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153 “soldiers under fire”: Bunau-Varilla, Panama, 52.
154 “only drunkards and the dissipated”: Haskins, 194.
154 “The purge continues”: Dingler To Charles, Apr. 1, 1884, quoted in Edgar-Bonnet, 182.
155 “It was put into [their heads]”: Dingler to Charles, Oct. 5, 1884, ibid., 183.
155 “quadruple our efforts”: Dingler to Charles, Apr. 29, 1884, ibid., 183.
155 Dingler’s estimate: Isthmian Canal Commission, Report, 1899–1901, 205.
156–158 Slaven operations: Robinson, 150–158.
160 Photograph of Dingler’s daughter: Bibliothèque Nationale.
160 “My poor husband”: Edgar-Bonnet, 184.
160–161 “I cannot thank you enough”: ibid.
161 “love for the great task undertaken”: Bunau-Varilla, Panama, 36.
162 Illegitimate birth of Bunau-Varilla: Archives of the École Polytechnique, Paris.
163 “As an officer runs to it”: Bunau-Varilla, Panama, 44–45.
163–164 Costly expenditures: Nelson, 235.
163 “a kind of miniature Bois de Boulogne”: Chambre des Députés, Rapport, Vol. 1, 451; also Mack, 344.
163–164 Search For tribe of giants: Mack, 344.
164–165 “No one can appreciate more than these men”: Rogers, 57.
165–166 Recollections of S. W. Plume: Hearings, H.R. 3110.
166–167 Geological conditions: Donald F. MacDonald, “Outline of Canal Zone Geology, “in Goethals, ed., Panama Canal, Vol. 1, 67–83.
168–169 Method of excavation: Goethals, “The Dry ExcavatiOn of the Panama Canal, “ibid., 335–338; also Bunau-Varilla, Panama, 67–70.
170 “this mountain is full of gold”: quoted in Whitehead, Our Faith, 36.
170 “There is enough bureaucratic work”: Nelson, 235.
171 “the gallant employees”: Pirn, Remarks, quoted in DuVal, Mountains, 82.
171 Dingler kills horses: Bennett, 196.
172 Death for two, perhaps three, out of four French workers: Bishop, Gateway, 91.
172 Career of Sister Marie Rouleau: Archives, Compagnie des Filles de la Charité de Saint Vincent de Paul, Paris.
172 “one of those rare women”: N.Y. Tribune, Aug. 22, 1886.
173 Chief physician locked in his cabin: Mimande.
173 Bodies rolled down the embankment: N.Y. Tribune, Aug. 5, 1886.
173 “Sitting on your veranda”: ibid., Aug. 29, 1886.
173 Doctors advise staying out of the sun: ibid., Oct. 1, 1886.
174 Gauguin’s experiences: Mack, 341–342; also Perruchot, 136–140.
175–179 Prestan and Aizpuru uprisings: Bennett, 84–85; also N.Y. Times, Apr. 4, 18, 19, 22, Sept. 4, 1885; Papers on Naval Operations, 1885; Report of Commander McCalla.
180 “Men’s energies are spontaneously influenced”: Bunau-Varilla, Panama, 48.
7. DOWNFALL
Events leading to the demise of the canal company were covered in detail by the principal papers on both sides of the Atlantic. I have relied primarily on The New York Times, the New York Tribune, and The Times of London.
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182 De Lesseps at the Academie: Smith, 211–227.
183 “the most terrible financial disaster”: Rodrigues, iv-v.
184 “The whole thing is a humbug”: ibid., 124.
184 Storm hits Colon: Bunau-Varilla, Panama, 53–56; also Panama Star & Herald, Dec. 4, 7, 8, 1885.
186 “You are for us”: Panama Star & Herald, Feb. 20, 1886.
186 “With hearts and minds like yours”: ibid.
186 “always indefatigable”: Bishop, Gateway, 83.
187 Charles “very clear headed”: Bigelow, Diary.
187 “Any homage paid”: Bunau-Varilla, Panama, 59.
187–188 “Till the money is secured”: Bigelow, Panama Canal.
188 “incontestable advantage”: ibid.
188 Ten times more difficult: Ernest Lambert, “Panama: The Story of a Colossal Bubble,” Forum, Mar. 1893.
189 Crawford interview: N.Y. Tribune, Mar. 30, 1886.
189 Rousseau Report: Bulletin du Canal Interocéanique, July 1, 1886; also Mack, 329–330.
189–190 Jacquet and Boyer views: Isthmian Canal Commission, Report, 1899–1901, 206.
190 “I am postponed”: The Times, July 13, 1886; also Siegfried, 265.
191 Baïhaut’s reputation and personal life: Brogan, 271; also Simon, 64–65.
191–192 Emily Crawford: obituary, Contemporary Review (London), Feb. 1916.
192 Salesmen converse with de Lesseps: Panama Star & Herald, Feb. 27, 1888.
192 “Soon, gentlemen, We shall meet”: N. Y. Tribune, Nov. 29, 1886.
193–194 Bunau-Varilla plan: Bunau-Varilla, Panama, 79–85.
194 Eiffel engaged: The Times, Nov. 16, 1887.
194–195 New “temporary “plan: I.C.C., Report, 1899–1901, 207–208.
196 “From all information received”: Smith, 287.
196 “The ruin is getting on fine!”: Siegfried, 268.
197 “The prudence, the maturity”: Bunau-Varilla, Panama, 88.
198 False telegram: ibid.; also Chambre des Députés, Rapport, Vol. 1, 2073.
199 “M. Lesseps soon showed he was not dead”: Smith, 293.
“unscrupulous audacity”: N. Y. Tribune, July 1, 1888.
199 “All France, it May be said”: Chambre des Députés, Rapport, Vol. 3, 101–102.
200 Threatens to reveal “every step”: Panama Star & Herald, Nov. 26, 1888.
200 “I appeal to all Frenchmen”: Bulletin du Canal Interocéanique, Dec. 2, 1888; also Mack, 363.
200–201 Last day of the sale: Pall Mall Gazette, London Daily News, N. Y. Tribune; also Simon, 79–80.
8. THE SECRETS OF PANAMA
There is an abundance of material on the Panama scandal and the resulting trials in Mack, The Land Divided; Simon, The Panama Affair; and D. W. Brogan’s France Under the Republic; in Dansette, Les Affaires de Panamá, And in both the Smith And Courau biographies of Ferdinand de Lesseps. Again I have relied heavily on the voluminous coverage of the story in the New York And London papers. The most vivid, if something less than an objective, portrayal of the political side of the story is to be found in Leurs Figures, the novel by Maurice Barrès.
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205–206 Drumont and his impact: Byrnes; also Tuchman, 183–184.
206 “This evil doer”: Drumont, 325–326.
206 Drumont on Dingler: ibid., 362.
208 Charles describes father’s visit: Mack, 378–379.
208 “I imagined I was summoned”: Smith, 310.
209 Arthur Meyer’s motivation: Vassili, 262.
211 Barrès view: Barres, “The Panama Scandal, “Cosmopolitan, June 1894.
211 “I would stake here my honor”: Smalley, N. Y. Tribune, Nov. 22, 1892.
212 “We can with difficulty”: ibid., Nov. 23.
213–215 Career of Cornelius Herz: Simon, 183–197; also N. Y. Herald, Dec. 4, 1892; N.Y. World, Dec. 22, 23; Vizetelly, Republican France, 357–358.
215 Herz and Clemenceau: Bruun, 47–48.
215 “Everything is ranged against me”: Bertaut, 117.
217 “That fatal word”: ibid., 121.
223 Anti-Semitic rally: N.Y. Times, Jan. 7, 1893.
223 “The real France”: N.Y. Tribune, Jan. 1, 1893.
224 “Oh, I hesitated”: Harriss, 157.
225 “With as much intention”: N.Y. Times, Jan. 13,1893.
225 Barboux plea: Cour d’Appel, Barboux.
226 Sentences: ibid., Feb. 10, 1893.
226 Charles’s visit to his father: Smith, 401–402.
227 Charles a changed man: Dansette, 202; also Smith, 411.
228–229 Crawford interview with Herz: N.Y. Tribune, Feb. 12, 1893.
229 “It smells bad”: Courau, 236–237.
229 “For fifteen years”: ibid., 225.
229 “His intelligence, his ability”:
Siegfried, 275.
230–231 Charles’s testimony: N.Y. Times, Mar. 9, 1893.
234 “He would not talk about it”: Hubert de Lesseps, conversations with the author.
234–235 Funeral: Times (London), Dec. 17, 1894.
235 “dancing and pirouetting”: Bishop, Gateway, 65.
236 “I will not protest”: Beatty, 309.
238 “Beautiful illusions!”: Cour d’Appel, Barboux.
239–240 “In the end one almost believed”: Siegfried, 277.
240 Money “as clean gone”: Times, Dec. 8, 1894.
240–241 Richard Harding Davis reflections: Harper’s Weekly, Jan. 11, 1896.
BOOK TWO
9. THEODORE THE SPINNER
A biography of the extraordinary John Tyler Morgan has as yet to be written. I have relied chiefly on the numerous newspaper clippings contained among his own papers and among those of Philippe Bunau-Varilla; on obituaries, the published recollections of some of his colleagues in the Senate (Cullom especially), and upon his own speeches and correspondence.
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247 “Now look! That damned cowboy”: quoted in Sullivan, Our Times, Vol. II, 380.
247 “400 percent bigger”: quoted in Lord, 1.
247 “I did not care a rap”: Roosevelt, Autobiography, 357.
247 “He strode triumphant”: Steffens, 503.
248 “a stream of fresh, pure”: Sullivan, Our Times, Vol. II, 399.
248 “It is a dreadful thing”: ibid., 393.
248 “We need not tell our readers”: ibid., 404.
248 “As usual Theodore absorbed”: Adams, Letters, 365.
249 “His walk”: quoted in Keller, ed., 18.
249 “No single great material work”: Messages, 6663.
251 “drifting on the lines”: Mahan, Recollections, 274.
unable to do knots: Puleston, 24.
251 “It is sea power”: Tuchman, 135.
252 “very much the clearest”: Morison, Letters, Vol. I, 221.
252–253 Mahan on the canal: Mahan, Influence, 33–34.
253 “I curled up on the seat opposite”: quoted in Thayer, Vol. II, 333.
253 Build the Nicaragua canal “at once”: Roosevelt to Mahan, May 3, 1897, quoted in Pringle, Roosevelt, 171.
253 “Gradually, a slight change”: Roosevelt: quoted in Autiobiography, 207.
254 “We cannot sit huddled”: quoted in Hill, 1.
254 “The Race of the Oregon”: quoted from Sullivan, Our Times, Vol. I, 456.
255 “I saw first a mast”: Joshua Slocum, Sailing Alone Around the World, 1900 (Dover reprint, 1956), 264.
255 “By that experience”: Sullivan, ibid., 456.
255 “For after all”: Mahan, Recollections, 200.
255 “I wish to see”: quoted in Beale, 81.
256 “great achievement”: quoted in Leech, 508.
256 “no one out of a madhouse”: quoted in Beale, 104.
257 “You can imagine”: ibid., 102–103.
257 “I do not see why”: Bishop, Roosevelt, Vol. I, 144.
257 “fraught with very great mischief”: Roosevelt to Hay, Feb. 18, 1900, quoted in Thayer, Vol. II, 339–340.
257 “If that canal”: ibid.
257 “filthy newspaper abuse”: ibid., 229.
258 “We must bear the atmosphere of the hour”: ibid., 228.
258 “I have hideous forebodings”: Hay to Adams, July 11, 1901, quoted in Thayer, Vol. II, 263.
258 “young fellow of infinite dash”: Hay to Lady Jeune, Sept. 14, 1901, ibid., 266.
258 “modest withal”: Jusserand, 262.
258 “Oh, dear little Mr. Hay”: Alice Roosevelt Longworth, conversation with the author.
258 “the most delightful man to talk to”: Roosevelt to Lodge, Jan. 28, 1909, quoted in Pringle, Roosevelt, 243.
259 Signing of the treaty: N.Y. Times, Nov. 19, 1901.
259 Panama never mentioned in prior speeches: Pringle, Roosevelt, 302.
259 “You know the high regard”: Roosevelt to Morgan, Oct. 5, 1901, Morison, Letters, Vol. Ill, 161.
260 “Senator Morgan was an extraordinary man”: Cullom, 348.
262 “a job which disgusted France”: Pringle, Roosevelt, 303.
264 Walker delivers the report: Panama Star & Herald, Dec. 3, 1901.
264 Hearst releases report: N.Y. Journal, Nov. 21, 22.
265 “gumshoe campaign”: N.Y. Times, Dec. 8, 1901.
265 “I haven’t heard a brush crack”: ibid.
265–266 Paris stockholders’ meeting: ibid., Dec. 22.
266 Commission’s appraisal of French holdings: Isthmian Canal Commission, Report, 1899–1901, 171–175.
266 “It put things”: Hearings, H.R. 3110.
267 Oval Office meeting: Story of Panama, 166.
267 Morgan goes to the White House: N.Y. Times, Jan. 17, 1902.
267 Inventory of French property: I.C.C., Report, 1899–1901, “Supplementary Report,” 673–681.
268 “All the objections shown”: N.Y. Herald, Jan. 30, 1902.
268 Courier-Journal response: Jan. 28, clipping, Morgan papers.
268 “Talk about buying a lawsuit”: reprinted, Panama Star & Herald, Feb. 22, 1902.
269 “no mean nor grasping spirit”: N.Y. Times, Jan. 20, 1902.
10. THE LOBBY
My chief sources here have been the Bunau-Varilla papers. Bunau-Varilla’s own published accounts (particularly his Panama: The Creation, Destruction, and Resurrection), and the voluminous transcript of hearings before the House Committee on Foreign Affairs, the document known as The Story of Panama.
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270 “In the course of a very active”: Story of Panama, 207.
270 “The first bugle-note”: Bunau-Varilla, Panama, 174–175.
271 eyes “as clear as a baby’s”; complexion: N.Y. World, Oct. 4, 1908.
271 the look of a clever drama student: oil portrait in the Wall Street offices of Sullivan & Cromwell.
271 delight in mysterious reputation: Arthur H. Dean (Sullivan & Cromwell), conversation with the author.
271 “the most dangerous man”: Story of Panama, 61–62.
271 “No life insurance agent could beat him”: N.Y. World, Oct. 4, 1908.
271–272 “Accidents don’t happen”: Arthur H. Dean, conversation with the author.
272 Cromwell background: Dean, Cromwell.
272 “skills unusual to lawyers”: Dean, Cromwell.
273 $800,000 fee rendered: Story of Panama, 141.
274 Influence on McKinley concerning I.C.C. appointments: ibid., 152, 227.
274 Cromwell “ready at all times to assist”: Isthmian Canal Commission, Report, 1899–1901, 14; also Story of Panama, 228; personal Diary, 1899, George S. Morison.
275 Materials assembled for the commission: a complete set of all the maps, reports, and other documents is included among the George S. Morison papers.
275 The elegant Pavilion Paillard, now called the Pavilion Élysée, is still in business and little changed.
275 personalized menus: one survives among the Alfred Noble papers.
275 “a very fine lunch”: Diary, 1899, Morison papers.
276 “kept in constant. . . communication”: Story of Panama, 231.
277 “At every turn of my steps”: Bunau-Varilla, Panama, 177.
278 “When I came to know him”: Mitchell, 343.
278 Morison view of Bunau-Varilla: Bulletin of the American Geographical Society, Feb. 1903.
278 a mistake to underrate this man: Noble to Morgan, Apr. 8, 1901, Morgan papers.
278 Bunau-Varilla’s English: Alice Roosevelt Longworth, conversation with the author.
278 “He didn’t just come into a room”: ibid.
278 “Every phase of the canal question”: Mitchell, 345.
279 “a sort of resourceful energy”: N.Y. Sun, Mar. 19, 1903.
279 “father-son relationship”: Clapp, 307.
279 Bunau-Varilla’s Russian escapade: Pan
ama, 145–151; also “Russia and the Panama Canal,” Review of Reviews, June 1904.
280 Bigelow letter: Nov. 9, 1898, Bunau-Varilla papers.
280 “Our conferences were long and frequent”: Bunau-Varilla, Panama, 166.
280 Pavey recollection: Story of Panama, 5.
281 Involvement in the Dreyfus case: Dreyfus, 112.
281 “When My three eminent new friends”: Bunau-Varilla, Panama, 166.
281 “The fight to a finish”: ibid., 174.
281 “We have not forgotten”: William Watts Taylor to Bunau-Varilla, Dec. 13, 1900, Bunau-Varilla papers.
282 “Every time I was in need”: Bunau-Varilla, Panama, 177.
282 “Everything has been done for Philippe”: A. C. Baker to Pavey, Feb. 7, 1901, Bunau-Varilla papers.
282 Cincinnati speech: Bunau-Varilla, Panama, 179.
282 Note and drawing from daughter: Mar. 1902, Bunau-Varilla papers.
282 “intensity of conviction”: William Watts Taylor to Bunau-Varilla, no date, Bunau-Varilla papers.
284 “Never did a more propitious occasion”: Bunau-Varilla, Panama, 181.
284 “This French engineer”: Boston Herald, Jan. 26, 1901.
284 “He lectured before 250”: Baker to Pavey, Feb. 7, 1901, Bunau-Varilla papers.
285 Expenditures: Bunau-Varilla papers.
285 “Open any dictionary”: Bunau-Varilla, Nicaragua, 31.
286 Replies from Hay and Walker: Bunau-Varilla papers.
286 “Towards midnight”: Bunau-Varilla, Panama, 184–185.
286 “Monsieur Bunau-Varilla, you have convinced me”: ibid., 186–187.
287 Hanna’s opinion was McKinley’s “own”: ibid., 187.
287 Bunau-Varilla’s account of the scene: ibid., 187–188.
288 Method of organizing the Compagnie Nouvelle: I.C.C., Report, 1899–1901, 213; also Mack, 406–408.
289 Bunau-Varilla the creation of the Seligmans: This is the theory offered by Stephen Birmingham in “Our Crowd.” when I wrote to ask Mr. Birmingham what his sources were, he replied that he could not remember.
289–290 Footnote: Life, June 19, 1939.
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