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Genesis: The Scientific Quest for Life's Origin

Page 40

by Robert M. Hazen


  Lauwers, Anne Marie

  Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

  Lazcano, Antonio

  Lemke, Kono

  Lerman, Louis

  Leucine

  Lévi-Strauss, Claude

  Life. See also Defining life;

  Extraterrestrial life;

  Flat life;

  Synthetic life

  antiquity of

  carbon isotope signature

  as chance event vs. cosmic imperative

  characteristics of

  chemical interactions

  complexity

  first life-form on Earth

  meaning and value of

  raw materials for

  standards of proof

  temperature limits

  window for emergence

  Lightman, Alan

  Lightning

  Limestone

  Limonene

  Lindsay, John

  Lipid World scenario

  Lipids, amphiphilic

  aerosol life

  bilayer structure

  building blocks

  coenzymes and

  extraction and analytical procedures

  hydrothermal conditions

  Murchison meteorite sample

  RNA encapsulation

  seawater minerals and

  self-replication

  self-organization

  ultracold vacuum experiments

  Löb, Walter

  Logos

  Lowell, James Russell

  Lowell, Percival

  Luisi, Pier Luigi

  Lyxose

  M

  Macquarie University

  Macromolecules.

  See also Lipids

  abiotic formation

  assembly

  building blocks

  chiral selectivity and

  Miller–Urey process and

  minerals as protection

  production steps

  synthesis of

  in water

  Magnesium

  Magnesium oxide crystal model system

  Magnetite

  Magnetotactic bacteria

  Malate

  Mandelbrot set

  Mars

  atmosphere

  “canals”

  chemical analyzer

  detecting life on

  meteorites from

  Noachian epoch

  sample return mission

  surface water

  Viking mission

  Mass spectrometry

  Massachusetts Institute of Technology

  Mathematica

  Maule, Jake

  McKay, David

  Melosh, Jay

  Membranes.

  See also Lipids

  clay

  encapsulation of metabolic protolife

  iron sulfide bubble

  RNA encapsulation

  Merton, Alan

  Metabolic protolife

  amino acids and

  autocatalytic networks

  autotrophic

  citric acid cycle

  continuity in

  credit for idea

  cross-catalytic systems

  cyclical processes

  encapsulation

  energy sources

  environment and

  evolution of

  fossil biochemical pathways

  genetics linked to

  heterotrophic

  hydrothermal origin of

  Iron–Sulfur World

  laboratory experiments

  principles

  Protenoid World

  pyruvate and

  reverse citric acid cycle

  self-assembly of macromolecules

  self-replication

  test of

  Thioester World

  Meteorites

  Allan Hills

  amino acids

  biomolecules from

  carbonaceous chondrites

  contamination

  Hadean eon

  lipid molecules in

  microbial transfer from Earth to space

  Murchison

  PAH ratios

  Methane

  Methyl acrylic acid

  2-Methylhopanoid

  Mica

  Microarray Assay for Solar System Exploration (MASSE)

  Microbes. See also Bacteria

  antiquity of

  asteroid impacts and

  DNA swapping

  as energy source

  extremophiles

  fossils

  genome sequencing

  magnetite crystals and

  in meteorites

  mining for

  oil-from-below hypothesis

  reverse citric acid cycle

  in rocks

  Savannah River core samples

  and spontaneous generation theory

  testing hypotheses

  Microscope

  Microspheres

  Mid-Atlantic Ridge

  Miller, Charles

  Miller, Stanley L.

  Miller–Urey experiment

  “Millerites” and “Miller lites”

  Minerals. See also Clay life;

  other specific minerals

  bonding to amino acids

  carbonate

  as catalysts

  as cell walls

  chiral surfaces

  double-layer hydroxides

  at hydrothermal vents

  polymerization on

  as protection for protolife

  as scaffolding for life

  in seawater

  selection of molecules

  and self-organization

  surfaces as energy sources

  surfaces as genetic sequence

  Mojzsis, Stephen J.

  Molecular evolution

  autocatalytic systems

  biomolecules

  competition and

  complex emergent systems

  laboratory experiments

  molecular selection and

  phylogenetic analysis

  RNA

  self-replication

  synthetic life

  Molecular “fossils”

  Molecular selection

  chirality

  by minerals

  and molecular evolution

  in PAH World

  process

  in space

  Morgan, Stanley Hunt

  Morowitz, Harold

  The Mummy (film)

  Murray, Andrew

  Myths

  N

  Naphthalene

  NASA Ames Research Center

  Astrobiology Science Conferences

  National Academy of Sciences

  National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)

  Allan Hills meteorite

  Astrobiology Institute support for research

  definition of life

  Exobiology program

  Lunar and Planetary Science Conference

  Mars exploration

  Office of Space Science

  Specialized Center of Research and Training

  National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

  National Science Foundation

  Natural history, religious vs. scientific interpretation

  Natural selection

  Nealson, Kenneth

  Needham, John

  Neptunists

  Neutron stars

  New England College

  Newton's laws of motion

  Nickel

  Nickel sulfide

  Niels Bohr Institute

  Nielsen, Peter

  Nielsen-Marsh, Christine

  Nitrogen

  atmosphere

  chemistry at hydrothermal vents

  isotopes

  1-Nonene

  Nuclear reactors, microbial corrosion

  Nucleation

  Nucleic acids.

  See also DNA;

  RNA

 
; Nucleotides

  O

  Occam's razor

  Oceanologica Acta (journal)

  Ohmoto, Hiroshi

  Oil-from-below hypothesis

  Oil-slick hypothesis

  Olivine

  Onstott, Tullis

  Oparin, Alexander

  Oregon State University

  Orgel, Leslie

  Oró, John

  Osteocalcin

  Ourisson, Guy

  Oxalic acid dihydrate

  Oxaloacetate

  Oxford University

  Oxygen

  P

  Packer, Bonnie

  PAH World

  amino acid bases

  comments of

  energy source

  experimental support

  hypothesis

  molecular selection

  publication

  self-organization

  thesis defense

  PAHs. See Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

  Paper chromatography

  Parity principle

  Pashley, Richard

  Pasteur, Louis

  Pasteurization

  Pennsylvania State University

  Peptide nucleic acid (PNA)

  Peptides

  formation

  self-replicating

  Petroleum, abiotic formation

  Pflug, Hans-Dieter

  Phenanthrene

  Philosophy of science

  Phospholipid molecules

  Photosynthesis

  Phylogenetic analysis

  Pilbara Craton

  Platts, Simon Nicholas (Nick)

  Plutonists

  PNA. See Peptide nucleic acid

  Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)

  amphilic character

  base spacing

  biomarker and abiomarker ratios

  in deep space

  discotic organization

  encapsulation

  functionalized;

  see also PAH World

  identification

  in meteorites

  and photosynthesis

  sources

  structures

  synthesis and purification

  ubiquitousness

  UV radiation and

  Polymerization on the rocks

  Popper, Karl

  Portsmouth University

  Prebiotic chemistry

  atmospheric

  criticisms of

  early speculation about

  at hydrothermal vents

  Miller–Urey experiment

  oceanic

  spontaneous generation theory

  ultracold reactions

  variations on Miller–Urey

  Pre-RNA World. See PAH World

  Prigogine, Ilya

  “Primordial soup” hypothesis.

  See also Miller–Urey experiment

  Prokaryotes

  Proline

  Propene

  Proteins

  Protenoid World

  Protenoids

  Proto-planetary nebulae

  Pseudoscience

  Pulsars

  Purdue University

  Pyranosyls

  Pyrene

  Pyrite

  Pyrrhotite

  Pyruvate

  Q

  Q virus

  Quartz

  R

  Radioactive beta decay

  Rebek, Julius, Jr.

  Reductionism

  Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute

  Reproduction.

  See also Self-replication

  Reverse citric acid cycle

  Reynolds, Craig

  Ribose.

  See also RNA

  Ribosomes

  Ribozymes

  RNA

  amphiphilicity

  antiquity of

  bases

  biochemical synthesis pathways

  as catalyst and information carrier

  clays as scaffolding for

  encapsulation

  molecular selection experiments

  nucleotide synthesis

  precursor polymers;

  see also PAH World

  protein assembly

  replicase

  riboswitches

  ribozymes

  self-replicating

  specialized

  Spiegelman monsters

  structure

  synthetic organisms

  variants

  RNA World hypothesis

  Rodhocetus

  Ross, David

  Rossman, George

  Royal Society of London

  Rubin, Vera

  Runnegar, Bruce

  Russell, Michael

  S

  Sagan, Carl

  Salk Institute for Biological Studies

  Sand patterns

  Santa Fe Institute

  Savannah River nuclear processing facility

  Schidlowski, Manfred

  Schopf, J. William

  Scripps Institution of Oceanography

  Scripps Research Institute

  Seager, Sara

  Self-complementary molecules

  Self-organization

  in aerosols

  of biomolecules

  clays and

  crystal nucleation

  energy input

  experiments

  lipid membranes

  macromolecules

  metabolic networks

  multimers

  PAH World

  RNA-containing vesicles

  seawater minerals and

  spontaneous

  into surface life

  vesicles

  Self-replication

  autocatalytic molecules

  biomolecules

  citric acid cycle

  clay life

  competition and

  cross-catalytic systems

  DNA strands

  emergence

  flat life

  lipids

  by metabolic protolife

  peptides

  polymers

  reverse citric acid cycle

  RNA molecule

  self-complementary molecules

  test-tube experiments

  SETI Institute

  Shale fossils

  Shock, Everett

  Silicon

  Siljan Ring

  Simpson, Sarah

  Singer, Maxine

  Smith, John Maynard

  Smith, Joseph V.

  Solar radiation

  South African sandstones

  Space

  biomolecular diversity

  chiral-selection process in

  membranes from

  molecular clouds

  Spallanzani, Lazzaro

  Spiegelman, Sol

  Spiral galaxies

  Spontaneous generation, theory of

  Squalene

  Stanford University

  Steele, Andrew

  Sterols

  Stewart, Potter

  Strecker synthesis

  Strelley Pool Chert

  Sucrose

  Sugar phosphates

  Sugars

  Sulfur.

  See also Iron–Sulfur World

  Summons, Roger

  Surface origin of life

  flat life

  mineral surfaces

  at ocean–atmosphere interface

  on rocks

  Sweden

  Museum of Natural History

  State Power Board

  Synthetic life

  Szostak, Jack

  T

  Tartaric acid

  Termite colonies

  Thalidomide

  Thermodynamics, laws of

  Thin layer hromatographic analysis

  Thioester World

  Thioesters

  Thiols

  Threose

  Thymine

  Titan (moon)

  TNA

  Toporski, Janr />
  Tree of life

  Tricarboxylic acid cycle

  U

  Ultracold vacuum experiments

  Ultraviolet radiation

  Undersea volcanic vents, ecosystems.

  See also Hydrothermal-origins hypothesis

  ammonia source

  black smokers

  ecosystems

  mineral-rich environment

  sulfide pillars

  Uniformitarians

  Université Louis Pasteur

  University of Bristol

  University of California

  Davis

  Los Angeles

  San Diego

  Santa Barbara

  Santa Cruz

  University of Chicago

  University of Colorado

  University of Florida

  University of Houston

  University of Illinois

  University of Karlsruhe

  University of Miami

  University of Montana

  University of Newcastle

  University of Regensburg

  University of Washington

  Updike, John

  Uracil

  Urea

  Urey, Harold

  U.S. Geological Survey

  V

  van Kranendonk, Martin

  “Ventists”.

  See also Hydrothermal-origins hypothesis

  Vesicles

  Violarite

  Viruses

  Vitalism

  Volcanic eruptions.

  See also Undersea volcanic vents

  von Kiedrowski, Guenter

  W

  Wächtershäuser, Günter

  Walters, Malcolm

  Washington University

  Water

  biomolecular assembly in

  dielectric constant

  at extreme pressure-cooker conditions

  pyruvate experiments

  Watson, James

  Werner, Brad

  Western Australian

  chert

  shale

  Whale, evolution

  Whitehead Institute

  Whitehouse, Martin

  Wills, Christopher

  Wilson, E. O.

  Woese, Carl

  Wöhler, Frederich

  Wolfram, Stephen

  Women, in origins research

  X

  X-ray spectrometry

  Xylose

  Y

  Yale University

  Ycas, Martynas

  Yeast chromosomes

  Yoder, Hatten S. (Hat)

  Z

  Zeolites

  Zinc sulfides

  Plate 1

  Plate 2

  Plate 3

  Plate 4

  Plate 5

  Plate 6

  Plate 7

  Plate 8

 

 

 


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