290 “servants to wait on the servants”: Mme. Hervé Alphand, conversation with the author.
290 Origins of family fortune remain a mystery: Mme. Hervé Alphand and Philippe Bunau-Varilla, II, conversations with the author.
290 “An active go-between”: Story of Panama, 13.
291 $60,000 donation from Cromwell: ibid., 70–71.
291 A strong case for why $60,000 could never have “fixed” Hanna is made by Miner, 102–103.
291–292 Walker letter: Bunau-Varilla, Panama, 205–206.
292 Walker sees Cromwell: Bunau-Varilla, Panama, 240–241.
292 Bunau-Varilla returns: Bunau-Varilla, Panama, 207.
292–293 Wellman message: Bunau-Varilla papers.
293 Bunau-Varilla’s answer: ibid.
293 Bunau-Varilla meets with Bo: Bunau-Varilla, Panama, 209.
293 Cables sent Jan. 3: Bunau-Varilla papers.
294 Cromwell reinstated: Story of Panama, 244–246.
294 Terms of reinstatement: ibid., 245.
11. AGAINST ALL ODDS
The testimony of Admiral Walker and others is quoted directly from the published transcript, Hearings before the Senate Committee on Interoceanic Canals on H.R. 3110. The speeches of Morgan and Hanna on the Senate floor are from the Congressional Record (57th Cong., 1st Sess.).
PAGE
315 Reaction at Brooklyn dinner: N.Y. Times, Mar. 16, 1902.
316 Pelée disaster: ibid., May 9, 10, 12, 19, 28; also Lately Thomas, “Prelude to Doomsday,” American Heritage, Aug. 1961.
316 “What an unexpected turn”: Bunau-Varilla, Panama, 228.
317 “He greatly prefers”: Hay to Morgan, Mav 12, 1902, quoted in Thayer, Vol. II, 302.
320 “Ladies and diplomats”: Beer, 265.
320 “He has a mass of material”: telegram, June 3, 1902, Bunau-Varilla papers.
321 “This plain old person”: Beer, 265.
322 “Mais, il est formidable!”: ibid.
323 “It was absolutely necessary”: Bunau-Varilla, Panama, 246.
324 Hanna claims forty-five votes: N.Y. Times, June 11.
324 Outcome: ibid., June 20.
326 Morison letter of Dec. 10: Morison papers.
326–327 Career and character of Morison: Morison papers; also Morison, George Shattuck Morison; Elting E. Morison, conversations with the author.
326 “There is a kind of man”: Morison, Morison, 19.
327 “I hate to eat My lunch”: Fullerton L. Waldo, “An Engineer’s Life in the Field on the Isthmus,” Engineering Magazine, Dec. 1905.
328 “Make way for the canal!”: June 27, 1902.
12. ADVENTURE BY TRIGONOMETRY
The primary source for Bunau-Varilla’s activities is Bunau-VariUa; still, it should be stressed that there is little or nothing in the rest of the surviving record to lead one to dispute or doubt his version of the story to any serious degree. Nor did others involved (such as Cromwell or Loomis) issue denials or contrary accounts following publication of Bunau-Varilla’s Panama: The Creation, Destruction, and Resurrection in 1920.
The finest overall study of the struggle between the Colombian ministers and the State Department, and of the Marroquin regime, is Dwight C. Miner’s The Fight for the Panama Route.
PAGE
329 Concha in a strait jacket: Dennis, 314.
329–330 “new impelling force”: Thayer, Vol. II, 297.
331 “The desire to make themselves appear”: Story of Panama, 192.
331 Concha “subject to great nervous excitement”: Hart to Hay, Nov. 3, State Department Dispatches from Colombia, Vol. 50; also Miner, 182.
331 Concha’s “conscience”: quoted in Miner, 184.
332 Hay ultimatum: ibid., 195.
332 “waking from a horrible nightmare”: quoted in DuVal, Cadiz, 207.
332 Morgan proposes sixty amendments: Story of Panama, 273.
333 Raúl Perez article: “A Colombian view of the Panama Question,” North American Review, July 1903.
333 “Without question”: State Department Dispatches from. Colombia, Vol. 59; also Miner, 249.
333 “the whole document is favorable”: quoted in Pringle, Roosevelt, 310–311.
333 “urbane, dignified manners”: Dictionary of American Biography.
334 June 9 message to Beaupre: Hill, 53.
334 “an aggressiveness rarely found”: ibid., 48.
336 “An impartial investigation”: quoted in Freehoff, 43.
337 “You want to be very careful, Theodore”: quoted in Sullivan, Our Times, Vol.II, 319.
339 Gap in Cromwell files: Arthur H. Dean, conversation with the author.
339 Cullom interview: N.Y. Herald, Aug. 15, 1903.
340 “Those contemptible little creatures”: Roosevelt to Hay, July 14, 1903, quoted in Pringle, Roosevelt, 311.
340 “I would come at once”: Dennis, 342–343.
340 “We may have to give a lesson”: Roosevelt to Hay, Aug. 17, quoted in Pringle, Roosevelt, 311.
340 Adee cautions: Adee to Hay, Aug. 18, Hay papers.
340 “We are very sorry”: Adee to Hay, Aug. 19, Hay papers.
340 “It seems that the great bulk”: Roosevelt to Hay, Aug. 19, Morison, Letters, Vol. III, 567.
341 “It will, doubtless, be a surprise”: N.Y. Herald, Aug. 29.
343 Cromwell ready to “go the limit”: Story of Panama, 349.
343 “the responsible person”: ibid., 348.
343–344 Amador’s code: ibid., 358–359.
345 Poker en route: ibid., 359.
345 Hay gives Duque promise of American assistance: ibid., 360.
346 Cromwell made “a thousand offers”: ibid., 362.
346 “I was to go to Washington”: Bunau-Varilla, Panama, 291.
347 “Disappointed”: Story of Panama, 364.
347 “We can never know too much”: Allan Nevins, in the introduction to Nicholas Roosevelt’s Theodore Roosevelt, vii.
347 “The warning I gave”: quoted in Miner, 349.
347 Corinne Robinson recollection: Hagedorn, 177.
348 “It is for you to decide”: quoted in Miner, 351.
Roosevelt’s reply: ibid.
348 “No one can tell”: Roosevelt to Taft, Sept. 15, Morison, Letters, Vol. III, 598.
348 “When I make up my mind”: quoted in Roosevelt, Theodore Roosevelt, 64–65.
349 “I naturally took advantage”: Bunau-Varilla, Panama, 289.
349 “With your imprudence”: ibid., 291.
350 “Tell me what are your hopes”: ibid., 292.
350 “Had I the moral right”: ibid., 302–303.
350–351 Meeting and exchange with Roosevelt: ibid., 310–312.
351 “Nothing was said”: Loomis to Roosevelt, Jan. 5, 1904, quoted in DuVal, Cadiz, 299.
351 “Of course I have no idea”: Roosevelt to Bigelow, Jan. 6, 1904, Morison, Letters, Vol. III, 689.
352 “Bunau-Varilla was up over Sunday”: quoted in Clapp, 313.
353 “Never before was this problem”: Cromwell to Roosevelt, Oct. 14, 1903, quoted in DuVal, Cadiz, 303.
354 “But we shall not be caught napping”: Bunau-Varilla, Panama, 318.
354 “’There is not a fruit nor a grain’”: Davis, Captain Macklin, 197–198.
355 Bunau-Varilla’s reaction to the interview: Bunau-Varilla, Panama, 318–319.
355–356 Mission of Captain Humphrey and Lieutenant Murphy; meeting with Roosevelt: Miner, 353–354; also Story of Panama, 367–368; Pringle, Roosevelt, 321.
356 Bunau-Varilla demands that he represent the new republic: Bunau-Varilla, Panama, 320–321.
357 Telegram provided by Bunau-Varilla: ibid., 324.
358 “The plan seems to me good”: Story of Panama, 71.
358 Telegram from “Smith”: Bunau-Varilla, Panama, 328.
358 “It was not information”: ibid., 329.
359 “If I succeeded”: ibid.
359 “The words I had heard”: ibid., 331.
359 “My only reply to such critics”: ibid., 333.
360 “The United States gunboat”: N.Y. Times, Nov. 1, 1903.
13. REMARKABLE REVOLUTION
The Story of Panama: Hearings on the Rainey Resolution before the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives is the source for what transpired at Panama during the course of the revolution, almost minute by minute. It includes Cromwell’s plea for fees, a lengthy statement by Bunau-Varilla, the log kept by Commander Hubbard, and, most im portant, the testimony of Henry N. Hall, of the New York World. Hall had been assigned by the World to investigate every facet of the revolution–who did what, when, both in Panama and in Washington and New York–in preparation for the subsequent Roosevelt-World lawsuit. The Story of Panama runs to 736 pages.
PAGE
361 “It was a remarkable revolution”: Fifty Years, 383.
362 “You are an old man”: Story of Panama, 379.
363 $35,000 payoff for Varon: ibid., 382, 445.
364 “Have just wired you”: ibid., 386.
365 Stratagem and Sehora Amador: ibid., 387.
365 Personality and background of Shaler: N.Y. Tribune, Jan. 2, 1904.
366 “I pointed out to him”: Story of Panama, 388.
366–367 Hubbard’s orders: Diplomatic History, 362.
367 Hubbard’s return cable: ibid., 365.
367–368 Mission of Aminta Melendez: Aminta Melendez, conversation with the author; also Story of Panama, 389–390.
368 “If you will aid us”: ibid., 390.
368–369 Payoffs to soldiers, $65,000 for Huertas: ibid., 382, 447, 459.
369 “There was nothing that did not show”: ibid., 390.
370 Footnote: ibid., 391.
370 “Generals, you are My prisoners”: ibid., 394.
371 Ehrman’s cable: ibid., 395.
372 Meléndez and Torres at the hotel bar: ibid., 441.
373 “The world is astounded”: ibid., 446–447.
374 “We have the money! We are free!”: ibid.
374 “You must understand”: ibid., 450–451.
374 “I answered SeNor Amador”: ibid.
375 Arrival of Dixie; Torres payoff, ibid., 456–457.
376 Marines land: ibid., 458; also Lejeune, 155.
376 Checks On BrandOn bank: Story of Panama, 462.
377 Reply From Washington: ibid., 463–464.
377 Cleveland On sovereignty: Message to Congress, Dec. 1885, quoted in Freehoff, 158.
377 Seward statement: Miner, 168.
377–378 Fish statement: Freehoff, 234–235.
378 Two cables ordering Hubbard to take the railroad: Story of Panama, 440.
378 “Uprising On Isthmus reported”: ibid., 393.
379 Taft view: Pringle, Taft, Vol. I, 281.
379–380 “I did not consult Hay”: Thayer, Vol. II, 328.
380 CivilizatiOn to the “waste places”: quoted in Beale, 76.
380 “We have no choice”: ibid., 159.
380 “covenant running with the land”: memorandum written by Oscar Straus, Nov. 6, 1903, quoted in Morison, Letters, Vol. III, 648–649, fn.
381 “It is reported We have made a revolution”: quoted in Jusserand, 253.
381 “act of sordid conquest”: N.Y. Times, Nov. 5, 1903.
381 “oppression habitual. . . our Government was bound”: Bishop, Roosevelt, Vol. 1, 294–295.
381–382 Message to Congress: House Doc. No. 1 (58th Cong., 2nd Sess.).
382 “We did our duty”: Outlook, Oct. 7, 1911. Colombia not a “responsible” power: Roosevelt to W. R. Thayer, July 2, 1915, quoted in Thayer, Vol. II, 327.
382 “the exercise of intelligent forethought”: Roosevelt, Autobiography, 508.
382 “most important action”: ibid., 512.
382 “our course was straight-forward”: ibid., 524.
382–383 “Some of our greatest scholars”: Hay to Professor George P. Fisher (Yale), Jan. 20, 1904, quoted in Thayer, Vol. II, 323.
383 Knox remark: Jessup, Vol. I, 404. Root view: ibid., 404–405.
Root view: ibid., 404–405.
383–384 Berkeley speech: San Francisco Examiner, Mar. 24, 1911; also DuVal, Cadiz, 438.
384 “because Bunau-Varill a brought it. . . On a silver platter”: Bunau-Varilla, Great Adventure, 34.
386 “By refusing to allow Colombia”: Hill, 68.
14. ENVOY EXTRA ORDINARY
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387 “I had fulfilled My mission”: Bunau-Varilla, Panama, 429.
388 “the same fatal germs”: ibid., 357.
388 “Against my work”: ibid., 352–353, 358.
388 “So long as I am here, Mr. Secretary”: ibid., 358.
388 “I am officially informed”: ibid., 359.
388 “to proceed in everything strictly in accord with them”: ibid., 360.
390 “What do you think, Mr. Minister”: ibid., 366.
390 “I think, Mr. President”: ibid.
390 “Doubtless M. Bunau-Varilla”: N.Y. Times, Nov. 14, 1903.
391 Pavey “corrected”: Bunau-Varilla, Panama, 369.
391 “It was with anxiety”: ibid., 372.
391 “I cannot refrain”: ibid., 373.
392 “As for your poor old dad”: Thayer, Vol. II, 318.
392 Davis letter: Nov. 15, 1903, Hay papers.
392 “very satisfactory, vastly advantageous”: Hay to Spooner, quoted in Dennis, 341.
393 wording of Article III: Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty, National Archives; also quoted in full in DuVal, Cadiz, 476–486.
394 “You see that from a practical standpoint”: Bunau-Varilla, Panama, 376.
394 “I had not a long time to think it over”: ibid., 377.
394 “We separated not without emotion”: ibid. Bunau-Varilla’s greeting at the station: ibid., 378.
395 Boyd said to strike Bunau-Varilla: Aminta Melendez, conversation with the author.
397 “This time I hit the mark”: Bunau-Varilla, Panama, 384.
397 Senator Money’s speech: ibid., 427.
397 “The debates will be long and heated”: quoted in DuVal, Cadiz, 407.
397 Opposition “pretty well over”: Roosevelt to Theodore, Jr., Feb. 10, 1904, Morison, Letters, Vol. IV, 724.
397–398 Hérran departs “with crushed spirits”: quoted in DuVal, Cadiz, 418.
401 Bunau-Varilla’s rush of private thoughts: Bunau-Varilla, Panama, 429.
401 Departing words to Hay: ibid.
BOOK THREE
15. THE IMPERTURBABLE DR. GORGAS
Material on the family background of Dr. Gorgas and on his early career has been drawn almost entirely from the biography William Crawford Gorgas, written by his wife Marie D. Gorgas and her collaborator, Burton J. Hendrick. Accounts of Gorgas’ work in Cuba can also be found in the first volume of Mark Sullivan’s Our Times and in Joseph Bucklin Bishop’s The Panama Gateway. The excellent sketches of Walter Reed, Surgeon General Sternberg, Carlos Finlay, and Henry Rose Carter in the Dictionary of American Biography have been of particular value.
PAGE
405 “The world requires”: Memoirs.
405 “It is all unspeakably loathsome”: N.Y. Tribune, Feb. 4, 1904.
405 “There is nothing in the nature of the work”: ibid., Jan. 23, 1904.
406 “As you know”: Roosevelt to Walker, Feb. 24, 1904, Morison, Letters, Vol. IV, 738.
406 seven members required: Spooner Act, Sec. 7; also Miner, 411.
407 “We passed through a room”: quoted in Sullivan, Our Times, Vol. I, 458.
408 “What this nation will insist upon”: Instructions to the Isthmian Canal Commission, Morison, Letters, Vol. IV, 746.
408 “Tell them that I am going to make the dirt fly”: Nation, Nov. 23, 1905.
408 Footnote: Roosevelt to Taft, May 9, 1904, Morison, Letters, Vol. IV, 786.
410 “The door is unlocked”: Ross, Memoirs, 301.
411 “not. . . a life to look forward to”:
Gorgas and Hendrick, 53.
411 “I am not much of a doctor”: Martin, 61.
412 “more than an education in medicine”: Gorgas and Hendrick, 60.
415 “For the first time since English occupation”: quoted in Ross, Memoirs, 453.
416 “It is hardly an exaggeration to say”: Gorgas and Hendrick, 151.
416 Bessie Murdock’s recollection: “Ancon Hospital in 1904 and 1905,” Society of the Chagres, Yearbook, 1913.
417 “Men who achieve greatness”: Martin, 62.
419 “If we can control malaria”: Gorgas, article prepared for Engineering Record, May 1904, Gorgas papers.
419 “It was not known how many different species”: Le Prince, 43.
419 “We had no means”: ibid., 44.
420 “The condition is very much the same”: Gorgas, article for Engineering Record, Gorgas papers.
420 Study of mosquitoes in the wards: Le Prince, 21–22.
421 Gorgas told to use the mails: Gorgas and Hendrick, 151–152.
422 Walker’s views on mosquito theory: ibid., 162–164.
423 “. . . whether we build the canal”: Pepperman, 54.
423 Davis response: Gorgas and Hendrick, 164–165.
423 “That persistence”: ibid., 152.
424 “. . . Dr. Carter was on hand to greet us”: ibid., 154.
424 “There is an alluring something”: ibid., 155–156.
424 “We were on a high point”: ibid., 156–159.
425 “Old rusted French beds”: Bessie Murdock, “Ancon Hospital in 1904 and 1905,” Society of the Chagres, Yearbook, 1913; also quoted in Pepperman, 228–230.
425 “One straight-backed chair”: Canal Record, Sept. 11, 1907.
425 “He bowed to the man, shook his hand”: Dr. Victor Heiser, conversation with the author.
426 “He loved especially the adventure stories”: Mrs. Aileen Gorgas Wrightson, conversation with the author.
426 Ross meets Gorgas, goes to Panama: Ross, Memoirs, 492–493.
16. PANIC
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439 Commission approval of employees at $1,800 or more: Pepperman, 48.
439 Six vouchers for a handcart: ibid,, 50.
439 Carpenters forbidden to cut ten-foot boards: John Foster Carr, “The Chief Engineer and His Work, “Outlook, June 2, 1906.
439 Paper work for payroll: Pepperman, 49.
David McCullough Library E-book Box Set Page 403