Book Read Free

Genesis: The Scientific Quest for Life's Origin

Page 34

by Robert M. Hazen


  19

  THREE SCENARIOS FOR THE ORIGIN OF LIFE

  p. 241 “Anyone who tells you …”: Kauffman (1995, p. 31).

  p. 243 cooperative chemical phenomenon: Such a symbiosis of metabolism and genetics would have foreshadowed events billions of years later, when precursors of our own complex cells are thought to have incorporated smaller, metabolically efficient cells. According to Margulis and Sagan (1995), mitochondria, the energy-processing organelles in eukaryotic cells, are symbionts.

  EPILOGUE—THE JOURNEY AHEAD

  p. 245 “Once to every man and nation …”: American poet James Russell Lowell wrote this poem in 1845 for the National Anti-Slavery Standard. It subsequently became a rallying hymn for abolitionists.

  p. 245 emergence of consciousness: The theory of emergence suggests that the path to self-aware life, if not specifically to the human species, may be deterministic. See, for example, Chaisson (2001) and Morowitz (2002).

  Bibliography

  Abelson, P. H. 1956. Amino acids formed in primitive atmospheres. Science 124:935.

  Acevedo, O. L., and L. E. Orgel. 1986. Template-directed oligonucleotide ligation on hydroxylapatite. Nature 321:790-792.

  Adams, M. W. W. 1992. Novel iron-sulfur centers in metalloenzymes and redox proteins from extremely thermophilic bacteria. Advances in Inorganic Chemistry 38:341-396.

  Alberts, B. M. 1986. The function of hereditary materials: Biological catalyses reflect the cell's evolutionary history. American Zoologist 26:781-796.

  Alexander, J. 1948. Life, Its Nature and Origin. New York: Reinhold.

  Allamandola, L. J. and D. M. Hudgins. 2003. From interstellar polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and ice to astrobiology. In V. Pirronello et al. (editors), Solid State Astrobiology (NATO ASI). Dordrecht: Kluwer, pp. 251-316.

  Allamandola, L. J., A. G. G. M. Tielens, and J. R. Barker. 1985. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and the unidentified infrared emission bands: Auto exhaust along the Milky Way! Astrophysical Journal Letters 290:L25.

  Allamandola, L. J., A. G. G. M. Tielens, and J. R. Barker. 1989. Interstellar polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: The infrared emission bands, the excitation-emission mechanism and the astrophysical implications. Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series 71:733-775.

  Allamandola, L. J., S. A. Sandford, and M. P. Bernstein. 1997. Interstellar/precometary organic material and the photochemical evolution of complex organics. In C. B. Cosmovici, S. Bowyer, and D. Werthimer (editors), Astrochemical and Biochemical Origins and the Search for Life in the Universe. Bologna: Editrice Compositori, pp. 23-49.

  Allwood, A. C., M. R. Walter, C. P. Marshall, and M. J. Kranendonk. 2004. Life at 3.4 Ga: Paleobiology and paleoenvironment of the stromatolitic Strelley Pool Chert, Pilbara Craton, Western Australia [abstract 197-4]. Geological Society of America Annual Meeting. Denver, CO, November 10, 2004.

  Altman, S., M. F. Baer, M. Bartkiewicz, H. Gold, C. Guerrier-Takeda, et al. 1989. Catalysis by the RNA subunit of Rnase—a minireview. Gene 82:63-64.

  Anders, E. 1989. Pre-biotic organic matter from comets and asteroids. Nature 342: 255-257.

  Apel, C. L., M. Mautner, and D. Deamer. 2000. Self-assembled vesicles of monocarboxylic acids and alcohols: A model membrane system for early cellular life [abstract]. First Astrobiology Science Conference. NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California, p. 50.

  Armstrong, K. 2000. The Battle for God. New York: Knopf.

  Arrhenius, G., B. Gedulin, and S. Mojzsis. 1993. Phosphate in models for chemical evolution. In C. Ponnamperuma and J. Chela-Flores (editors), Chemical Evolution: Origin of Life. Hampton, VA: A. Deepak, pp. 25-50.

  Awramik, S. M., J. W. Schopf, and M. Walter. 1983. Filamentous fossil bacteria from the Archean of Western Australia. Precambrian Research 20:357-374.

  Bachmann, P. A., P. L. Luisi, and J. Lang. 1992. Autocatalytic self-replicating micelles as models for prebiotic structures. Nature 357:57-59.

  Bada, J. L. 1972. Dating of fossil bones using the racemization of isoleucine. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 15:223-231.

  Bada, J. L. 2004. How life began on Earth: A status report. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 226:1-15.

  Bada, J. L., and A. Lazcano. 2002. Some like it hot, but not the first biomolecules. Science 296:1982-1983.

  Bada, J. L., and A. Lazcano. 2003. Prebiotic soup—revisiting the Miller experiment. Science 300:745-746.

  Bada, J. L., and R. A. Schroeder. 1972. Racemization of isoleucine in calcareous marine sediments: Kinetics and mechanism. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 15:1-11.

  Bada, J. L., B. P. Luyendyk, and J. B. Maynard. 1970. Marine sediments: Dating by the racemization of amino acids. Science 170:730-732.

  Bada, J. L., S. L. Miller, and M. Zhao. 1995. The stability of amino acids at submarine hydrothermal vent temperatures. Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biosphere 25:111-118.

  Bagnold, R. A. 1941. The Physics of Blown Sand and Desert Dunes. London: Chapman and Hall.

  Bagnold, R. A. 1988. The Physics of Sediment Transport by Wind and Water. New York: American Society of Civil Engineers.

  Bailey, J., A. Chrysostomou, J. H. Hough, T. M. Gledhill, A. McCall, S. Clark, F. Menard, and M. Tamura. 1998. Circular polarization in star-formation regions: Implications for biomolecular homochirality. Science 281:672-674.

  Bain, J. D., C. Y. Switzer, A. R. Chamberlin, and S. A. Benner. 1992. Ribosome-mediated incorporation of non-standard amino acids into a peptide through expansion of the genetic code. Nature 356:537-539.

  Bak, P. 1996. How Nature Works: The Science of Self-Organized Criticality. New York: Copernicus Press.

  Ball, P. 2004. Water, water everywhere? Nature 427:19-20.

  Ban, N., P. Nissen, J. Hansen, P. B. Moore, and T. A. Steitz. 2000. The complete atomic structure of the large ribosomal subunit at 2.4 Å resolution. Science 289:905-920.

  Bangham, A. D., M. M. Standish, and J. C. Watkins. 1965. Diffusion of univalent ions across the lamellae of swollen phospholipids. Journal of Molecular Biology 13: 238-252.

  Barbrook, A. C., C. J. Howe, N. Blake, and P. Robinson. 1998. The phylogeny of The Canterbury Tales. Nature 394:839.

  Baross, J. A., and J. Deming. 1995. Growth at high temperatures: Isolation and taxonomy, physiology, and ecology. In D. M. Carl (editor), Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vents. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, pp. 169-217.

  Baross, J. A., and S. E. Hoffman. 1985. Submarine hydrothermal vents and associated gradient environments as sites for the origin and evolution of life. Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biosphere 15:327-345.

  Bartel, D. P., and J. W. Szostak. 1991. Template-directed primer extension catalyzed by the Tetrahymena ribozyme. Molecular and Cellular Biology 11:3390-3394.

  Bartel, D. P., and J. W. Szostak. 1993. Isolation of new ribozymes from a large pool of random sequences. Science 261:1411-1418.

  Bass, B. L., and T. R. Cech. 1984. Specific interaction between self-splicing RNA of Tetrahymena and its guanosine substrate: Implications for biological catalysis by RNA. Nature 308:820-826.

  Becker, L., D. P. Glavin, and J. L. Bada. 1997. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Antarctic Martian meteorites, carbonaceous chondrites, and polar ice. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 61:475-481.

  Becker, L., B. Popp, T. Rust, and J. L. Bada. 1999. The origin of organic matter in the Martian meteorite ALH84001. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 167:71-79.

  Been, M. D., and T. R. Cech. 1988. RNA as an RNA polymerase: Net elongation of an RNA primer catalyzed by the Tetrahymena ribozyme. Science 239:1412-1416.

  Behe, M. J. 1996. Darwin's Black Box: The Biochemical Challenge to Evolution. New York: Touchstone.

  Beinert, H., R. H. Holm, and E. Münck. 1997. Iron-sulfur clusters: Nature's modular, multipurpose structures. Science 277:653-659.

  Benner, S. A. 2002. What is a biosignature? What makes a planet habitable? Matching Darwinian chemistry to solar system habitats [abstract]. Astrobiology 2:433.

  Benner, S. A., and D. Hutte
r. 2002. Phosphates, DNA, and the search for nonterrean life: A second generation model for genetic molecules. Bioorganic Chemistry 30:62-80.

  Bernal, J. D. 1949. The physical basis of life. Proceedings of the Royal Society 62A: 537-558.

  Bernal, J. D. 1951. The Physical Basis of Life. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.

  Bernal, J. D. 1967. The Origin of Life. London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson.

  Bernstein, M. P., S. A. Sandford, and L. J. Allamandola. 1999a. Life's far-flung raw materials. Scientific American 281(1):42-49.

  Bernstein, M. P., S. A. Sandford, L. J. Allamandola, J. S. Gillette, S. J. Clemett, and R. N. Zare. 1999b. UV irradiation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ices: Production of alcohols, quinones, and ethers. Science 283:1135-1138.

  Bernstein, M. P., J. P. Dworkin, S. A. Sandford, G. W. Cooper, and L. J. Allamandola. 2002. Racemic amino acids from the ultraviolet photolysis of interstellar ice analogues. Nature 416:401-403.

  Bernstein, M. P., M. H. Moore, J. E. Elsila, S. A. Sandford, L. J. Allamandola, and R. N. Zare. 2003. Side group addition to the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon coronene by proton irradiation in cosmic ice analogs. Astrophysical Journal 582:L25-L29.

  Biebricher, C. K., et al. 1993. Template-directed and template-free RNA synthesis. Journal of Molecular Biology 231:175-179.

  Blank, J. G., G. H. Miller, M. J. Ahens, and R. E. Winans. 2001. Experimental shock chemistry of aqueous amino acid solutions and the cometary delivery of prebiotic compounds. Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biosphere 31:15-51.

  Blöchl, E., M. Keller, G. Wächtershäuser, and K. O. Stetter. 1992. Reactions depending on iron sulfide and linking geochemistry with biochemistry. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 89:8117-8120.

  Bolli, M., R. Micura, and A. Eschenmoser. 1997. Pyranosil-RNA: Chiroselective self-assembly of base sequences by ligative oligomerization of tetranucleotide-2',3'-cyclophosphates (with a commentary concerning the origin of biomolecular homochirality). Chemical Biology 4:309-320.

  Bondi, H. 2004. Thomas Gold (1920-2004). Nature 430:415.

  Bonner, W. A. 1991. The origin and amplification of biomolecular chirality. Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biosphere 21:59-111.

  Bonner, W. A. 1995. Chirality and life. Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biosphere 25: 175-190.

  Bonner, W. A., P. R. Kavasmaneck, F. S. Martin, and J. J. Flores. 1975. Asymmetric adsorption by quartz: A model for the prebiotic origin of optical activity. Origins of Life 6:367-376.

  Boston, P. J., M. V. Ivanov, and C. P. McKay. 1992. On the possibility of chemosynthetic ecosystems in subsurface habitats on Mars. Icarus 95:300-308.

  Boyce, C. K., R. M. Hazen, and A. H. Knoll. 2001. Nondestructive, in situ, cellular-scale mapping of elemental abundances including organic carbon in permineralized fossils. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 98:5970-5974.

  Boyce, C. K., G. D. Cody, M. L. Fogel, R. M. Hazen, C. M. O'D. Alexander, and A. H. Knoll. 2003. Chemical evidence for cell wall lignification and the evolution of tracheids in early Devonian plants. International Journal of Plant Science 164:691-702.

  Brandes, J. A., N. Z. Boctor, G. D. Cody, B. A. Cooper, R. M. Hazen, and H. S. Yoder, Jr. 1998. Abiotic nitrogen reduction on the early Earth. Nature 395:365-367.

  Brandes, J. A., R. M. Hazen, H. S. Yoder, Jr., and G. D. Cody. 2000. Early pre- and postbiotic synthesis of alanine: An alternative to the Strecker synthesis. In G. A. Goodfriend, M. J. Collins, M. L. Fogel, S. A. Macko, and J. F. Wehmiller (editors), Perspectives in Amino Acid and Protein Geochemistry. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, pp. 41-47.

  Brasier, M. D., O. R. Green, A. P. Jephcoat, A. K. Kleppe, M. J. Van Kranendonk, J. F. Lindsay, A. Steele, and N. V. Grassineau. 2002. Questioning the evidence for Earth's oldest fossils. Nature 416:76-81.

  Brasier, M. D., O. R. Green, J. F. Lindsay, and A. Steele. 2004. Earth's oldest (approximately 3.5 Ga) fossils and the “early Eden” hypothesis: Questioning the evidence. Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biosphere 34:257-269.

  Brocks, J. J., G. A. Logan, R. Buick, and R. E. Summons. 1999. Archean molecular fossils and the early rise of eukaryotes. Science 285:1033-1036.

  Brown, A. 1999. Upwelling of hot gas. American Scientist 87:372.

  Buick, R., B. Rasmussen, and B. Krapez. 1998. Archean oil: Evidence for extensive hydrocarbon generation and migration 2.5-3.5 Ga. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin 82:50-69.

  Butlerow, A. 1861. Formation of monosaccharides from formaldehyde [in French]. Comptes Rendu Hebdomadaires des Scéances de l'Académie des Sciences (Paris) 53: 145-167.

  Butterfield, N. J. 1990. Organic preservation of non-mineralizing organisms and the taphonomy of the Burgess Shale. Paleobiology 16:272-286.

  Cady, S. L., J. D. Farmer, J. P. Grotzinger, J. W. Schopf, and A. Steele. 2003. Morphological biosignature and the search for life on Mars. Astrobiology 3:351-368.

  Cairns-Smith, A. G. 1968. The origin of life and the nature of the primitive gene. Journal of Theoretical Biology 10:53-88.

  Cairns-Smith, A. G. 1977. Takeover mechanisms and early biochemical evolution. Biosystems 9:105-109.

  Cairns-Smith, A. G. 1982. Genetic Takeover and the Mineral Origins of Life. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

  Cairns-Smith, A. G. 1985a. Seven Clues to the Origin of Life. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

  Cairns-Smith, A. G. 1985b. The first organisms. Scientific American 252(6):90-100.

  Cairns-Smith, A. G. 1988. The chemistry of materials for artificial Darwinian systems. International Reviews in Physical Chemistry 7:209-250.

  Cairns-Smith, A. G. 2001. The origin of life: Clays. In D. Baltimore, R. Dulbecco, F. Jacob, and R. Levi-Montalcini (editors), Frontiers of Life. New York: Academic Press, pp. 169-192.

  Cairns-Smith, A. G., and H. Hartman. 1986. Clay Minerals and the Origin of Life. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

  Cairns-Smith, A. G., P. Ingram, and G. L. Walker. 1972. Formose production by minerals: Possible relevance to the origin of life. Journal of Theoretical Biology 35:601-604.

  Cairns-Smith, A. G., A. J. Hall, and M. J. Russell. 1992. Mineral theories of the origin of life and an iron sulfide example. Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biosphere 22: 161-180.

  Camazine, S., J.-L. Deneubourg, N. R. Franks, J. Sneyd, G. Theraulaz, and E. Bonabeau. 2001. Self-Organization in Biological Systems. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

  Campbell, D. B., G. J. Black, L. M. Carter, and S. J. Ostro. 2003. Radar evidence for liquid surfaces on Titan. Science 302:431-434.

  Cech, T. R. 1990. Self-splicing of group I introns. Annual Reviews of Biochemistry 59: 543-568.

  Cech, T. R. 1993. The efficiency and versatility of catalytic RNA: Implications for an RNA world. Gene 135:33-36.

  Cech, T. R. 2000. The ribosome is a ribozyme. Science 289:878-879.

  Chaisson, E. J. 2001. Cosmic Evolution: The Rise of Complexity in Nature. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

  Chandrasekhar, S. 1993. Discotic liquid crystals: A brief review. Liquid Crystals 14:3-14.

  Chandrasekhar, S. and V. S. K. Balagurusamy. 2002. Discotic liquid crystals as quasi-one-dimensional electrical conductors. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series A 458:1783-1794.

  Chandrasekhar, S., B. K. Sadashiva, and K. A. Suresh. 1977. Liquid crystals of disk-like molecules. Pramana Journal of Physics 9:471-480.

  Chapelle, F. H., K. O'Neill, P. M. Bradley, B. A. Methé, S. A. Ciufo, L. L. Knobel, and D. R. Lovley. 2002. A hydrogen-based subsurface microbial community dominated by methanogens. Nature 415:312-314.

  Chen, I. A., R. W. Roberts, and J. W. Szostak. 2004. The emergence of competition between model protocells. Science 305:1474-1476.

  Chyba, C. F., and C. Sagan. 1992. Endogenous production, exogenous delivery, and impact-shock synthesis of organic molecules: An inventory for the origins of life. Nature 355:125-132.

  Chyba, C. F., P. J. Thomas, L. Bro
okshaw, and C. Sagan. 1990. Cometary delivery of organic molecules to the early Earth. Science 249:366-373.

  Clark, S. 1999. Polarized starlight and the handedness of life. American Scientist 87: 336-343.

  Clark, W. B. 1904. Maryland Geological Survey: Miocene. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press. 2 volumes.

  Cleland, C., and C. Chyba. 2002. Defining life. Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biosphere 32:387-393.

  Cody, G. D. 2004. Transition metal sulfides and the origins of metabolism. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 32:569-599.

  Cody, G. D., N. Z. Boctor, T. R. Filley, R. M. Hazen, J. H. Scott, A. Sharma, and H. S. Yoder, Jr. 2000. Primordial carbonylated iron-sulfur compounds and the synthesis of pyruvate. Science 289:1337-1340.

  Cody, G. D., C. M. O'D. Alexander, and F. Tera. 2001a. Solid-state (1H and 13C) nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of insoluble organic residue in the Murchison meteorite: A self-consistent quantitative analysis. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 66:1851-1865.

  Cody, G. D., N. Z. Boctor, R. M. Hazen, J. A. Brandes, H. J. Morowitz, and H. S. Yoder, Jr. 2001b. Geochemical roots of autotrophic carbon fixation: Hydrothermal experiments in the system citric acid-H2O-(±FeS)-(±NiS). Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 65:3557-3576.

  Cody, G. D., N. Z. Boctor, J. A. Brandes, T. R. Filley, R. M. Hazen, and H. S. Yoder, Jr. 2004. Assaying the catalytic potential of transition metal sulfides for prebiotic carbon fixation. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 68:2185-2196.

  Colwell, F. S., T. C. Onstott, M. E. Dilwiche, D. Chandler, J. K. Frederickson, Q.-J. Yao, J. P. McKinley, D. R. Boone, R. Griffiths, T. J. Phelps, D. Ringelberg, D. C. White, L. LaFreniere, D. Bakwill, R. M. Lehman, J. Konisky, and P. E. Long. 1997. Microorganisms from deep, high temperature sandstones: Constraints on microbial colonization. FEMS Microbiology Review 20:425-435.

  Conn, M. M., and J. Rebek, Jr. 1994. The design of self-replicating molecules. Current Opinion in Structural Biology 4:629-635.

  Cooke, B. 2004. The Gathering of Infidels: A Hundred Years of the Rationalist Press Association. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books.

 

‹ Prev