A.A.A.G., June 30, 1868, AC, ROC, May–July, 1868, reel 25; Th
omas H. Baker, Lockhart,
to Charles A. Vernou, A.A.A.G., July 31, 1868, AC, ROC, May–July, 1868, reel 26; Louis
W. Stevenson, Columbus, to Charles A. Vernou, A.A.A.G., November 30, 1868, AC,
ROC, November–December, 1868, reel 28; Louis W. Stevenson, Columbus, to Charles
A. Vernou, A.A.A.G., December, 31, 1868, AC, ROC, November–December, 1868, reel
28; James P. Butler, Huntsville, to J. P. Richardson, A.A.A.G., March 1, 1868, AC, ROC,
March- August, 1868, reel 25; James P. Butler, Huntsville, to J. P. Richardson, A.A.A.G.,
May 2, 1868, AC, ROC, March- April, 1868, reel 25; James P. Butler, to J. P. Richardson,
A.A.A.G., May 31, 1868, AC, ROC, May–July, 1868, reel 26; James C. Devine, Hunts-
ville, to Henry A. Ellis, A.A.A.G., October 22, 1866, AC, LR, 1866–1867, reel 4. Th
omas
H. Baker’s reports are Th
omas H. Baker, Lockhart, to Charles S. Morse, A.A.A.G.,
August, 31, 1868, AC; Th
omas H. Baker, Lockhart, to C. S. Roberts, A.A.A.G., Septem-
ber 5, 1868, AC; Th
omas H. Baker, Lockhart, to C. S. Roberts, A.A.A.G., October, 31,
1868, AC; Th
omas H. Baker, Lockhart, to Charles A. Vernou, A.A.A.G., November 30,
1868, AC; and Th
omas H. Baker, Lockhart, to Charles A. Vernou, A.A.A.G., December
31, 1868, AC (all in ROC, reel 27–28). James P. Butler’s are James P. Butler, Huntsville, to
J. P. Richardson, A.A.A.G., AC, ROC, January–February, 1868, reel 24; and James P.
Butler, Huntsville, to J. P. Richardson, A.A.A.G., February 29, 1868, AC, ROC, Janu-
ary–February, 1868, reel 24.
29. Philip Howard, Meridian, to [E. M.] Gregory, April 1, 1866, AC, LR, 1866–1867,
reel 6; Philip Howard, Meridian, to [J. B. Kiddoo], July 10, 1866, AC, LR, 1866–1867, reel
6; Philip Howard, Meridian, to [J. B. Kiddoo], July 10, 1866, AC, LR, 1866–1867, reel 6;
Philip Howard, Meridian, to William H. Sinclair, A.A.G., August 22, 1866, AC, LR,
1866–1867, reel 6; Special Orders No. 128, October 27, 1866, AC, IRB, October 1865–April
1869; Special Orders No. 96, October 31, 1867, AC, IRB, October 1865–April 1869, reel 19;
Special Orders No. 6, January 25, 1868, AC, IRB, October 1865–April 1869, reel 19.
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Notes to pages 63–66
223
4. Bureau Expansion, Bureau Courts, and the Black Code:
Th
e J. B. Kiddoo Era, Summer 1866–November 1866
1. Statutes at Large, 14:173–177; Circular Letter from O. O. Howard, August 1, 1867,
AC, LR, 1866–1867, reel 6. Nonpayment as a punishment is in Special Orders No. 323,
June 25, 1867, AC, LR, 1866–1867, reel 6.
2. William H. Heistand, Hallettsville, to Henry A. Ellis, A.A.A.G., November 13,
1866, AC, LR, 1866–1867, reel 6; Report of the Joint Committee on Reconstruction, 39th
Congress, 1st Session, Report No. 30 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Offi
ce,
1866), 46 (hereaft er cited Joint Committee); Robert Smith, District Tax Commissioner,
to [J. B.] Kiddoo, AC, LR, 1866–1867, reel 8; William Prissick to J. B. Kiddoo, September
23, 1866, AC, LR, 1866–1867, reel 7; Rebecca A. Kosary, “Regression to Barbarism in
Reconstruction Texas: An Analysis of White Violence Against African- Americans from
the Texas Freedmen’s Bureau Records, 1865–1868” (Master’s Th
esis, Southwest Texas
State, 1999), 69. Even Kiddoo experienced the adverse conditions in the interior (See J.
B. Kiddoo to O. O. Howard, August 8, 1866, M742C, LR, May–August, 1866, reel 36).
3. Paul A. Cimbala, “Lining up to Serve: Wounded and Sick Union Offi
cers from
the Veteran Reserve Corps during Civil War/Reconstruction,” Prologue 35 (Spring
2003): 40; Endorsement of letter from Isaac M. Beebe, Marshall, to J. B. Kiddoo,
August 14, 1866, AC, ES, April 1866–September 1867, reel 2; William H. Sinclair,
Inspector, to Henry A. Ellis, A.A.A.G., November 30, 1866, AC, ULR, 1866–1867, reel
17; Special Orders No. 105, December 24, 1867, AC, IRB, October 1865–April 1869, reel
19; C. H. Whittelsey, A.A.A.G., to J. J. Reynolds, January 7, 1868, AC, LR, 1867–1869,
reel 16; Special Orders No. 65, April 18, 1866, AC, IRB, October 1865–April 1869, reel 19;
Special Orders No. 62, October 18, 1868, AC, IRB, October 1865–April 1869, reel 19;
Paul A. Cimbala, “Soldiering on the Home Front: Th
e Veteran Reserve Corps and the
Northern People,” in Union Soldiers and the Northern Home Front: Wartime Experi-
ences, Postwar Adjustments, ed. Paul A. Cimbala and Randall M. Miller (New York:
Fordham University Press, 2002), 183; Cimbala, Under the Guardianship of the Nation,
271–272; Carpenter, “Agents of the Freedmen’s Bureau,” 303. Numbers and appoint-
ments are in Roster of Offi
cers and Civilians, AC, Received and Retained Reports
Relating to Rations, Lands, and Bureau Personnel, reels 29–31.
4. James P. Hutchison, Columbia, to William H. Sinclair, A.A.G., January 3, 1867,
AC, LR, 1866–1867, reel 6; James P. Hutchison, Columbia, to Charles Griffi
n, January
31, 1867, AC, ROC, December 1866–May 1867, reel 20; James P. Hutchison, Columbia,
to J. B. Kiddoo, January 19, 1867, AC, LR, 1866–1867, reel 8; William H. Sinclair, Inspec-
tor, to Henry A. Ellis, A.A.A.G., November 30, 1866, AC, ULR, 1866–1867, reel 17; L. J.
Warner, Inspector, to Henry A. Ellis, A.A.A.G., December 6, 1866, AC, LR, 1866–1867,
reel 9; William H. Sinclair, A.A.G., to James P. Hutchison, Columbia, January 10, 1867,
AC, LR, 1866–1867, reel 8; James P. Hutchison, Columbia, to Charles Griffi
n, January
31, 1867, AC, ROC, December 1866–May 1867, reel 20.
5. James P. Hutchison, Columbia, to J. B. Kiddoo, January 19, 1866, AC, LR, 1866–
1867, reel 6; James P. Hutchison, Columbia, to J. T. Kirkman, A.A.A.G., May 1, 1867, LR,
1866–1867, reel 6; Special Orders No. 57, May 26, 1867, AC, IRB, October 1865–April
1869, reel 19.
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224
Notes to pages 66–67
6. J. Ernest Goodman to William H. Sinclair, A.A.G., September 22, 1866, AC, LR,
1866–1867, reel 5; Field Record of Offi
cers of the Veteran Reserve Corps, from the Com-
mencement to the Close of the Rebellion (Washington, D.C.: Scriver & Swing, n.d.), 28,
35; J. Ernest Goodman File, Pension Record; Special Orders No. 67, April 23, 1866, AC,
IRB, October 1865–April 1869, reel 19; J. Ernest Goodman, Columbus, to William H.
Sinclair, A.A.G., July 31, 1866, AC, LR, 1866–1867, reel 5; William H. Sinclair, A.A.G., to
J. Ernest Goodman, Columbus, July 19, 1866, AC, LS, April 1866–1867, reel 2; William
H. Sinclair, A.A.G., to J. Ernest Goodman, Columbus, July 19, 1866, AC, LS, April
1866–1867, reel 2; Special Orders No. 101, August 18, 1866, AC, IRB, October 1865–April
1869, reel 19; C. A. Dempsey, 17th Infantry, A.A.Q.M., to L. H. Lathrop, Commander,
Post of Houston, August 29, 1866, AC, LR, 1866–1867,
reel 5; Richter, Overreached on
All Sides, 107. For information on Metzner, Eddleson, and Horton, see William H. Sin-
clair, Inspector, to Charles A. Vernou, A.A.A.G., July 13, 1868, AC, LR, 1867–1869, reel
15; Special Orders No. 63, April 16, 1866, AC, IRB, October 1865–April 1869, reel 19;
Special Orders No. 44, July 31, 1868, AC, IRB, October 1865–April 1869, reel 19; J. J.
Reynolds to O. O. Howard, July 31, 1868, AC, IRB, October 1865–April 1869, reel 16;
William H. Horton File, Pension Record; William H. Horton, Bastrop, to J. P. Richard-
son, A.A.A.G., May 2, 1868, AC, LR, 1867–1869, reel 10; Henry H. Eddleson File, Pen-
sion Record; Special Orders No. 20, February 18, 1867, AC, IRB, October 1865–April
1869, reel 19; William H. Horton, Bastrop, to [C. S.] Roberts, A.A.A.G., September 22,
1868, AC, LR, 1867–1869, reel 11; Special Orders No. 55, September 19, 1868, AC, IRB,
October 1865–April 1869, reel 19; Perry S. Taylor to John J. Good, August 24, 1868, AC,
LR, 1867–1869, reel 16; G. T. Kendall to J. J. Reynolds, April 10, 1868, AC, LR, 1867–1869,
reel 13; William H. Horton to Charles A. Vernou, A.A.A.G., October 28, 1868, AC, LR,
1867–1869, reel 12; William H. Horton, Dallas, to J. P. Richardson, A.A.A.G., [February
1868], AC, LR, 1867–1869, reel 12; William H. Horton to Charles A. Vernou, A.A.A.G.,
October 30, 1868, AC, LR, 1867–1869, reel 12; and Charles A. Vernou, A.A.A.G., to Wil-
liam H. Horton, November 4, 1868, AC, LS, March 1867–May 1869, reel 2.
7. Charles Griffi
n to O. O. Howard, June 15, 1867, AC, Unregistered LR, 1867–1869
and Undated, reel 18; Alfred T. Manning, Waco, to J. T. Kirkman, A.A.A.G., February
28, 1867, AC, LR, 1866–1867, reel 7; Alfred T. Manning, Waco, to J. B. Kiddoo, January
20, 1867, AC, LR, 1866–1867, reel 7; Special Orders No. 91, July 17, 1866, AC, IRB, Octo-
ber 1865–April 1869, reel 19; Alfred T. Manning, Waco, to [J. B. Kiddoo], October 18,
1866, AC, LR, 1866–1867, reel 7; Field Record of Offi
cers of the Veteran Reserve Corps, 28;
Barry A. Crouch, “Spirit of Lawlessness: White Violence, Texas Blacks, 1865–1868,”
Journal of Social History 48 (Winter 1984): 225.
8. Charles B Pearce to J. W. Th
rockmorton, February 6, 1867, AC, LR, 1866–1867,
reel 7; J. W. Th
rockmorton to Charles Griffi
n, January 28, AC, LR, 1866–1867, reel 9; J.
W. Th
rockmorton to Charles Griffi
n, February 8, 1867, AC, LR, 1866–1867, reel 9; Wil-
liam L. Richter, Th
e Army in Texas During Reconstruction, 1865–1870 (College Station:
Texas A&M University Press, 1987) , 90; Special Orders No. 38, April 1, 1867, AC, IRB,
October 1865–April 1869, reel 19; Alfred T. Manning, Cotton Gin, to J. T. Kirkman,
A.A.A.G., May 30, 1867, AC, LR, 1866–1867, reel 7; J. T. Kirkman, A.A.A.G., to Alfred T.
Manning, Cotton Gin, May 28, 1867, AC, LS, September 1865–March 1867, reel 1;
Endorsement of letter from Charles E. Culver, Cotton Gin, to J. T. Kirkman, A.A.A.G.,
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Notes to pages 67–68
225
June 28, 1867, AC, ES, April 1866–September 1867, reel 2; Charles E. Culver, Cotton
Gin, to J. T. Kirkman, A.A.A.G., July 31, 1867, AC, LR, 1866–1867, reel 4; E. A.
McCrackin to J. T. Kirkman, A.A.A.G., June 25, 1867, AC, LR, 1866–1867, reel 7; Glenn
R. Waters, et al, to [Headquarters], June 1867, AC, LR, 1866–1867, reel 9; Charles
Dabian to Charles Garretson, A.A.A.G., July 9, 1867, AC, LR, 1866–1867, reel 5; Special
Orders, No. 85, August 7, 1867, AC, IRB, October 1865–April 1869, reel 19.
9. Louis W. Stevenson, Columbus, to Charles A. Vernou, A.A.A.G., May 31, 1868,
AC, ROC, May–July, 1868, reel 26; Richter, Overreached on All Sides, 40; Richter, Army
in Texas During Reconstruction, 11–31; Robert W. Shook, “Federal Occupation and
Administration of Texas, 1865–1870” (Ph.D. diss., North Texas State University, 1972),
218–219, 247; Pfanz, “Soldiering in the South During the Reconstruction Period,” 10,
17–20; Endorsement of letter from Isaac M. Beebe, Marshall, to William H. Sinclair,
A.A.G., May 26, 1866, AC, ES, April 1866–September 1867, reel 2; Endorsement of letter
from L. S. Barnes, Crockett, to J. B. Kiddoo, August 7, 1866, AC, ES, April 1866–Sep-
tember 1867, reel 2; Endorsement of letter from A. G. Malloy, Marshall, to J. T. Kirk-
man, A.A.A.G., May 8, 1867, AC, ES, April 1866–September 1867, reel 2. A few
examples of requests for cavalry are Arthur B. Homer, Columbia, to J. P. Richardson,
A.A.A.G., January 31, 1868, AC, ROC, January–February, 1868, reel 24; John Dix, Cor-
pus Christi, to J. T. Kirkman, A.A.A.G., [August 1867], AC, ROC, June–August, 1867,
reel 21; T. M. K. Smith, Nacogdoches, to Charles Garretson, October, 5, 1867, AC, ROC,
September–October, 1867, reel 22; and David L. Montgomery, Tyler, to J. P. Richardson,
A.A.A.G., February 1, 1868, AC, ROC, January–February, 1868, reel 24.
10. L. S. Barnes, Crockett, to William H. Sinclair, A.A.G., May 29, 1866, AC, LR,
1866–1867, reel 4; Endorsement of letter from L. S. Barnes, Crockett, to William H.
Sinclair, A.A.G., May 29, 1866, AC, ES: April 1866–September 1867, reel 2; Endorsement
of letter from L. S. Barnes, Crockett, to William H. Sinclair, A.A.G., August 7, 1866,
AC, ES: April 1866–September 1867, reel 2; L. S. Barnes, Crockett, to William H. Sin-
clair, A.A.G., March 26, 1866, AC, LR, 1866–1867, reel 4; L. S. Barnes, Crockett, to Wil-
liam H. Sinclair, A.A.G., April 25, 1866, AC, LR, 1866–1867, reel 4; L. S. Barnes,
Crockett, to William H. Sinclair, A.A.G., May 6, 1866, AC, LR, 1866–1867, reel 4; L. S.
Barnes, Crockett, to William H. Sinclair, A.A.G., September 1, 1866, AC, LR, 1866–
1867, reel 4; L. S. Barnes, Crockett, to William H. Sinclair, A.A.G., May 6, 1866, AC, LR,
1866–1867, reel 4; L. S. Barnes, Crockett, to Henry A. Ellis, A.A.A.G., October 20, 1866,
AC, LR, 1866–1867, reel 4; Special Orders No. 134, November 9, 1866, AC, IRB, Septem-
ber 1865–April 1869, reel 19; James E. Seft on, Th
e United States Army and Reconstruc-
tion, 1865–1877 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1967), 95; Craig,
“Memoirs,” 85; William L. Richter, “Th
e Brenham Fire of 1866: A Texas Reconstruction
Atrocity,” Louisiana Studies 14 (Fall 1975): 299–312; J. J. Reynolds to O. O. Howard,
April 14, 1868, M752C, LR, January–June, 1868, reel 56. For instances of U.S. troops
unnecessarily causing problems for agents aft er 1866, see Edward Miller, Millican, to
J. P. Richardson, A.A.A.G., November 27, 1867, AC, LR, 1867–1869, reel 13; F. B. Sturgis,
La Grange, to Henry A. Ellis, A.A.A.G., October 29, 1866, SAC, LR, 1866–1867, reel 8;
N. H. Randlett, Bryan, to J. P. Richardson, A.A.A.G., May 6, 1868, AC, ROC, March–
April, 1868, reel 25; Otto F. Steinberg, Columbia, to C. S. Roberts, A.A.A.G., October
15, 1868, SAC, Letters Sent and Register of Letters Received, October 1868, reel 21
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226
&nb
sp; Notes to pages 68–69
(hereaft er LSR); and William H. Heistand, Hallettsville, to Commanding Offi
cer, 35th
U.S. Infantry, March 11, 1867, SAC, LS, May–June 1866 and October 1866–March 1868,
reel 21. Agents requesting troops, despite problems they caused, is in Galveston Daily
News, June 9, 1865; Hiram Seymour Hall, Marshall, to E. M. Gregory, December 26,
1865, AC, ULR, 1865–1866, reel 17; Oliver H. Swingley, Austin, to E. M. Gregory, Febru-
ary 28, 1866, AC, ULR, 1865–1866, reel 17; Bellville Countryman, August 18, 1865;
Galveston Weekly News, January 31, 1866; and David Work, “United States Colored
Troops in Texas During Reconstruction, 1865–1867,” Southwestern Historical Quarterly
109 (January 2006): 348–350. Other examples of SACs in Texas complaining about the
actions, disposition, and attitudes of U.S. troops are Byron Porter, Houston, to
Chauncey C. Morse, A.A.A.G., March 3, 1866, AC, ULR, 1865–1866, reel 17; Edward
Collins, Brenham, to [J. T. Kirkman, A.A.A.G.], June 30, 1867, AC, LR, 1866–1867, reel
4; Brownsville Ranchero, November 13, 1866; Frank Holsinger, Beaumont, to William
H. Sinclair, A.A.G., April 5, 1866, AC, LR, 1866–1867, reel 6; Hiram Seymour Hall,
Marshall, to E. M. Gregory, December 26, 1865, AC, ULR, 1865–1866, reel 17; Ira P.
Pedigo, Woodville, to [E. M.] Gregory, March 1, 1866, AC, ULR, 1865–1866, reel 17; and
Capt. E. Pratt to D. S. Proudfi t, A.A.A.G., Eastern District of Texas, April 7, 1866, AC,
ULR, 1865–1866, reel 17.
11. W. E. B. DuBois, Th
e Souls of Black Folk (New York: Penguin Books, 1969), 72;
Tunnell, ed., Carpetbagger from Vermont, 92; Max Woodhull, A.A.G., to E. M. Greg-
ory, November 24, 1865, M742C, LS, May 16–December 30, 1865, reel 1; Statutes at
Large, 14:173–177; A. P. Ketchum, A.A.A.G., to [E. M. Gregory], September 19, 1865,
AC, LR, 1866–1867, reel 6; Max Woodhull, A.A.G., to E. M. Gregory, November 24,
1865, AC, ULR, 1865–1866, reel 17; James Oakes, “A Failure of a Vision: Th
e Collapse of
the Freedmen’s Bureau Courts,” Civil War History 25 (March 1979): 69; Diane Neal
and Th
omas W. Kremm, “ ‘What Shall We Do With the Negro?’: Th
e Freedmen’s
Bureau in Texas,” East Texas Historical Journal 27 (Fall 1989): 25. Sloan’s punishment
for off enders is in Bryan, SAC, ROC, 1866–1969, reel 14. Th
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