by Norman Lowe
Ethiopia 592–3
Liberia 594
Nigeria 567–8
Rwanda 581–2
Sierra Leone 595–7
Somalia 602–3
Sudan 604–5
USA 469, 486–7
Clemenceau, Georges 27, 29, 56
Clinton, Bill 269, 519–20, 582, 603, 649
Cold War, meaning 122
causes 123–5
end of 163–5
events during 125–40, 160–3, 608
collectivization
in China 433
in Korea 455
in Russia 378–9, 398–9
collective security 44, 70
Comecon 131, 202
Cominform 202
Comintern (Communist International) 69
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) 199–200
Common Market see European Economic Community
Commonwealth, British 195
Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) 407
communes
in China 434
in Yugoslavia 203
communism
meaning and nature of 123
in Cambodia 158, 448, 457–60
in China 431–46
in Eastern Europe 127–9, 202–7
in Laos 158, 449, 462–3
in North Korea 142, 449–53
in Russia 348–409
in Vietnam 140–3, 455–7
collapse of 163–5, 207–11, 403–9
Congo (Zaire) 159, 173, 574–7
Conquest, Robert 380, 381, 383
contraception 610, 669, 673–4
and AIDS 680–1
Contras (Nicaragua) 621
convoys 28, 101–2
Coolidge, Calvin 473
Corfu Incident (1923) 47
Correa, Rafael 629–30
Council of Europe 192
Craxi, Bettino 190
credit-rating agencies 659
Croatia 212–14
Cruise missiles 139, 141–2
Cuba 142, 147–9, 608, 610
missiles crisis (1962) 137–9
Cultural Revolution (Chinese) 431, 435–6
Cyprus 173, 540–1
Czechoslovak Legion 364–5
Czechoslovakia 646
between the wars 61–2
creation of 38–9
division of (1992) 212
end of communism in 207, 210
and Germany 70, 81–2
under communist rule 131, 204
1968 rising 174, 205–6
Czech Republic 212, 217
D-Day (1944) 104–7, 100
da Silva, Ignacio (Lula) 614, 622, 624–5
Daladier, Edouard 81
d’Annunzio, Gabriele 296
Danqua, J.B. 565
Danzig 70, 83
Dardanelles 13, 24
Darfur 604
Dawes Plan (1924) 53, 312–13
Debs, Eugene 481–3, 485
decolonization 529–61
see also individual countries
De Gaulle, Charles 187, 192, 196
and Algeria 550–3
and Fifth Republic 187
De Klerk, F.W. 589–90
democracy, meaning 3
democracy wall (China) 437–8
Democratic Republic of the Congo see Congo (Zaire) 576–7
Deng Xiaoping 431, 436–41
Denmark 196
Depression, the Great see world economic crisis
détente, meaning 122, 160–3
events 160–3
Diaz, Porfirio 615
Dikotter, Frank 433
disarmament 45, 49
German 33–46, 49, 55–6, 76–7
Doe, Samuel 594
Dollfuss, Engelbert 64–5, 76
Dominican Republic 608, 611
domino theory 151
Dos Santos, Jose Eduardo 578–9
Dreadnoughts 7, 9, 13, 25–7
drought in Africa 692
drug trafficking 277–8, 625, 628
Dubček, Alexander 206
Du Bois, W.E.B. 488
Dumbarton Oaks Conference (1944) 167
Dunkirk 91
‘dustbowl’ (USA) 471
Earth Summit (1992) 649
East Timor 558–9
Ebert, Friedrich 309, 311
ecosystem, the 644
Ecuador 622, 629–30
Eden, Sir Anthony 194, 233–4
Egypt 225–9, 282, 284–6
Arab Spring in 284–6
Eire 196, 219
Eisenhower, Dwight D. 151, 192, 513
Doctrine 159
social policies 502–3
Elizabeth II, Queen 565
Enabling Law (Germany) (1933) 320
Enosis 540–1
Enron 522
Entente Cordiale (1904) 7, 8
Eoka 541
environmental pollution 646–7
Eritrea 592–3, 605
Estonia 34, 90, 118, 220, 406–7, 660
Ethiopia 43, 49, 73–5, 118, 591–3
civil war 592
euro, the 217
eurozone 217
in crisis 661
Europe, Council of 192
European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) 193
European Commission 193, 194
European Economic Community (EEC)
192–201
economic model 653
formation of 192–3
becomes EC 194
becomes European Union 201
and Britain 194–6, 198–9
problems 199–200
European Free Trade Association (EFTA) 194–5
European Parliament 193–4, 197
European Union (from 1992) 201
in crisis 221–3
new constitution 218–21
problems in 219–21
2008 financial crisis 660–1, 665
Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM) 197
Falkland Islands see also Malvinas 626–7
Falun Gong 444
Farmers’ Relief Act (USA, 1933) 494
fascism 299–307
principles of 299
Fatah 234
Federal Emergency Relief Administration (USA, 1933) 495
Fenby, Jonathan 436, 446
Fergusson, James 279
Finland 46, 118, 217, 360
Fischer, Fritz 13–16
First World War
causes of 12–16
events during see also battles 3, 18–32
events leading up to 7–11
peace settlement 32–41
reasons for German defeat 29–30
Fitzpatrick, Sheila 381, 383, 392
Five-Year Plans
China 433–41
USSR 375–7, 390, 398
FLN (National Liberation Front – Algeria) 551–3
FLNA (Angola) 577
Foch, Marshal F. 28
food production and population growth 647–9, 667–71
Ford, Gerald 514–15
Ford, Henry 514
Formosa see Taiwan
fossil fuels, exhaustion of 644–6
Fourteen Points (Woodrow Wilson’s) 32
Fox, Vicente 618, 622, 625
France
before First World War 3–4, 7–9, 11
during First World War 18–25, 27–31
and the peace settlement 32–4, 37, 41
foreign affairs between the wars 48–9, 51–2, 53–7, 60, 78–81
in the Second World War 89–90. 91, 105
reasons for defeat 91–3
since 1945 187–8
and decolonization 549–54
and the EEC 191–3, 196–8, 199–201, 217–23
and Cambodia 457–8
and Laos 462–3
and Suez 232–4
and Vietnam 454–5
Franco, General 344–7
Franz Ferdinand, Archduke 11
Frei, Eduardo 155, 627
FRELIMO (Mozambique) 557
French Community 553–4
FRETILIN (East Timor) 558
Friedman, Milton 516
Fukuyama, Francis 257, 445
Fulton Speech (Churchill) 129
Gaddafi, Colonel Muammar 286–7
overthrow of 282–3, 288–90
Gaidar, Yegor 409–10
Gallipoli Campaign (1915) 22–3
Gandhi, M.K. 535–6
Gandhi, Rajiv 589
Gang of Four (China) 436–7
Garvey, Marcus 489
GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) 191
Gaza 262
Israeli attacks on 254–5
GDP (Gross Domestic Product), meaning 198
Geneva Protocol (1924) 47–8
Genoa Conference (1922) 53
Germany
and Britain before 1914 3–11
and responsibility for First World War 12–16
during First World War 3, 18–22
reasons for defeat 29–30
and the peace settlement 32–8, 41
Weimar Republic 309–14, 316–17
under Hitler 316–33
and League of Nations 45, 53–5
and Austria 57, 77
and Britain 57, 78, 80, 82
and Czechoslovakia 75, 81–2
and France 51–7
and Poland 57, 82–3
and Russia 59
during Second World War 89–120
reasons for defeat 109–11
divided after 1945 132–3
East 164, 209–10, 646
West 188–9
reunited 165, 189. 210
since reunification 189, 212, 665
Ghana 159, 563, 565–7
Gilbert, Martin 85
Giolitti, Giovanni 296
glasnost 403
Gleichschaltung 320–6
global terrorism 258–9, 265–82, 521
global warming 635, 644, 649–52
GM crops 647–9
GNP (Gross National Product), meaning 640–1
USA 499
world 641
Goebbels, Dr Joseph 322, 331
Gold Coast see also Ghana 533, 542–3
Goldman Sachs 656
Gompers, Samuel 481
Gomul⁄ka, Wl⁄adysl⁄aw 204, 207
Gorbachev, Mikhail 161–2, 163, 208, 267, 396, 403–8
assessments of 408
Gore, Al 520
Goulart, Julio 612–13
Gowon, General Yakubu 568
Great Depression, the see world economic crisis
Great Leap Forward (China) 431, 434–5
Greece 94, 661
‘green revolution’, the 670
Greenspan, Alan 657
Grey, Sir Edward 9, 11
Grivas, General George 541
Guantánamo detention centre 276
Guatemala 608, 610–12, 618–20
Guernica 77, 345
Guevara, Che 148, 628
Guinea 605
Guinea-Bissau 557
Gulf War (1991) 175, 246–7
Gusmao, Xanana 558
Guyatt, Nicholas 259–60
Habsburg Empire see Austria-Hungary
Haig, Sir Douglas 24, 29–31
Haile Selassie, Emperor 591–2
Haiti 608
Halifax Bank of Scotland (HBOS) 656
Hamas 240, 249, 262
Hammarskjold, Dag 575
Havel, Václav 210
Hayek, Frederick 516
Haywood, Big Bill 483, 485
Heath, Sir Edward 196
Henig, Ruth 49–50
Helsinki Agreement (1975) 207
Herriot, Edouard 57, 60
Hezbollah (Islamic Jihad) 240, 243–4, 262
Hindenburg, General Paul von 24, 315–17
Hirohito, Emperor of Japan 338
Hiroshima 338
Hitler, Adolf
Beer Hall Putsch in Munich 311
rise to power 314–16
foreign policies 75–7, 81–3
internal policies 319–28, 330–2
and the Holocaust 111–17, 325–6
and the Second World War 89–117
and the ‘weak dictator’ theory’ 332–3
Hoare, Sir Samuel 74, 79
Ho Chi Minh 150–1, 455
Holland 89–90, 91, 132, 171, 192–3, 197, 200
and decolonization 554–5
Holocaust, the 111–17, 325–6
Honecker, Erich 209–10
Hong Kong 338, 643
Hoover, Herbert 489, 492–3
Horta, José 558
Horthy, Admiral Nikolaus 66
Hossbach Memorandum 86
Hoxha, Enver 211
Hu Jintao 442, 444, 446
Hua Guofeng 436–7
Huddleston, Trevor 586
Human Rights Commission (UN) 177–8
Hundred Flowers Campaign (China) 433–4
Hungary
between the wars 65–6
and the peace settlement 38–9
since 1945 122, 126–8, 204, 220
1956 rising 173, 205
end of communism in 164, 209
Hun Sen 461–2
Husak, Gustav 206
Hussein, King 229, 235
Hutton, Will 261, 652, 654
Hu Yaobang 437, 438, 439
Idris, King of Libya 559
Iliescu, Ion 211
immigration (USA) 469, 474–7
imperialism, meaning 4
India 534–7
Independence 534–5
partitioned 535–7
in the 21st century 663, 670
Indo-China 149–50, 549–50
Indonesia 554–5, 560–1, 644
Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) 483
Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles (ICBMs) 136, 139, 161
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 650
Intermediate Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty (1987) 161–2
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) 270, 281, 287
International Court of Justice 169, 621
International Criminal Court 170
International Labour Organization (ILO) 178, 644
International Monetary Fund (IMF) 180, 612–16, 622, 626, 661
Iran (Persia) 159–60, 229
after the Shah’s overthrow (1979) 263, 279–82
its nuclear programme 281–2
Irangate 517–18
Iran–Iraq War (1980–8) 175, 244–6
Iraq 160, 229
2003 invasion of 176–7, 270–3
Iron Curtain 129
Islamism 603
beliefs and principles 677–8
‘clash of civilizations’ 675–7
situation in 2012 678–9
Israel
creation of 125, 230–1
wars with Arabs 225–6, 231–7, 243–4, 247–50
Italy
before 1914 3, 4, 7, 12
during the First World War 18, 23, 27, 30–1
and the peace settlement 41
problems after 1918 31, 295
Mussolini comes to power in 295–8
under Mussolini 299–306
foreign policy between the wars 72–5
during Second World War 89, 94, 100, 101, 104–5
since 1945 189–90, 661
and decolonization 559
Ivory Coast 553
Jackel, Eberhard 87
Jamaica 537–9, 605
Japan 3, 4, 7
before the First World War 336
during First World War 336
between the wars 336–8
and China 69, 70–2, 118, 336–8, 421–2
and League of Nations 43, 48
invasion of Manchuria 43, 48, 69, 70, 337–8
and USA 52–3, 338–40
during Second World War 31, 89–90, 96–100, 108–10, 117–19, 338
since 1945 338–42, 650
Jaruzelski, General Woyciech 208–9, 647
Java 554
Jerusalem 248–9
Jews 172, 225–40, 247–55
under Hitler 111–17, 325–6
Jiang Quing 436
Jiang Zemin 440–2
Jim Crow Laws 487–8
Jinnah, M.A. 535
Johnson, Lyndon B. 612
social policies 504–5
and Vietnam 151, 153
Johnson, Paul 674
Johnson-Shirleaf, Ellen 594–5
Jonathan, Goodluck 571
Jordan 229
Jospin, Lionel 187–8
Jung Chang 425
Kabbah, Tejan 596
Kabila, Joseph 576–7
Kabila, Laurent 576
Kádár, János 204, 205, 209
KADU 546
Kagame, Paul 577, 582
Kamenev, Lev 367, 373–5, 380
Kampuchea see Cambodia
KANU 545–6
Kapp Putsch (1920) 311
Karadžić, Radovan 217
Karzai, Hamid 259, 268–9, 277–8
Kasavubu, Joseph 574
Kashmir 173–4
Katanga (Shaba) 574–5
Kaunda, Kenneth 546, 602
Kellogg–Briand Pact (1928) 54
Kennan, George 129
Kennedy, John F. 137, 152–3, 611
assassination of 501, 504
social policies 503
Kennedy, Robert 139, 505
Kenya 264, 544–6
Kenyatta, Jomo 544–6
Kerensky, Alexander 356–8
Kershaw, Ian 82, 87, 112, 317, 318–19, 325, 332–3
Keynes, J.M. 41, 54
Khatami, Muhammad 279–80
Khmer Rouge 175, 456, 458–60, 462
Khomeini, Ayatollah 244–5, 262, 279
Khrushchev, Nikita 137–9, 203, 381, 396–400
criticism of Stalin 204, 397
Kikwete, Jakaya 574
Kim Dae Jung 451
Kim Il Sung 143–5, 449
Kim Jong Il 451–3
Kim Jong-un 455
King, Dr Martin Luther 505, 506–9
Kirchner, Cristina Fernández de 626–7
Kirchner, Nestor 622, 626
Kirov, Sergei 380
Kissinger, Henry 459
Kohl, Helmut 189
Kolchak, Admiral Alexander 364–5
kolkhozy 378
Korea
North 448–53
South 449–53, 643
war in (1950–3) 143–6, 172, 450
Kornilov, General Vladimir 357
Koroma, Ernest Bai 597
Koroma, Johnny Paul 596
Kosovo 215–16
Kosygin, Alexander 400–1
Krenz, Egon 210
Kubitschek, Jusselino 612
Kufuor, John 567
Ku Klux Klan 487, 489, 510
kulaks 378–9
Kun, Béla 38, 66
Kuomintang 420, 423–9
Kutchuk, Dr Fazil 541
Kuwait 246–7
Kyoto Protocol (1997) 261, 521, 649–50
labour unions (USA) 481–6
Lancaster House Conference (1979) 548–9
Laos 143, 149, 151, 158, 462–4, 549–50
Latin America 137–9, 142, 147–9, 155–8, 608–31
Latvia 34, 90, 118, 220, 361–2, 406–7, 660
Laval, Pierre 74, 80, 93
Lawrence, T.E. (of Arabia) 39
League of Nations 34, 41, 43–50, 55, 70, 72, 74, 170–1, 593