My call to action is that you use these skills for good and not for evil.
For centuries, dictators and despots have used public speaking to divide people instead of bringing them together. Recognize the incredible power that comes from the spoken word, and use it to create community, connection, and trust. We need this in business, we need this in politics, and we need it in the world at large. When you use these skills for good, you will have a powerful and positive impact on the world around you.
Endnotes
Introduction
1.Toastmasters International—Home, www.toastmasters.org. Accessed 21 Feb 2018.
Chapter 1
1.Pentland, Alex “Sandy.” “Defend Your Research: We Can Measure the Power of Charisma.” Harvard Business Review, Feb. 2010, hbr. org/2010/01/defend-your-research-we-can-measure-the-power-ofcharisma. Accessed 21 Feb 2018.
2.Pentland, Alex “Sandy.” “The New Science of Building Great Teams.” Harvard Business Review, Apr. 2012, hbr.org/2012/04/the-new-science-of-building-great-teams. Accessed 21 Feb 2018.
3.Toastmasters International—Home, www.toastmasters.org. Accessed 21 Feb 2018.
4.Toastmasters International® and all other Toastmasters International trademarks and copyrights are the sole property of Toastmasters International. This book is the opinion of the authors and is independent of Toastmasters International. It is not authorized by, endorsed by, sponsored by, affiliated with, or otherwise approved by Toastmasters International.
5.TEDx Program—Home, www.tedx.com. Accessed 21 Feb 2018.
6.TED: Ideas Worth Spreading, www.ted.com/. Accessed 21 Feb 2018.
7.Gallo, Carmine. Talk Like TED: The 9 Public-Speaking Secrets of the World’s Top Minds. New York: St. Martins Press, 2014.
8.Cornish, David, and Dianne Dukette. The Essential 20: Twenty Components of an Excellent Health Care Team. Pittsburgh, PA: RoseDog Books, 2009.
Chapter 2
1.“BBC World Service | Learning English | Moving Words.” BBC News, BBC, www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/movingwords/shortlist/mandela.shtml. Accessed 21 Feb 2018.
2.The Daily Conversation. “Mitt Romney’s “47 Percent’ Comments.” YouTube, YouTube, 18 Sept 2012, www.youtube.com/watch?v=M2gvY2wqI7M. Accessed 21 Feb 2018.
3.Noonan, Peggy. On Speaking Well: How to Give a Speech with Style, Substance, and Clarity. HarperCollins, 1998.
4.Heifetz, Ronald Abadian, and Martin Linsky. Leadership on the Line: Staying Alive through the Dangers of Leading. Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 2002.
Chapter 3
1.King, Stephen. On Writing: A Memoir of the Craft. Scribner, 2000, p. 57.
2.Lehrman, Robert A. The Political Speechwriter’s Companion: A Guide for Writers and Speakers. CQ Press, 2009.
3.The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Office of Community Planning and Development. The 2017 Annual Homeless Assessment Report (AHAR) to Congress. December 2017. https://www.hudexchange.info/resources/documents/2017-AHAR-Part-1.pdf. Accessed 9 Mar 2018.
4.Cornish, David, and Dianne Dukette. The Essential 20: Twenty Components of an Excellent Health Care Team. Pittsburgh, PA: RoseDog Books, 2009.
5.“Cancer Stat Facts: Cancer of Any Site.” Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program, National Cancer Institute, 2014, seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/all.html. Accessed 21 Feb 2018.
6.United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. “UNHCR viewpoint: ‘Refugee’ or ‘migrant’—Which is right?” UNHCR, 11 July 2016, www.unhcr.org/en-us/news/latest/2016/7/55df0e556/unhcr-viewpoint-refugee-migrant-right.html. Accessed 21 Feb 2018.
Chapter 4
1.The Internet Classics Archive | Rhetoric by Aristotle, MIT, classics.mit. edu/Aristotle/rhetoric.html. Accessed 21 Feb 2018.
2.Kolbert, Elizabeth. “Why Facts Don’t Change Our Minds.” New Yorker, 27 Feb 2017, www.newyorker.com/magazine/2017/02/27/why-facts-dont-change-our-minds. Accessed 21 Feb 2018.
3.Heath, Chip, and Dan Heath. Made to Stick: Why Some Ideas Survive and Others Die. New York: Random House, 2007.
4.Zak, Paul J. “Why Your Brain Loves Good Storytelling.” Harvard Business Review, 28 Oct. 2014, hbr.org/2014/10/why-your-brain-loves-good-storytelling. Accessed 21 Feb 2018.
5.Simmons, Annette. Whoever Tells the Best Story Wins: How to Use Your Own Stories to Communicate with Power and Impact. AMACOM, 2015.
6.Ganz, Marshall. “Public Narrative, Collective Action, and Power.” Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard, 2011, nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:29314925. Accessed 21 Feb 2018.
7.“The Art and Craft of Storytelling.” The Moth, www.themoth.org. Accessed 21 Feb 2018.
8.Ganz, Marshall. “Public Narrative, Collective Action, and Power.” Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard, 2011, nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:29314925. Accessed 21 Feb 2018.
9.Hampes, William P. “Relation between Humor and Empathic Concern.” Psychological Reports, vol. 88, no. 1, Feb. 2001, pp. 241–244, doi:10.2466/pr0.2001.88.1.241.
10.“GeorgeJesselQuotes.” BrainyQuote, Xplore, www.brainyquote.com/citation/quotes/george_jessel_177118. Accessed 21 Feb 2018.
Chapter 5
1.Michelangelo Quotes. (n.d.). BrainyQuote.com. Retrieved 20 Jan 2018, from BrainyQuote.com: www.brainyquote.com/quotes/michelangelo_386296.
2.Noonan, Peggy. On Speaking Well: How to Give a Speech with Style, Substance, and Clarity. HarperCollins, 1998.
Chapter 6
1.Strongman, K. T., and B. G. Champness. “Dominance Hierarchies and Conflict in Eye Contact.” Acta Psychologica, vol. 28, 1968, pp. 376–386., doi:10.1016/0001-6918(68)90026-7.
2.Spector, Nicole. “Smiling Can Trick Your Brain into Happiness—and Boost Your Health.” NBCNews.com, NBC Universal News Group, 9 Jan 2018, www.nbcnews.com/better/health/smiling-can-trick-your-brain-happiness-boost-your-health-ncna822591. Accessed 21 Feb 2018.
3.Laukka, Petri, et al. “In a Nervous Voice: Acoustic Analysis and Perception of Anxiety in Social Phobics’ Speech.” Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, vol. 32, no. 4, 18 July 2008, pp. 195–214, doi:10.1007/s10919-008-0055-9.
4.Kraus, Michael W. “Voice-Only Communication Enhances Empathic Accuracy.” American Psychologist, vol. 72, no. 7, 2017, pp. 644–654. Accessed 21 Feb 2018.
5.Mayhew, William J., et al. “Voice Pitch and the Labor Market Success of Male Chief Executive Officers.” Evolution and Human Behavior, vol. 34, no. 4, July 2013. Accessed 21 Feb 2018.
6.Klofstad, Casey A., et al. “Sounds Like a Winner: Voice Pitch Influences Perception of Leadership Capacity in Both Men and Women.” Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, The Royal Society, 14 Mar. 2012, rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/279/1738/2698.article-info. Accessed 21 Feb 2018.
7.Gardner, Bill. “From ‘shrill’ housewife to Downing Street: the changing voice of Margaret Thatcher.” 25 Nov 2014. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/11251919/From-shrill-housewife-to-Downing-Streetthe-changing-voice-of-Margaret-Thatcher.html. Accessed 5 May 2018.
8.Finder, Robert L. Jr. The Financial Professional’s Guide to Communication: How to Strengthen Client Relationships and Build New Ones. 1st ed., Pearson FT Press, 2012.
9.Gonçalves, Gláucia Renate. “Some Crucial Elements of Learning Ecologies of Linguistic Contagion.” New Challenges in Language and Literature, by Tim Murphey, FALE/UFMG, 2009, pp. 129–147.
10.Dunn, Thom. “What Is ‘Vocal Fry,’ and Why Doesn’t Anyone Care When Men Talk like That?” Upworthy, 28 July 2015, www.upworthy. com/what-is-vocal-fry-and-why-doesnt-anyone-care-when-men-talklike-that. Accessed 21 Feb 2018. See also Glass, Ira, et al., “If You Don’t Have Anything Nice to Say, SAY IT IN ALL CAPS.” This American Life, 23 Jan 2015, www.thisamericanlife.org/radio-archives/episode/545/if-you-dont-have-anything-nice-to-say-say-it-in-all-caps?act=2#play. Accessed 21 Feb 2018.
11.Anderson, Rindy C., et al. “Vocal Fry May Undermine the Success of Young Women in the Labor Market.” PLOS ONE, Public Library of Scie
nce, 28 May 2014, journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0097506. Accessed 21 Feb 2018.
Chapter 7
1.Croston, Glenn. “The Thing We Fear More Than Death.” Psychology Today, Sussex Publishers, 29 Nov 2012, www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-real-story-risk/201211/the-thing-we-fear-more-death. Accessed 21 Feb 2018.
2.Winch, Guy. “10 Surprising Facts About Rejection.” Psychology Today, Sussex Publishers, 3 July 2013, www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-squeaky-wheel/201307/10-surprising-facts-about-rejection. Accessed 21 Feb 2018.
3.DiSalvo, David. “Chew Yourself a Better Brain.” Forbes, 8 Mar 2012, https://www.forbes.com/sites/daviddisalvo/2012/03/08/chew-yourselfa-better-brain/#77afddaa4dd6. Accessed 28 Apr 2018.
4.Do not perform this exercise if you have a medical condition that would prevent you from doing it safely or if your physician has advised you against such activity.
5.Kay, Katty, and Claire Shipman. The Confidence Code: The Science and Art of Self-Assurance—What Women Should Know. HarperCollins, 2014.
6.Creswell, J. D., et al. “Affirmation of Personal Values Buffers Neuroendocrine and Psychological Stress Responses.” Psychological Science, vol. 16, no. 11, 16 Nov 2005, pp. 846–851.
Chapter 9
1.Up in the Air. Dir., Jason Reitman. Perf., George Clooney, Vera Farmiga, and Anna Kendrick. Paramount Pictures, 2009. DVD.
2.McAlone, Nathan. “These 5 Harvard Business School students built an app to help you sound more confident when you speak.” 12 May 2016. www.businessinsider.com/ummo-app-tracks-your-speech-2016-5. Accessed 28 Apr 2018.
3.“Myo Gesture Control Armband.” Myo Gesture Control Armband | Wearable Technology by Thalmic Labs, www.myo.com/. Accessed 21 Feb 2018.
4.Duarte, Nancy. slide:ology: The Art and Science of Creating Great Presentations. O’Reilly Media, 2008.
5.Reynolds, Garr. Simple Ideas on Presentation Design and Delivery. New Riders, 2nd edition, 2011.
6.Kawasaki, Guy. The Art of the Start 2.0: The Time-Tested, Battle-Hardened Guide for Anyone Starting Anything. Portfolio, 2015.
7.superapple4ever. “Steve Jobs Introducing the iPhone At MacWorld 2007.” YouTube, 2 Dec 2010, www.youtube.com/watch?v=x7qPAY9JqE4. Accessed 21 Feb 2018.
8.Tufte, Edward. “PowerPoint Does Rocket Science—and Better Techniques for Technical Reports.” Edward Tufte Forum, www.edwardtufte.com/bboard/q-and-a-fetch-msg?msg_id=0001yB. Accessed 21 Feb 2018.
9.“Tony Robbins Live on Stage as a Humagram.” ARHT Media, ARHT Media Inc., 20 June 2015, www.arhtmedia.com/blog/tony-robbins-live-on-stage-as-a-humagram/. Accessed 21 Feb 2018.
Chapter 11
1.Courville, Roger. The Virtual Presenter’s Handbook. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2009.
2.Nishiyama, Kazuo. Doing Business with Japan: Successful Strategies for Intercultural Communication. Latitude 20, 2000.
3.Woolstenhulme, Martin. “Mark Zuckerberg Speaks Chinese (English translation).” YouTube, 23 Oct 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Xpdhbh_2Rc. Accessed 17 June 2018.
Chapter 12
1.Hewlett, Sylvia Ann. Executive Presence: The Missing Link between Merit and Success. HarperBusiness, 2014.
2.Cialdini, Robert B. Influence: The Psychology of Persuasion, Revised Edition. Harper Business, 2006.
3.Hedges, Kristi. The Power of Presence: Unlock Your Potential to Influence and Engage Others. AMACOM, 2017.
Chapter 13
1.Ganz, Marshall. “Public Narrative, Collective Action, and Power.” Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard, 2011, nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:29314925. Accessed 21 Feb 2018.
2.“Dalai Lama Quotes.” BrainyQuote, Xplore, www.brainyquote.com/quotes/dalai_lama_393080. Accessed 21 Feb 2018.
3.Whitman, Gordon. Stand Up! How to Get Involved, Speak Out, and Win in a World on Fire. Berrett-Koehler Publishers, 2018.
Index
accessibility, 204
acoustics, 105
action
barriers to, 34
calls to, 48, 50, 173
taking, 8–9
alcohol, 134–35
allies, building, 199, 208–9
alumni groups, opportunities to speak in, 21
anecdotes, 83
anxiety, 137, 207
breathing and, 120
calming, 115–20
impromptu speaking and, 165
overcoming, 115–20
practicing, 88–89
voice and, 105
Aristotle, Rhetoric, 63
the “ask,” 33
attention
center of, 118
grabbing, 48, 49, 53
refocusing, 118–19
attire, 131–33, 201
audiences
abroad, 187–88
answering questions from, 159, 167–74
asking questions of, 139
barriers to action, 34
body language and, 138–39
breaking into groups, 139
building trust with, 34
building up, 80
connecting with, 35, 208
distracted, 137, 139
empowering, 63–78
engaging, 8, 85, 143–48
engaging with devices, 147–48
engaging with visual aids, 143–46
exercises you can use with, 81–82
falling asleep, 139
gifts for, 145
grabbing attention of, 48, 49, 53
greeting as they arrive, 131
humor and, 77, 78
identifying, 27–32, 47, 70, 94
jargon and, 28–29
at meetings, 32
negative reactions, 138–39
polling, 147
positive reactions, 138
questions from, 138, 139
reading, 138–39
researching, 31–32, 168
social media engagement of, 147–48
speaking their language, 32
stories and, 70
subject matter and, 30–31
table discussions among, 139
target, 28
using appropriate quotations for, 29–30
audiovisual aids, 87–88, 118, 137, 143, 146–53. See also specific aids
to engage audience, 85
role of, 143–45
using to reinforce messaging, 143–44
audiovisual assistance, arranging in advance, 152
authenticity, 38
hunger for, 6–7
vs. perfectionism, 207–8
practicing, 86
barriers to action, 34
body language, 3, 38, 94, 99–103. See also eye contact
defensive, 139
impromptu speaking and, 165
nervous, 101, 165
nervous vs. intentional, 101
practicing, 88
presence and, 200–201
book clubs, 11–12
boredom, 33
Boston Toastmasters Club, 3, 4
brainstorming, 61
breathing
anxiety and, 120
breathing in, 121–22
breathing techniques, 8 (see also pause and breathe)
frequently asked questions about, 123
learning how to breathe, 120–24
pause and breathe, 12, 58, 76, 89, 110, 115–27, 137, 158, 165, 192, 197, 198, 202–3
posture and, 121, 124
practicing, 123–24, 127
purposeful, 120–22, 202 (see also pause and breathe)
speaking “on the breath,” 122
techniques for, 120–21
Bresner, Trudi, 110
bullet points, creating, 61
business pitches, 33
caffeine, 135
calls to action, 48, 50, 173
closing with, 59, 211–12
Carter, Judy, The Message of You, 75–76
centering yourself, 136
Chopra, Sidd, 154–55
Cisco, 179
cli
ents, speaking to, 20
closings, 58–60
with calls to action, 59
with quotations, 59
running through as pre-speech ritual, 136
saying “thank you,” 59–60
with stories, 59
with visualization, 59
coaches, working with, 119
common themes, highlighting, 206–8
common traps, overcoming, 108–14
community, creating, 212
community events, volunteering to speak at, 19
computer platform, 152
concision, 82–84, 197
concreteness, 67
conference calls, 175–77
content, 176
delivery, 176
slowing down, 177
smiling, 177
standing up for, 176–77
conferences. See also panels; videoconferencing (two-way audio and video)
opportunities to speak at, 19
speaking up at, 19
confidence, 198–99
allies and, 199
building, 7, 38, 124–27
lack of, 116–17
mental rehearsal and, 199
practicing, 88–89
preparation and, 199
self-assessment, 125
sense of purpose and, 116, 199
visualization and, 199
voice and, 106
connection, building, 212
content
brainstorming, 46–47
drafting authentic, 8
to engage audience, 85
knowing your stuff, 196–98
context, researching, 169
control, lack of, 118
conversation starters, 35
Core Value Statement, 106, 116, 117, 126–27, 136
courage, finding, 205–12
Courville, Roger, The Virtual Presenter’s Playbook, 175
Coyle, Jacki, 48–49
credibility, 67
Croston, Glenn, The Real Story of Risk, 115–16
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