Atomic Spy
Page 43
“Conscience Without Reason!” (editorial), 320
Corpus Christi College, 111
Cove Fields, 114
Cuba, 145, 347
Cuno, Wilhelm, 29
Curtis-Bennett, Derek, 295, 296–98
Dachau concentration camp, 335
Davis, Bette, 91
Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (Gibbon), 314
Denmark, 44, 84–85
Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (DSIR), 13, 152
Deprivation of Citizenship Committee, 316–17
Deutsch, Martin, 168
Deutschtum, 44, 47
Dickens, Charles, 295
Didcot Station, 212, 216, 221, 254
Diels, Rudolf, 61
Dimitrov, Georgi, 72, 81, 336–37
Disraeli, Benjamin, 213
Donaldson’s School, 99
Dresden, 27–28, 84, 336, 337–38, 348, 352
Dunworth, John, 224
East Berlin, 331–33
East Germany, 325, 331–39, 344, 346–48
Eden, Anthony, 82
Edinburgh Sheriff Court, 95
“Effect of Fluctuation in the Flow of Nitrogen,” 5–7, 198, 199, 201
Einstein, Albert, 72, 119
Eisenach, 19–20, 22, 23–25, 27–28, 30, 31, 68, 333
Elbe River, 90
electrical conductivity, 78–79, 83
XI International Brigade, 102, 116–17, 235
“enemy aliens,” 11–12, 95–96, 97, 130, 134, 205
Engels, Friedrich, 25, 42
Essmann, Walther, 46, 51–52
Ettrick, SS, 108–12, 115
“Eugene” (Alexander Feklisov), 180–81, 184–85, 188–89, 282–83, 290
Evangelical Community Newsletter, 12, 19
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)
Fuchs case, 7–8, 197, 198, 218–19, 225–27, 232, 236–37, 242, 264–65, 275, 286, 287, 290, 298, 299, 303–9
Gold case, 173, 306–9
Heinemann case, 202, 217–18, 232
Peierls case, 217–19, 225
“Raymond” interrogation, 190
Feklisov, Alexander (“Eugene”), 351–52
Feynman, Richard, 157–58, 161, 168, 280
Flowers, Brian, 184
Folkestone, 11, 77
Forster, E. M., 82
For Whom the Bell Tolls (Hemingway), 117, 132
Fraenkel, Abraham, 52, 57
Free German League of Culture, 131, 140, 294, 334
Free Socialist Student Group, 32–36, 40–41, 47, 49–52, 55–56, 65–66, 349
French and Indian War, 114, 120–21
Friedrichsfelde Cemetery, 349–50, 351
Frisch, Otto, 132–34, 136, 137
Fuchs, Elisabeth. See Kittowski, Elisabeth Fuchs
Fuchs, Else Wagner, 24, 30, 31
death of, 35–36
Fuchs, Emil, 19–24, 78, 225
arrest and imprisonment of, 68–69
in Bad Freienwalde, 69–70
in Berlin, 79–80, 85, 90–91, 186–87
in East Germany with son Klaus, 321, 324, 325, 332, 337
death of, 346
death of daughter Elisabeth, 93–94
death of son Gerhard, 317–18
death of wife Else, 35–36
Harwell visit to son Klaus, 190–91, 283
at Kiel Pedagogical Academy, 30, 31–32, 36, 56–57, 65
pacifist beliefs of, 21, 37, 41, 62, 65, 346
political activities of, 20–24, 25, 30, 35, 36–37, 56–57, 65, 68–70, 186, 320
Quakerism of, 37, 41, 63–64, 65, 68, 78, 84, 89, 92, 93, 186
Reichstag fire, 55, 68
trial of, 69, 72–73
at University of Leipzig, 186, 188, 190, 191, 228, 229, 232, 238, 269, 317, 324
von Bardeleben incident, 68, 73
at Woodbrooke Quaker Centre, 65, 68
during World War I, 19–20, 21
during World War II, 186–88
Fuchs, Gerhard
arrest and release of, 84
in Berlin, 29, 30, 31, 47–48, 54, 61–62, 64, 65–66, 69, 84
death of, 317–18
“Kaspar” report on, 12, 196
at Odenwaldschule, 20, 21, 22
political activities of, 26–27, 32, 34–35, 36–37, 40–41, 43–48, 65–68, 79–80, 84–85
in Prague, 79, 84, 89–92
in Switzerland, 12, 20, 92–93, 186, 187–88, 317
tuberculosis (TB) of, 84, 89, 93, 186, 187–88
at University of Kiel, 44–47
at University of Leipzig, 24, 26–27, 34–35, 36–37, 43
Fuchs, Karin, 48, 65, 84, 85, 317
Fuchs, Klaus
at Air Ministry, 130, 132, 133–35
arrest of, 272–84
atomic research of, 132–35, 138–39, 143–44, 146–50, 342, 344–45, 346
Los Alamos, 155–57, 160, 161–62, 167, 173, 176, 178, 265–66, 322
ZfK, 335–39
in Berlin, 58–62, 64, 66–68, 69
confession of, 254–55, 257–67
inducement, 229–30, 260, 261, 264, 268, 271, 289, 295, 296
death of, 346, 348–49
denaturalization of, 316–17
early life of, 19–24
in East Germany, 325, 331–39, 344, 346–48
education of, 23, 24–27, 29–30, 31, 36–37, 66–68
“enemy alien” status of, 11–12, 95–96, 97, 130, 132
Erna and, 189, 208, 214–17, 222–23, 239, 240–41, 249–54, 261–63, 269, 289, 311, 319, 326
espionage and meetings
“Alexander,” 131, 136–37, 139, 281–82, 290, 294
“Eugene,” 180–81, 184–85, 188–89, 282–83, 290
“Raymond,” 145–49, 152–53, 160–61, 163–64, 166, 169, 170, 171–73, 180, 190, 265–66, 291, 305–11, 343
“Sonya,” 139–40, 315, 350
evil, question of, 352–53
funeral of, 349–50, 351
Grete and, 72, 337–38, 339, 349, 350, 351–52
as “Margot” (Margarete), 323, 325, 336
at Harwell, 176, 177–79, 181–85, 189–90, 202–9, 211–17, 247, 253, 269, 271–72, 281, 321, 346
forced resignation, 247–50, 254
imprisonment of
at Brixton, 276, 278–80, 281–82, 288, 290, 293–94, 297
release, 324–28
at Stafford, 314–15, 321
at Wakefield, 323–25, 327
at Wormwood Scrubs, 303–4, 305–6, 313–14
internment of
in Britain, 97–99, 101–8
in Canada, 113–24
Ettrick crossing, 108–12
in London, 77–78
MI5 file, 8–15, 140, 300–301
MI5 interrogations, 231–32, 237–43, 247–48, 250–51
MI5 security investigation, 195–209
MI5 security review, 179–80, 181–82
MI5 surveillance, 198–209, 211–17, 221–22, 224–25, 227–30, 233, 234–35, 237, 239, 240–41, 258–59
Moorehead interview, 319–20
naturalization, 9, 129–30, 140, 179, 234
in Paris, 71–74
registration card of, 80–81
student political activities of, 27–28, 29–30, 34–37, 39–43, 47, 49–56, 66–68
death sentence, 53–54
trial of, 285–86, 288–90, 295–98
at University of Birmingham, 130, 132, 133, 135, 139, 201, 207–8, 263
at University of Bristol, 9–10, 74, 77, 78–79, 81–86, 215–16
at University of Edinburgh, 86, 87–89, 91–92, 94–95, 129–30, 282
work permit of, 9, 12–13, 132, 137
Fuchs, Kristel. See Heinemann, Kristel Fuchs “Christel”
Fuller Lodge, 162, 172, 177
Furry, Wendell, 291–92
gaseous diffusion, 138–39, 151, 198
Geheeb, Paul, 20, 31, 41, 48, 58, 90
General Electric Company, 213
General Post Office (GPO), 211–12
Geneva Conventions, 104
German Communist Party. See Communist Party of Germany
German federal election of 1930, 25, 28
German federal election of 1932, 28–29, 39, 40, 43, 47
German federal election of 1933, 53, 62–64
German National People’s Party, 63
German POWs, internment of, 12, 104, 106–7, 109, 112, 114, 115, 117–18
German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact, 94–95, 137, 301
Germany
during Cold War, 331–39
Nazi era. See Nazis
Weimar Republic. See Weimar Republic
during World War I, 19–20, 21
Goddard, Rayner, 296–98
Goebbels, Joseph, 28, 60
Gold, Harry (a.k.a. “Raymond” a.k.a. “Goose”), 180, 190, 291, 306–10
arrest and interview of, 305–10, 343
background of, 306–7
Bentley and, 190, 307, 309
Fuchs’s meetings with, 145–49, 152–53, 163–64, 166, 169, 170, 265–66, 308–9, 311
Heinemann’s meetings with, 153, 160–61, 163–64, 172–73, 291, 308–9
Göring, Hermann, 28, 53, 59–60, 63
Gortipohl, 187
Gouzenko, Igor, 173, 180, 218, 309
Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ), 3
Graf Zeppelin, 28
Grand Central Terminal, 280
Great Depression, 4, 25–26, 27, 307
Great Rollright, 315
Greenglass, David, 308
Groves, Leslie, 142, 143–44, 155–56, 159–60
GRU (G.U.), 131, 147
Gunn, Jessie, 74, 78, 79, 279
Gunn, Ronald, 74, 78, 79, 81–82, 234–35, 279
gun-type diffusion, 157–58
Gurney, Ronald, 81
Hager, Kurt, 338
Hahn, Otto, 132–33
Halperin, Israel, 218, 291–92
Hamburger, Ursula. See Kuczynski, Ursula
Hanfstaengl, Putzi, 61
Harper, Russell, 223
Harvard University, 145
Harwell Laboratory, 176, 177–79, 181–85, 189–90, 193, 202–9, 211–17. See also specific scientists
Haupt, Joachim, 33–34, 36, 57–58
Heinemann, Kristel Fuchs “Christel,” 31–32, 336, 347–48
brother Klaus at Wormwood, 313–14
in Cambridge, MA, 92, 144–45, 152, 178, 188, 202
early life of, 20, 22
FBI investigation of, 217–19, 232, 248, 251, 290–91, 305–6
marriage to Albert Holzer, 347–48
nervous breakdown and hospitalization of, 188, 269, 290–91, 314, 317, 347
at Odenwaldschule, 28, 31, 35, 36, 58
“Raymond” and, 153, 160–61, 163–64, 172–73, 291, 308–9
at Swarthmore, 83–84, 145
Heinemann, Robert “Bob,” 145, 188, 217–19, 232, 290–92, 314
Heinemann, Stephen, 314
Heisenberg, Werner, 27, 87, 139, 159
Hellwig, Joachim, 348, 351–52
Hemingway, Ernest, 117, 132
Herweg, Ludwig, 11
Hill, B. A., 271–74
Hindenburg, Paul von, 39–40, 43, 44, 52–53, 55, 59, 63
Hiss, Alger, 286–87
Hitler, Adolf
appointment as chancellor, 52–53
death of, 165
election of 1932, 28–29, 40, 43
election of 1933, 53, 62–64
Kiel rally, 46
Reichstag fire, 55–56
Reichswehr trial, 28–29
rise to power, 23, 26, 28–29, 32, 40, 43, 46
during World War II, 13, 81, 90, 92, 94, 96, 118, 121
Hitler Youth, 41
Hodder, Hartley, 11
Hoepner, 45, 49–50, 51
Hollis, Roger, 207, 208, 303
Hollywood Ten, 286
Holzer, Heidi, 347, 348
Holzer, Marianna, 347
Hoover, J. Edgar
Fuchs case, 265, 285–86, 287, 298, 299, 310, 311
McCarthyism and, 287
Venona project, 292–93
Hornig, Don, 167
Horst-Wessel-Haus, 60
Hotel Fürstenhof, 23
House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC), 286–87
Howse, Philip, 292–93
Humphreys, Christmas, 271, 274, 288–89, 295–98
Huxley, Aldous, 82
Huxley, Julian, 82
Huyton, 101–4, 125
Hyde Park, 2–3
hydrogen bomb, 321–22, 322
IG Farben, 79
Immigration Act of 1924, 145
Imperial Naval Station, 32
Imperial Tobacco Company, 78, 234
implosion bomb, 157–58, 164, 173, 267–68
International Brigade, 102, 116–17, 235
internment
in Britain, 11–12, 97–99, 101–8
in Canada, 106–7, 113–24, 301–2
of Japanese-Americans, 156
invasion of Poland, 94, 106
invisible ink, 211–12, 218
Irish Republican Army, 324
Isle of Man, 104–6
Italian declaration of war, 103
Italians, internment of, 11–12, 109, 112, 156
Japan, during World War II
atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, 2, 165, 166, 168, 267, 321
attack on Pearl Harbor, 141
Soviet invasion of Manchuria, 169
surrender, 171
Japanese-American internment camps, 156
Jewish internment in Canada, 121–23
Johnson, Peter, 332–33
Joint Institute on Nuclear Research, 341–44
Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC), 1–2
Journal of George Fox, 68
Kadena Air Base, 312
Kahle, Hans, 11–12, 131–32, 180, 224, 235, 350
British internment of, 102–3, 108, 111, 179, 300
Canada internment of, 116–19, 122–25
Fuchs’s relationship with, 131–32, 137, 179, 196, 200, 207–8, 301, 302, 303
as inspiration for Hemingway, 117, 132
Kremer and, 131, 137
Karl Marx Medal, 349
“Kaspar,” 12, 196, 200
Kearton, Frank, 143, 144, 150, 201–2, 225–26, 235–36, 278
Keilson, Grete
in East Germany, 323, 325, 331, 336–38, 347, 351–52
Fuchs’s relationship with, 337–38, 339, 349, 350, 351–52
in Paris, 72, 336–37
Keilson, Max, 72
Kellermann, Walter, 88, 92, 94, 96, 255, 282
British internment of, 98, 99, 103–8
Canada internment of, 116, 124–25
Ettrick crossing, 108–12
at Southampton College, 130
at University of Edinburgh, 88, 89, 91, 129–30
Kellex Corporation, 144, 151
Kew Gardens, 185, 294, 314
Keynes, John Maynard, 82
KGB, 147, 153, 173, 189–90, 307, 309, 325, 332, 341–43, 352
Khrushchev, Nikita, 333
Kiel, 31–34, 41–48, 52–53, 58. See also University of Kiel
Kiel Daily News, 32
Kieler Zeitung, 43, 55
Kiel Pedagogical Academy, 30, 31, 36, 56–57
Kittowski, Elisabeth Fuchs, 69
at Academy of Fine Arts, 22, 24
arrest and imprisonment of, 69
in Berlin, 79, 80, 84–85, 90–91
death of, 93–94
death of mother, 35
in Kiel, 30, 31–32, 65
political activities of, 26, 34, 54, 58, 69, 90–91
Kittowski, Guschi, 93, 145
arrest and imprisonment of, 69, 84, 85, 90–91
in Berlin, 79, 80, 90–91
political activities of, 69, 84–85, 90–91
Kittowski, Klaus, 84, 145, 181, 321, 346, 347
in East Germany, 331, 337, 339
education of, 190–91, 339
visits with uncle Klaus, 190–91, 228, 323
during World War II, 186, 187–88
at Young Friends Work Camp, 323
Klaus Fuchs: History of Atomic Treachery (movie), 345
Klopstech, Johanna, 180, 294–95
Koch, Erich, 23–24, 334
Korda, Alexander, 320
Korean War, 311–12, 354
KPD. See Communist Party of Germany
Kremer, Simon (a.k.a. “Alexander”), 131, 136–37, 139, 281–82, 290, 294
Kristallnacht, 145
Krugmann, Werner, 49, 50, 51
Kuczynski, Jürgen, 130–31, 180, 294–95, 335
background of, 131, 294
Fuchs’s relationship with, 91, 103, 130–31, 139, 140, 294–95, 350
internment and release of, 96, 98
Kuczynski, Ursula (a.k.a. “Sonya”), 139–40, 315, 350
kulaks, 83
Kurchatov, Igor, 268
Lamphere, Bob, 305–6, 308–11
Leconfield House, 3, 212. See also MI5
Left Book Club, 91, 92, 294
Leipzig, 24–25, 28. See also University of Leipzig
Lend Lease program, 140–41
Lenin, Vladimir, 42, 81, 82
Lichtenfeld, Karl, 44–45
Liddell, Guy, 300–301, 304–5
Fuchs case, 236, 247–48, 286, 293, 304–5, 316, 321–22
arrest, 272, 274, 280, 285
confession, 259, 260, 264, 268
interrogation, 231–32, 233, 239–42, 247, 248
German communist activities, 60–61, 64
Gold’s arrest, 310
MI5 purge, 287–88
Liebknecht, Karl, 25, 349
Lingen, Count (Prince Friedrich of Prussia), 111, 116, 117, 122, 123
Liverpool, 108, 125, 208, 215, 275, 315
London Airport, 327
London School of Economics, 294, 301
Los Alamos, 149–50, 155–72, 353. See also specific scientists