by Norman Lowe
failures 46–50
successes 45–6, 49–50
Lebanon 174, 240–4
and July War 2006 243–4
Lebensraum 75
Lehman Brothers 655, 658
Lend-Lease Act (USA, 1941) 97
Lenin, Vladimir Ilich 354–70
assessment of 368–9
domestic policies 359–68
foreign policies 360–1
and the Russian revolutions 354–9
Leningrad 95–6, 101
Lesotho 605
Liberia 593–5
Libya 94, 100, 265, 282–3, 286–91, 643
Liebknecht, Karl 311
Ligachev, Yegor 405
Li Keqiang 446
Limann, Hilla 566
Lin Biao 436
Li Peng 439
Lisbon Peace Accords (1991) 578
Lister, Joseph 669
Lithuania 34, 90, 118, 220, 361–2, 406–7, 660
Litvinenko, Alexander 415–16
Liu Shao-qui 435
Lloyd George, David 9, 24–5, 26, 29, 32, 33
Lloyds TSB 656
Lockerbie disaster (1988) 263–4
Lomé Convention (1975) 197
Long March (Mao Zedong) 420, 425–6
Lon Nol 459
Ludendorff, General Erich von 28, 310, 317
Lumumba, Patrice 574
Lusitania 26
Luthuli, Chief Albert 585–6
Luxemburg, Rosa 311
Luxembourg 219
Lvov, Prince George 356
Maastricht Agreement (1991) 200–1
Macedonia 10, 164
MacArthur, General Douglas 145–6
MacDonald, J. Ramsay 47–8, 53, 58, 79
Machel, Samora 548
Macmillan, Harold 195, 233
‘wind of change’ speech 543, 587
Madrid bombings (2004) 275
Mafia, the 190
Maginot Line 93
Maizière, Lothar de 210
Makarios, Archbishop 540–1
Malan, Daniel F. 584
Malawi 546, 605, 681
Malaya 89, 98, 539–40
Malaysia, Federation of 540, 693–4
Malcolm X 489, 509–10
Malenkov, Georgi 381, 397
Malta 192, 220
Malvinas Islands see also Falklands 626–7
Manchuria
Japanese invasion of (1931) 48
mandates 34, 35, 45, 169, 228
Mandela, Nelson 263, 586, 589, 590
Mandelstam, Osip 387, 399, 403
Mao Zedong 420, 425–9, 431–6, 514
problems facing 431–2
March on Rome (1923) 298
Margai, Sir Milton 595
Marshall Plan (1947) 124, 130, 191
Marx, Karl 123, 353–4, 362, 370, 374, 386
Masaryk, Jan 131
Mason, Paul 656, 657, 659, 661
Matteotti, Giacomo 300
Mau Mau 545
Max of Baden, Prince 309
May the Fourth Movement (China) 422–3
Mbeki, Thabo 590–1, 654
Mboya, Tom 545–6
McCarthyism 145–6, 511–3
Medvedev, Dmitri 396, 417
Medvedev, Roy 367, 393, 401–2, 404
Mein Kampf 315
Memel 82
Mengistu, Major Haile 592
Mensheviks 354, 360, 362
Merkel, Angela 189, 223, 665
Messali Hadj 551
Mexico 608, 612, 615–18, 622, 625–6, 693
Middle East 159–60, 225–56, 263, 643
military-industrial complex 513
Milošević, Slobodan 170, 213, 215–17
Mitter, Rana 427
Mitterand, François 187
Mkapa, Benjamin 573–4
Mobutu, General 575–6, 577–8
Molina, Carlos 625
Molotov, Vyacheslav 381, 397
Molotov Plan (1947) 130–1, 202
Moltke, General von 14–16
Mommsen, Hans 112, 332
Momoh, Joseph 595
Mondlane, Eduardo 557
monetarism 516, 637
Monnet, Jean 193
Monroe, James 593
Montagnards 457
Montgomery, General Bernard 100, 107
Morales, Juan Evo 628–9
Morocco 8, 549, 550
Morsi, Mohamed 255, 286
Mountbatten, Lord Louis 535–7
Mozambique 176, 548, 605
MPLA (People’s Movement for Angolan Liberation) 577
Mubarak, Hosni 255, 282, 284–6
Mugabe, Robert 548–9, 598–601
Muhamad V, King of Morocco 550
Mujahideen 267
multiple independently-targeted re-entry vehicles (MIRVs) 136, 139, 161
Munich Conference (1938) 70, 81–2
Museveni, Yoweri 680
Muslim Brotherhood 256, 284–6
Muslim League 535
Muslims see also Islamism 180, 221–3, 233, 235, 248–50, 255, 262–4, 265–70, 276–82, 406
Mussolini, Benito
rise to power 295–8
assessment of 307–8
domestic policies 299–306
downfall 104
during Second World War 89, 94, 100, 101
foreign policies 72–5
Mwinyi, Ali Hassan 573
Nagasaki 90, 108, 335
Nagorno-Karabakh 406
Namibia see also South West Africa 35, 169, 578
Nasser, Colonel G.A. 225–7, 232–6
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) 513
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) 488–9
National Industrial Recovery Act (USA) (1933) 495
Nationalism 7, 299, 406, 531–3
African 531
National Labor Union (USA) 481
NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) 216, 266–9, 278, 288–9
formation of 132, 192
National Socialist German Workers’ Party (Nazis) 309–10, 314–33
compared with fascism 329
Germany under 316–33
programme and principles 315–16, 317–19
naval warfare 19, 22, 25–7, 29, 89, 99–100, 101–2
Nazi-Soviet Pact (1939) 83–5
Ndayizeye, Domitien 580
Nehru, Jawaharlal 535
neo-colonialism 542, 560, 561, 641
neo-liberalism 656
Netanyahu, Binyamin 240, 247–8
Netherlands see Holland
Neto, Agostinho 577
New Deal (Roosevelt) 493–8
achievements 498–9
aims of 494
measures 494–6
opposition to 496–8
New Economic Policy (NEP) (Lenin) 366–7, 374–5
New Zealand 22, 94, 146
Ngo Dinh Diem 455
Nicaragua 260, 608, 612, 620–2, 630
Nicholas II, Tsar 351–6, 363
Niemoller, Pastor Martin 324
Nigeria 543, 567–71
civil war in 567–8
Nixon, Richard M. 153–5, 157, 162, 514
social policies 505
and Watergate 514–15
Nkomo, Joshua 546, 548, 598
Nkrumah, Kwame 542, 565–6
Normandy Landings (1944) 104
North American Free Trade Association (NAFTA) 617, 625
North Borneo see Sabah
Northern Rhodesia see also Zambia 546
Northern Rock 655
North–South Divide 638–44
Norway 89, 90–1, 132, 192, 194, 201
Nove, Alec 400
nuclear disarmament 139–40, 161–2
nuclear power 281–2, 644, 646–7
nuclear weapons 136–40, 161, 165, 270, 281–2, 453
Nujoma, Sam 578
Nuremberg Laws (1935) 325
Nyasaland see also Malawi 546
Nyerere, Dr Juli
us 543, 571–3
OAS (Organisation de l’Armée Secrète) 552–3
OAU (Organization of African Unity) 573, 582, 587, 594
Obama, Barack 276–8, 523–5, 656, 660
Obasanjo, Olusegun 570–1
Obote, Dr Milton 543
October Manifesto (1905) 351–2
Oder–Neisse Line 126–7
Odinga, Oginga 545–6
oil 624, 645
in Third World 614–17, 629, 643
OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) 237, 643–5
Operation Overlord (1944) 104–5
Ortega, Daniel 621–2, 630
Oslo Peace Accords (1993) 238–40, 247–8
Ostpolitik 161
Overy, Richard 381
Pact of Steel (1939) 75
Pakistan 670
creation of 535–7
Palestine 230–2, 237–40, 247–55
self-rule in (1995) 240
Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) 234–6
pan-Africanism 533
Panama 260, 608
Papen, Franz von 316–17, 328
Paris 91, 105, 106
Pass Laws 583–4, 585
Pasteur, Louis 669
Pathet Lao 462–3
Paulson, Henry 655
peaceful coexistence 133, 399, 402
Pearl Harbor 89, 96–8, 338
perestroika 208, 403
Persia see Iran
Peking see Beijing
Perón, Juan 335
Pétain, Marshal Henri 24, 27, 91, 93
Petrograd see also Leningrad 356–9, 361
Piłsudski, Józef 63
Pinochet, General Augusto 157, 627
Pipes, Richard 357, 358, 359, 363
Pius XI, Pope 301–2
Poincaré, Raymond 56
Poland 62–3
during Second World War 89, 90, 111
end of communism in 164, 207, 208–9, 212
and Hitler 70, 82–3
since 1945 204
Polisario Front 556–7
Polish Corridor 75, 77, 83
pollution 644, 646–7
Pol Pot 175, 456, 458–60, 462
Pompidou, Georges 187
Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) 236, 239, 249
population, growth and problems 669–71
and AIDS/HIV 679–82
control of 671–5
and Islamism 675–9
statistics 667–8
Portugal 132, 143, 194, 198, 220, 335, 661
and decolonization 557–9, 612
and Zimbabwe 547–8
Potsdam Conference (1945) 126
Powell, Colin 511
Primakov, Evgeny 413
Princip, Gavrilo 11
Prodi, Romano 219
Prohibition (USA) 480
protection see tariffs
Punjab, the 536
Putin, Vladimir 396, 413–18
Pu Yi 421
quantitative easing (QE) 660
Rabin, Yitzak 238–40
racial problems
in Germany 110–17, 317–18, 325–6
in USA 469, 479, 486–9, 501, 505–11
Rafsanjani, Ali Akbar 279
Rahman, Tunku Abdul 539–40
Rajk, Laszlo 204
Rákosi, Mátyás 205
Ranariddh, Prince 461–2
Rasputin, Grigori 354
Rawlings, Jerry 566–7
Rawls, John 652
Read, Christopher 366, 394
Reagan, Ronald 125, 260, 515–18, 621
Red Guards (China) 435–6
‘Red Terror’ (Russia) 363
reparations 34–8, 51, 52, 56, 312–13
revisionism, meaning 163
Rhineland 34
Rhodesia
Northern see also Zambia 546
Southern see also Zimbabwe 547–8
‘road map’ (for peace in the Middle East) 250–5
Rohm, Ernst 327–8
Roman Catholic Church, the
and birth control 610, 669–70, 673, 681
and Hitler 324
and liberation theology 611, 614, 620
and Mussolini 297, 301–2
Romania 10, 19, 25, 38, 116, 118–19
overthrow of Ceauşescu regime 211
since 1945 123, 126, 186, 202, 205, 211–12
Rome–Berlin Axis (1936) 69, 75
Rommel, Field-Marshal Erwin 94, 100, 103
Roosevelt, Franklin D. 473
and the New Deal 493–8
during Second World War 96–9, 123–6, 499
Roosevelt, Theodore 484
Rousseff, Dilma 624, 651
Royal Bank of Scotland (RBS) 656
Ruhr, the 103–4
French occupation of 51, 53, 56, 312
Rumsfeld, Donald 220
Russia (USSR 1918–91)
responsibility for First World War 12–16
during First World War 18, 20–1, 22–3, 25, 27, 355, 360–1
and the peace settlement 33, 360–1
under Nicholas II 351–6
1905 revolution in 351
1917 revolutions in 351–9
civil war in 364–6
under Lenin 359–70
under Stalin 372–94
foreign policies 123–9
and League of Nations 47
during Second World War 89, 95–6, 101, 110, 389–90
under Khrushchev 397–400
under Brezhnev 400–2
under Gorbachev 403–9
foreign policies since 1945 39, 122, 149, 160–2, 173, 399–400, 402
and China 163
and Eastern Europe 120–35, 173, 186, 202–10, 401, 406
and Africa 159
and the Middle East 159–60, 231–2
end of the communist regime in 164, 403–9
end of the USSR 164, 407
since 1991 409–18, 663–4
Russo-Japanese War (1904–5) 3, 7, 336
Rwanda 581–3
SA (Sturmabteilung) 315, 320
Saar, the 34, 36, 45, 56, 76
Sabah (North Borneo) 540
Sacco and Vanzetti Case, the 485–6
Sadat, Anwar 227, 236–8
Saddam Hussein 176–7, 244–7, 270–3
St Kitts and Nevis 537–9
St Lucia 537–9
St Vincent 547–9
Sakharov, Andrei 402, 404
Salazar, Antonio 557
Saleh, A.A. 282
SALT (Strategic Arms Limitation Treaties) 515
Sandinista, Augusto 621
Sankoh, Foday 596
Sarajevo 11
Sarkozy, Nicolas 188, 444
Sarney, José 613
Saudi Arabia 262
Arab Spring in 282, 291
Savimbi, Jonas 577, 578–9
Schleicher, Kurt von 316–17
Schlieffen Plan 14–16, 19, 29
Schmidt, Helmut 189
Schnellnhuber, John 650–1
Schroder, Gerhard 189
Schuman, Robert 193
SEATO (South East Asia Treaty Organization) 146
Second World War
events leading up to 69–83
causes of 83–7
events during see also battles 89–109, 111–17
reasons for defeat of Axis powers 109–11
effects of 117–20
and nationalist movements 531–3
self-determination 33–4
Senegal 553
September 11 attacks (9/11) 257, 265–6
Serbia 7–16
becomes Yugoslavia 212
under Milošević 213–17
Service, Robert 357, 359, 369, 383, 437
‘settler factor’ 542, 544–9
Shaba 575
Shagari, Shehu 568
Sharia law 270, 274, 570
Sharon, Ariel 249–53
Sharpeville massacre (1960) 586
short-selling 658
short-termism 658–9
Shostakovich, Dmitri 388–9
Siad Barre 602
Sibanda, Gibson 600
Siegfried Line 90, 107
Sierra Leone 543, 595–7
Sihanouk, Prince Norodom 158, 175, 457–9, 461
Simpson, John 440
Singapore 89, 98, 540, 643
Six-Day War (1967) 234–6
slavery (USA) 486–7
Slovakia 212, 217
Slovenia 212–13
Smith, Ian 547
Snow, Edgar 425
Social Revolutionaries (SRs) (Russia) 354, 360–2
Social Security Act (USA) (1935) 495, 498
‘socialism in one country’ 375
Socialist Labor Party (USA) 481
Solidarity 307
Solzhenitsyn, Alexander 399
Somalia 176, 602–3
Somoza, Anastasio 621
Sonn San 461
South Africa 583–91
apartheid in 583–90
and Namibia 169
end of white minority rule in 587–90
South America 608–31
South-West Africa see Namibia
Southern Rhodesia see also Zimbabwe 547–9
Souvanna Phouma, Prince 463
soviets 357–8, 360, 364
Soweto massacre (1976) 586–7
Spaak, Paul-Henri 192
space exploration 514, 517
Spain 342
civil war in 69, 75, 77, 342–6
since 1945 346–7, 661
decolonization 556–7
Spanish Sahara 556–7
Spartacist Rising (1919) 310–11
sputnik 136, 513
Sri Lanka 262–3
SS (Schutzstaffeln) 319
Stakhanovites 377, 384
Stalin, Joseph 123, 126, 369–70
rise to power 372–5
and collectivization 378–9
and the Five Year Plans 375–7, 390
and the purges 379–81
and the Soviet Empire 382
foreign policies 123–9
after 1945 203–4, 389–91
life and culture under 384–9
religion 386–7
assessments of 392–4
Star Wars 161–2
Stevens, Siaka 595
Stolypin, Peter 352–4
Stone, Norman 355
Strasser, Valentine 595–6
Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (1979) 515
Stresa Front 69, 77
Stresemann, Gustav 54, 309, 313–14
submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs) 136, 139
‘successor states’, the 60–6
Sudan 282, 604–5
civil war in 604–5
Sudetenland 70
Suez Canal 232
Suez War (1956) 172, 232–4
Suharto, T.N.J. 560
Sukarno, Achmad 554–5
Sumatra 554
Suny, Robert 370
Sun Yat-sen, Dr 420, 423–4
supply-side economics (USA) 516
SWAPO 578
Swaziland 605, 680
Sweden 217, 246
Switzerland 194, 201
Syngman Rhee 143, 449–50
Syria 225–8, 234–8, 245
Arab Spring in 283
Taiping Rebellion 421
Taiwan (Formosa) 164–5
Taliban, the 259, 277–9