasmus, 90
Esposito, Elena, 62
Essay on the Principle of Population, An (Malthus), 3–5, 7
evolution, 77–80
exclusion, 74–96, 99, 106–7, 121, 123, 151, 176, 179–86, 236 of AIDS patients, 173
of colonists, 153
in Covid-19, 96
economic and social impact of, 179–81
liberties curtailed by, 92, 95–96
outsiders targeted in, 88–89
exclusion instinct, 179–80
excrement, excretion, 100, 191, 219 in spread of disease, 103, 107–10
see also sewage
falciparum malaria, 36–37, 61–62, 64–65, 79
Fallopio, Gabriele, 90
famine, 3–4, 5, 27–28, 41, 159, 233, 235
Famine: A Short History (Ó Gráda), 27
Farooqi, Salma, xiii, 197
Farr, William, 106
fecal-oral route, 105
Ferrer, Vicente, 129–30
fertility rates, decline in, 161–62
feudal system, 41, 48, 49
fire control, 17
flagellations, flagellants, 46–47
fleas, 14, 37–38, 44, 50, 51, 88, 101, 114, 115, 132, 208–9
Fleming, Alexander, 135, 201
Foege, Bill, xii
Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse, 231, 233–37
1491 (Mann), 55–56
France, 47, 68, 86, 88, 183, 194, 195, 223
Frieden, Tom, 206
Galen, 123
Gama, Vasco da, 66
Gandhi, Mahatma, 191, 193
gangrene, 14, 38, 135, 206
Gat, Azar, 16, 264
Gates, Bill, 145
Gates Foundation, 145, 218, 229
Gavi Alliance, 220–21
gender: in Covid-19 mortality rates, 77
in disease resistance, 128
gender equality, 91, 157, 235
generic (off-patent) drugs, 216
genes: diversity in, 77–80
inferiority in, 83, 251
manipulation of, 200
Germany, 33, 68, 73, 86–87
germ theory, 91–95, 131–32, 142
Ghebreyesus, Tedros Adhanom, 227
Gingrey, Phil, 75, 95
Glaeser, Edward, 156
GlaxoSmithKline, 221
globalization: connectivity and spread of disease in, 15, 17, 53–74, 105–6, 151–55, 157–61, 169–86, 212
in disease control and prevention, 146–47, 166, 213–29
h
ealth improvements in, 140–44
in smallpox vaccination campaign, 129–31
vaccination rates in, 139–40
Global Malaria Program, xii
Goldin, Claudia, 114
Goldsmith, Middleton, 113
Gómez, José, 45
Gordon, Jay, 195
Gorjon, Hernando, 57
Grande Chirungie, La (Guy de Chauliac), 86
Great Mortality, 49, 128
Great Mortality, The (Kelly), 41
Great Stink, 109
Greece, ancient, 31–33, 90, 121
Gros, Antoine-Jean, 53
guinea worms, xii, 14, 142
Guy de Chauliac, 86, 122–23
H1N1 virus, 182
Haemophilus influenzae (HiB), 134
Haiti, Haitians, 61, 63, 70, 94, 191
hand washing, 7, 116, 191
Hansen’s disease, see leprosy
hantavirus, 175
Harper, Kristin, 169
Harper, Kyle, 36
Harvey, William, 123
Hastings, Marquess of, 105
Hays, J. N., 103, 257
health inspection grades, 111
Helms, Jesse, 93–94
hemorrhagic fever, 14, 36
Henderson, Donald, 137
Hendra virus, 175
HEPA filters, 198
hepatitis, 71, 134–36, 197
herd immunity, 21, 190
herpes virus, 20, 55
Hilleman, Maurice, 134–35
Hippocrates, 11, 121–23
History of the Wars (Procopius), 37–38
HIV/AIDS, 9, 77–78, 93–94, 136, 142, 172–75, 181–82, 196, 268 in childhood mortality, 164–65
control and treatment costs in, 216–18
drug resistance in, 200
exclusion techniques in, 181–82, 184
mortality rates from, 173–74
prejudiced response to, 93–94
Hobbesian theory, 47, 64
homophobia, 93–94
homosexuality, 4, 164–65, 172
hospitals, sanitation in, 113, 205–6
Housing and Crowding Acts, British, 110
Huang, Julie, 158
human leukocyte antigen, 79–80
humors, theory of, 121, 123
Hundred Years War, 47
Hungry Planet (Menzel and D’Aluisio), 24
Illustrious Dead, The (Talty), 71–72
immigration: medical exclusion in, 92–93, 181
prejudice and, 75, 92–95, 158, 234
restrictions on, 92–95, 181
in spread of disease, 75, 75, 92–93
Immigration Act, US (1891), 92, 182
immunity, 20–21, 25, 40, 49, 57, 62, 80, 104, 121, 252 compromised and suppressed, 172, 195–96, 198
see also herd immunity; specific diseases and vaccines
immunization, 7, 173, 191 see also vaccination
immunoglobulin, 196, 252
imperialism, in spread of disease, 67, 151–55, 166
Imperial Japanese Army, Unit 731 of, 208–9
Implementation Support Unit of the Biological Weapons Convention, 227–28
India, 34, 42–43, 69, 99, 140, 142, 152, 153, 155, 166–67, 178, 191, 201, 219, 225 anti-vaccination movement in, 192
Black Death in, 50–51
lack of sanitation in, 191
smallpox treatments in, 126, 137–38
syphilis in, 66
Industrial Revolution, 3, 25, 104, 110, 131, 167, 233
infant mortality, 36–37, 114, 143, 155, 213, 241, 242
infectious diseases: aftermath of, 45, 254
asymptomatic, 139, 182
behavioral change in control of, 142–43, 268
biblical response to, 83–84
biology of, 77–80, 91–95
cycles of, 9–10
distrust engendered by, 96
early treatments for, 121–23
economic impact of, 65, 88, 96, 154, 165–66, 184–85, 216–17, 224, 226, 234
evolutionary response to, 77–80
exclusion in control of, 81–96
future scenarios for, 10, 223–24, 231–37
geography and, 16–17
global spread of, 29–51, 53–64, 93
government involvement in, 215–16
ineffective treatments for, 121–23
Malthusian model of, 1–10
man-made, 212
medical revolution against, 7–9
misinformation about, 94–95, 106
misuse of defenses against, 187–212
mortality rates from, xi, 8, 27, 28, 49, 113, 144–47, 216, 234
new forms of, 9, 10, 175
as ongoing threat, 211–12
outsiders perceived as source of, 88–91, 95, 158, 234, 254
political impact of, 88
in population control, 26–28
in pre-civilization, 5, 13–15
present-day outbreaks of, 93–94, 101, 174–75
progress against, xi–xiii, 7–8
public health and global cooperation measures against, 213–29
in reduced populations, 40
religious and moral interpretation of, 46–47, 83–86
repentance for, 46–47
resurgence of, 169–86
setbacks in fight against, 187–212
social impact of, 47–49, 51, 234
as source of unrest, 32–33, 39, 46
species-hopping, xii, 5, 19–21, 22, 55, 175–79
and spread of civilization, 6–7, 11–28
trade in spread of, 29–51
weaponized, 9, 190, 207–11, 228
see also specific plagues and diseases
influenza (flu), 5, 9–10, 13, 20, 57, 62, 114, 123, 180, 211 mortality rates from, 23, 144, 176
1918 pandemic, 185, 222–24
vaccines for, 134, 139, 176, 198
inoculation, 126–28
see also vaccination
Inquiry into the Causes and Effects of the Variolae Vaccinae, An (Jenner), 128–29
insecticides, 190
International Atomic Energy Authority (IAEA), 227
International Cholera Control Commission (1866), 225
International Health Regulations, 225, 227
International Monetary Fund, 185
Inventarium seu Collectorium in parte Cyrurgicali Medicine (Guy de Chauliac), 122
Iraq, bioweaponry programs in, 209–11
Islam, 6, 19, 39–41, 86, 145, 197
isolation, 82, 88–89, 91–92, 94, 96, 115–16, 180, 186, 222, 224 see also exclusion; quarantine
Japan, 33, 89, 130–31, 167, 179, 221, 223 anti-vaccination movement in, 192, 195
China’s war with, 208–9
cholera pandemic in, 105
germ warfare used by, 208–9
opening of, 66–67
smallpox in, 22, 130–31
Jenner, Edward, xiii, 116, 128, 133, 134, 137, 192, 241
Jerome, Saint, 101–2
Jews, Judaism, 19, 46, 85–87, 92, 145
Jiang Chun Geng, 208–9
Justinian, Byzantine emperor, 37–39, 40, 48, 49, 122
Kalemli-Ozcan, Sebnem, 164
Kaplan, Jed, 26
Kelly, John, 41, 102
kidney transplants, 195–96
Koch, Robert, 91, 132–34
Kremer, Michael, 160
Kublai Khan, 42
Lancet Global Health Commission, 217
Larrey, Dominique-Jean, 71–72
Las Casas, Bartolomé de, 58–59
Lassa fever, 175, 221
lazar houses, 85–86
Leclerc, Victor-Emmanuel, 70
Leker, Laura, 164
Leopold, King of Belgium, 153–54
leprosy, 18, 83–87, 95, 122, 135
Levy, Stuart B., 203–4
lice, 68–69, 71, 72–74, 92, 101
life expectancy, 15, 101–3, 164, 171 in AIDS, 165
in developing world, 155
&nbs
p; in England, 113–14
increase in, xiii, 145–46, 234
Lister, Joseph, 113
livestock, 22, 48, 100 anthrax vaccine testing on, 133–34
antibiotic misuse in, 202–5, 220
in spread of disease, 20–21, 175–77
Livingstone, Samuel, 153, 171
Livy, 33
lockdowns, 9, 82, 180–81, 183, 213
London, 66, 75, 90, 169 cholera pandemic in, 105, 132
medieval lack of sanitation in, 102–3
sanitation advancements in, 97, 107–10
London Metropolitan Commission of Sewers, 108
London Society for the Abolition of Compulsory Vaccination, 192
Louverture, Toussaint, 70
Lukwiya, Matthew, 115–16
Maalin, Ali Maow, xiii, 138, 139
McNeill, Ryan, 205
McNeill, William, 43, 50
Magellan, Ferdinand, 1
maggots, 206, 207
Mahalanabis, Dilip, 140–41
Mohenjo Daro, 100
malaria, xii, 6, 18, 23, 25, 36–37, 61–62, 129, 142, 144, 165, 191, 199, 216, 218–21, 268 cycle of, 78–79
drug resistance in, 200
mortality rates from, 152, 154
mosquito control in, 199–200, 221
progress against, 151–53
resurgence of, 175
vaccine for, 139
malnutrition, 24–26, 87, 181
Malthus, Thomas Robert, 1–10, 26–28, 63, 90, 129, 155, 161, 166
Malthusian theory, 1–10, 26–28, 41, 47, 49, 51, 105–6, 112, 127, 165, 185, 235 empirical basis as lacking for, 161, 234, 264
Mann, Charles, 55–56, 60
Manson, Patrick, 151
Marburg fever, 175
Travels (Polo), 56
Maria Pita, 129–30
Mariner, Jeffrey, xii
marriage restrictions, 48–49
masks, masking, 101, 223
mass testing, 181
measles, xii, 10, 13, 20–22, 23, 25, 47, 57, 59, 82, 92, 114, 116, 123, 144, 145, 193–95, 219 mortality rates from, 205, 251
vaccine for, 116, 134–35, 139, 140, 187
measles-mumps-rubella vaccine, 193–96
The Plague Cycle Page 30