Collected Works of Martin Luther

by Martin Luther

  3.

  Why it was made only with Noah 264.

  4.

  How this covenant was made clearer from time to time, and why it was needed at this time 265.

  5.

  How a special call was added to this covenant 266.

  *

  God’s judgment upon the first world terrible 267.

  *

  Why Ham was taken into the ark, who was later rejected 267.

  *

  Foreknowledge and election.

  a.

  Why we should avoid thinking and disputing on this subject 268.

  b.

  To what end should the examples of Scripture on this theme serve 269.

  c.

  How consideration of the same may help and harm us 270.

  C. GOD’S COVENANT WITH NOAH.

  V. 18. BUT I will establish my covenant with thee; and thou shalt come into the ark, thou, and thy sons, and thy wife, and thy sons’ wives with thee.

  260. To this comfort Moses before pointed when he declared that Noah had found grace. Noah stood in need of it, not only to escape despair amid such wrath, but also for the strengthening of his faith in view of the raging retribution. For it was no easy matter to believe the whole human race was to perish. The world consequently judged Noah to be a dolt for believing such things, ridiculed him and, undoubtedly, made his ship an object of satire. In order to strengthen his mind amid such offenses, God speaks with him often, and now even reminds him of his covenant.

  261. Interpreters discuss the question, what that covenant was. Lyra explains it as the promise to defend him against the evil men who had threatened to murder him. Burgensis claims this covenant refers to the perils amid the waters, which were to be warded off. Still others believe it was the covenant of the rainbow, which the Lord afterward made with Noah.

  262. In my opinion, he speaks of a spiritual covenant, or of the promise of the seed, which was to bruise the serpent’s head. The giants had this covenant, but when its abuse resulted in pride and wickedness, they fell from it. So it was afterward with the Jews, whose carnal presumption in reference to God, the Law, worship and temple led to their loss of these gifts and they perished. To Noah, however, God confirms this covenant by certainly declaring that Christ was to be born from his posterity and that God would leave, amid such great wrath, a nursery for the Church. This covenant includes not only protection of Noah’s body, the view advocated by Lyra and Burgensis, but also eternal life.

  263. The sentiment, therefore, of the promise is this: Those insolent despisers of my promises and threats will compel me to punish them. I shall first withdraw from them the protection and assurance which are theirs by reason of their covenant with me, that they may perish without covenant and without mercy. But that covenant I shall transfer to you so that you shall be saved, not alone from such power of the waters, but also from eternal death and condemnation.

  264. The plain statement is, “With thee.” Not the sons, not the wives, does he mention, whom he was also to save; but Noah alone he mentions, from whom the promise was transmitted to his son Shem. This is the second promise of Christ, which is taken from all other descendants of Adam and committed alone to Noah.

  265. Afterward this promise is made clearer from time to time. It proceeded from the race to the family, and from the family to the individual. From the whole race of Abraham it was carried forward to David alone; from David to Nathan; from Nathan down to one virgin, Mary, who was the dead branch or root of Jesse, and in whom this covenant finds its termination and fulfilment. The establishment of such a covenant was most necessary in view of the imminence of the incredible and incalculable wrath of God.

  266. You will observe here, however, a special call when he says: “Thou shalt come into the ark, thou, and thy sons, etc.” If Noah had not received this special call, he would not have ventured to enter the ark.

  267. How terrible is it that from the whole human race only eight persons should be selected for salvation and yet from among them, Ham, the third son of Noah, be rejected! By the mouth of God he is numbered here among the elect and saints. Yea, with them he is protected and saved. Nor is he distinguished from Noah. If he had not believed and prayed for the same things, if he had not feared God, he would in nowise have been saved in the ark; and yet, afterward he is rejected!

  268. The sophists wrangle here concerning an election that takes place according to the purpose of God. But often have I exhorted to beware of speculations about the unveiled majesty, for besides being anything but true, they are far from being profitable. Let us rather think of God as he offers himself to us in his Word and sacraments. Let us not trace these instances back to a hidden election, in which God arranged everything with himself from eternity. Such doctrine we cannot apprehend with our minds, and we see it conflicts with the revealed will of God.

  269. What, then, you will ask, shall we declare with reference to these examples? Nothing but that they are pointed out to inspire us with the fear of God, so that we believe it is possible to fall from grace after once receiving grace. Paul warns, “Let him that thinketh he standeth take heed lest he fall.” 1 Cor 10, 12. We should heed such examples to teach us humility, that we may not exalt ourselves with our gifts nor become slothful in our use of blessings received, but may reach forth to the things which are before, as Paul says in Philippians 3, 13. They teach us not to believe that we have apprehended everything.

  270. Malignant and most bitter is our enemy, but we are feeble, bearing this great treasure in earthen vessels. 2 Cor 4, 7. Therefore, we must not glory as if we were secure, but seeing that men so holy fell from grace, which they had accepted and for a long time enjoyed, we should look anxiously to God as if in peril at this very moment. In this manner these examples are discussed to our profit; but those who give no attention to them and chase after complex high thoughts on an election according to the purpose of God, drive and thrust their souls into despair, to which they naturally incline.

  VII.

  ANIMALS AND FOOD IN THE ARK; NOAH’S OBEDIENCE.

  A.

  THE ANIMALS NOAH TOOK INTO THE ARK.

  1.

  The number and kinds of animals 271-272.

  2.

  The differences in the animals 273.

  a.

  What is understood by the “Behemoth” 274.

  b.

  By the “Remes” 275.

  c.

  Whether this difference is observed in all places 276.

  3.

  Whether wild and ferocious animals were in paradise, and if created from the beginning 276-277.

  4.

  How Noah could bring the animals, especially the wild ones, into the ark 278-279.

  *

  The animals at the time felt danger was near 278-279.

  5.

  The animals came of themselves to Noah in the ark 280.

  B.

  THE FOOD NOAH TOOK INTO THE ARK.

  1.

  Why necessary to take with them food 281.

  *

  The kind of food man then had, and if he ate flesh 282.

  2.

  God’s foreknowledge shines forth here 283.

  3.

  Why God did not maintain man and the animals in the ark by a miracle 284.

  *

  The extraordinary ways and miracles of God.

  a.

  Why man should not seek miracles, where ordinary ways and means are at hand 285.

  b.

  The monks seek extraordinary ways and thus tempt God 286.

  *

  Whether we should use medicine, and if we should learn the arts and languages 286.

  c.

  Why God did not save Noah in the water without the ark, when he could have done so 287.

  d.

  When does God use extraordinary means with man 288.

  C.

  NOAH’S OBEDIENCE.

  1.

  In what respect it was especia
lly praised 289.

  *

  Obedience to God.

  a.

  How one is to keep the golden mean, and not turn to the right or left 290.

  b.

  How man can by obedience or disobedience mark out his own course 290-291.

  c.

  Why most people shun obedience 291.

  d.

  How we are here not to look to the thing commanded, but to the person commanding 292-296.

  e.

  How sadly they fail who look at the thing commanded 293.

  *

  How the Papists neither understand nor keep God’s commandments 294.

  *

  What we are to think of the holiness of the Papists 295.

  f.

  All God commands is good, even if it seems different to reason 296.

  *

  How the Papists do harm by the works of their wisdom, and only provoke God to anger, as king Saul did 297.

  g.

  How in his obedience Noah held simply to God’s Word and overcame all difficulties 298.

  VII. THE ANIMALS AND THEIR FOOD, AND NOAH’S OBEDIENCE.

  A. THE ANIMALS NOAH TOOK INTO THE ARK.

  Vs. 19-20. And every living thing of all flesh, two of every sort shalt thou bring into the ark, to keep them alive with thee; they shall be male and female. Of the birds after their kind, and of the cattle after their kind, of every creeping thing of the ground after its kind, two of every sort shall come unto thee, to keep them alive.

  271. Here again a dispute arises, as is the case when in historical narratives one proceeds to the application and incidental features. Our text appears to vindicate the view that here two and two are spoken of; but in the beginning of the seventh chapter seven and seven. Hence, Lyra quarrels with one Andrea, who believed fourteen specimens were included in the ark, because it is written: “Of every clean beast thou shalt take to thee seven and seven.” But I approve Lyra’s interpretation, who says seven specimens of every class were inclosed in the ark, three male and three female, and the seventh also male, to be used by Noah for purposes of sacrifice.

  272. When Moses says here that two and two of the several species were brought into the ark, we must necessarily understand the seventh chapter as speaking only of the unclean animals, for the number of clean animals was the greater. Of the unclean seven of every species were inclosed in the ark.

  273. It is also necessary that we here discuss the signification of terms as “all life,” “beasts,” “cattle.” Though these are often used without discrimination, still at various places the Scripture employs them discriminatingly; for instance, when it says, “Let the earth bring forth living creatures.” Gen 1, 24. “Let the waters swarm with swarms of living creatures.” Gen 1, 20. In those places the words of the genus stand for all living beings on the earth and in the waters. Here the constituent species are named — chayah, remes, and behemah — though frequently used without discrimination.

  274. The cattle he calls here behemoth, though in Ezekiel, first chapter, those four animals are called by the common name, hachayoth, a word by which we commonly designate not so much animals as beasts, subsisting not on hay or anything else growing out of the earth, but flesh; as lion, bear, wolf and fox. Behemoth are cattle or brutes which live on hay and herbs growing from the earth; as sheep, cows, deer and roe.

  275. Remes means reptile. The word is derived from ramas, which means to tread. When we compare ourselves with the birds, we are remasian, for we creep and tread upon the earth with our feet like the dogs and other beasts. But the proper meaning is, animals which do not walk with face erect. The animals which creep and which we term reptiles have a specific name, being called sherazim, as we see in Leviticus from the word sharaz, which means to move, hereafter used in the seventh chapter. The word oph is known, meaning bird.

  276. Such are the differences among these terms, although, as I said before, they are not observed in some places. The interpretation must be confined, however, to the time after the flood; otherwise the inference would be drawn that such savage beasts existed also in paradise. Who will doubt that before sin, dominion having been given to man over all animals of earth, there was concord not only among men but also between animals and man?

  277. Though the first chapter clearly proves that these wild beasts were created with the others, on account of sin their nature was altered. Those created gentle and harmless, after the fall became wild and harmful. This is my view, though since our loss of that state of innocent existence it is easier to venture a guess than to reach a definition of that life.

  278. But, you ask, if because of sin the nature of animals became completely altered, how could Noah control them, especially the savage and fierce ones? The lion surely could not be controlled, nor tigers, panthers and the like. The answer is: Such wild animals went into the ark miraculously. To me this appears reasonable. If they had not been forced by a divine injunction to go into the ark, Noah would not have had it within his power to control such fierce animals. Undoubtedly he had to exercise his own human power, but this alone was insufficient. And the text implies both conditions, for at first it says: “Thou shalt bring into the ark,” and then adds: “Two of every sort shall come unto thee.” If they had not been miraculously guided, they would not have come by twos and sevens.

  279. That two by two and seven by seven came of their own accord is a miracle and a sign that they had a premonition of the wrath of God and the coming terrible disaster. Even brute natures have premonitions and forebodings of impending calamities, and often as if prompted by a certain sense of compassion, they will manifest distress for a man in evident peril. We see dogs and horses understand the perils of their masters and show themselves affected by such intelligence, the dogs by howling, the horses by trembling and the emission of copious sweat. As a matter of fact it is not rare that wild beasts in danger seek refuge with man.

  280. When, therefore, there is elsewhere in brute natures such an intelligence, is it a wonder that, after having been divinely aroused to a sense of coming danger, they joined themselves voluntarily to Noah? For the text shows they came voluntarily. In the same manner history bears witness, and our experience confirms it, that, when a terrible pestilence rages or a great slaughter is imminent, wolves, the most ferocious of animals, flee not only into villages, but, on occasion, even into cities, taking refuge among men and humbly asking, as it were, their help.

  B. THE FOOD NOAH TOOK INTO THE ARK.

  V. 21. And take thou unto thee of all food that is eaten, and gather it to thee; and it shall be for food for thee, and for them.

  281. Inasmuch as the flood was to last a whole year, it was necessary to remind Noah of the food to be collected from the herbs and the fruits of trees in order to preserve the life of man and of animals. Though the wrath of God was terrible, to the destruction of everything born on earth, the goodness of the Lord shines forth, notwithstanding, in this an awful calamity. He looks to the preservation of man and the animals, and through their preservation to that of the species. The animals chosen for preservation in the ark were sound and of unblemished body, and through divine foresight, they received food suitable to their nature.

  282. As for man, it is established that, as yet, he did not use flesh for food. He ate only of the vegetation of the earth, which was far more desirable before the flood than at present, after the remarkable corruption of the earth through the brackish waters.

  283. We observe here the providence of God, by whose counsel the evil are punished and the good saved. By a miracle God preserves a portion of his creatures when he punishes the wicked and graciously makes provision for their posterity.

  284. It would have been an easy matter for God to preserve Noah and the animals for the space of a full year without food, as he preserved Moses, Elijah and Christ, the latter for forty days, without food. He made everything out of nothing, which is even more marvelous. Yet God, in his government of the things created, as Augustine l
earnedly observes, allows them to perform their appropriate functions. In other words, to apply Augustine’s view to the matter in hand, God performs his miracles along the lines of natural law.

  285. God also requires that we do not discard the provisions of nature, which would mean to tempt God; but that we use with thanksgiving the things God has prepared for us. A hungry man who looks for bread from heaven rather than tries to obtain it by human means, commits sin. Christ gives the apostles command to eat what is set before them, Lk 10, 7. So Noah is here enjoined to employ the ordinary methods of gathering food. God did not command him to expect in the ark a miraculous supply of food from heaven.

  286. The life of the monks is all a temptation of God. They cannot be continent and still they refrain from matrimony; likewise they abstain from certain meats, though God has created them to be received with thanksgiving by them that believe, and by those who know the truth, that every creature of God is good, and nothing to be rejected, if it be received with thanksgiving, 1 Tim 4, 3-4. The use of medicine is legitimate; yea, it has been created as a necessary means to conserve health. The study of the arts and of language is to be cultivated and, as Paul says, “Every creature of God is good, and nothing is to be rejected, if it be received with thanksgiving; for it is sanctified through prayer.” 1 Tim 4, 4-5.