The Warrior Queens

by Antonia Fraser

  8 Price (xiv–7), p. 117.

  9 Piggott (IV–9), p. 81; Mossiker, Frances, Pocahontas: The Life and the Legend (1977), pp. 43, 157, 166.

  10 Piggott (IV–9), p. 136; Heywood (II–12), p. 72.

  11 Petition of Women, BL E551 (14) (1649); Shepherd, Simon, Amazons and Warrior Women: Varities of Feminism in Seventeenth-Century Drama (Brighton 1981), pp. 87f.

  12 Sammes, Aylett, Britannia Antiqua Illustrata, or, The Antiquities of Ancient Britain, Vol. I (1676), pp. 223–9.

  13 The British Princes, An Heroick Poem Written by the Honourable Edward Howard Esq. (1669).

  14 Dudley and Webster (I–3), p. 125.

  15 See Piggott, Stuart, William Stukeley: An Eighteenth-Century Antiquary (Oxford 1950), passim, especially pp. 54–5 and note 1: Lincolnshire Notes – Queries, MS in the possession of W. A. Cragg of Threckingham, Vol. 10 (1909), pp. 177–80.

  16 Piggott, Stukeley (XIV–15), p. 56.

  17 G. E. C. (Cokayne), The Complete Peerage (reprint 1981), XII/I, p. 81; The Complete Poetical Works of James Thomson, edited by J. Logie Robertson (1908), p. 413.

  18 The Works of William Cowper, 8 vols (1853–5), Vol. v, pp. 265–6.

  19 Information supplied to the author from resident in Angola in 1987.

  20 Buttinger, Joseph, Vietnam: A Dragon Embattled, Vol. II: Vietname at War (New York 1970), pp. 54–6. Karnow, Stanley, Vietnam: A History (New York 1983), p. 100.

  21 Ladner, Joyce A., ‘Racism and Tradition: Black Womanhood in Perspective’ in Carroll (II–7), pp. 179–93; Diner (II–6), pp. 221–7; Laffin (XII–20), pp. 47–51.

  22 Diner (II–6), pp. 223; Spectator (London), 29 October 1987.

  23 The main sources for the life of Queen Jinga are: Birmingham, David, Trade and Conflict in Angola: The Mbundu and their Neighbours under the Influence of the Portuguese 1483–1790 (Oxford 1966); Boxer, C. R., Race Relations in the Portuguese Colonial Empire 1415–1825 (Oxford 1963) and Salvador de Sá and the Struggle for Brazil and Angola 1602–1686 (1952); Chilcote, B., Portuguese Africa (1967); Duffy, James, Portuguese Africa (1959).

  24 Birmingham (XIV–23), pp. 92–5.

  25 Boxer, Salvador (XIV–23), p. 243.

  26 Boxer, Race (XIV–23), p. 25.

  27 Ogilby (I–6), II, pp. 563–5.

  28 Cit. Boxer, Race (XIV–23), p. 29.

  29 Cit. Boxer, Race (XIV–23), p. 30.

  30 Ogilby (I–6), II, p. 563.

  31 Child, Mrs, An Appeal in Favor of that Class of Americans called Africans (Boston 1833), p. 161.

  32 Birmingham (XIV–23), p. 125.

  33 Child (XIV–31), p. 161.

  Chapter 15: Queen versus Monster

  1 Napoleon (II–14), p. 488.

  2 Napoleon (II–14), p. 326; Gluck’s Armide: libretto by Philippe Quenault, Act v, scene v.

  3 Voss, Sophie Marie Countess von, Sixty-Nine Years at the Court of Prussia: From the recollections of the Mistress of the Household, 2 vols (1876), Vol. II, p. 42.

  4 Burke, Edmund, Reflections on the Revolution in France …, edited and with an Introduction by Conor Cruise O‘Brien (1969 pbk), p. 170; Life of General Sir Robert Wilson, edited by Rev. Herbert Randolph, Vol. II (1862), p. 53.

  5 Wilson (xv–4), p. 53; Gibbon (I–9), I, p. 302.

  6 Biographies consulted for Maria Theresa and Catherine respectively are: Crankshaw, Edward, Maria Theresa (1971 pbk); Cronin, Vincent, Catherine Empress of all the Russias (1978); Gooch, G. P., Catherine the Great and Other Studies (1954); Troyat, Henri, Catherine the Great (I–16).

  7 Saint Simon at Versailles, selected and translated by Lucy Norton. With a preface by Nancy Mitford (1985 pbk edn), p. 241.

  8 Cit. Crankshaw (xv–6), p. 59, 61; The Love Letters of Thomas Carlyle and Jane Welsh, edited by Alexander Carlyle, 2 vols (1909), Vol. I, p. 41.

  9 Crankshaw (xv–6), p. 78.

  10 Crankshaw (xv–6), pp. 308f.; c 1749 cit. Maria Theresia’s Politisches Testament, edited by J. Kalbrunner and C. Biener (Vienna 1959).

  11 Voltaire (III–4), IX, p. 32.

  12 Memoirs of Catherine the Great, translated by Katharine Anthony (New York 1927), p. 15.

  13 Memoirs of the Princess Daschkaw [Dashkova], Lady of Honour to Catherine 11, Empress of all the Russias, Written by Herself, edited by Mrs W. Bradford, 2 vols (1840), Vol. I, pp. 78f.

  14 Catherine’s Memoirs (xv–12), p. 266.

  15 Troyat (I–16), p. 187; Gooch (xv–6), p. 95.

  16 Troyat (I–16), p. 270.

  17 Gooch (xv–6), p. 18; Troyat (I–16), p. 166.

  18 Voltaire (III–4), IX, p. 84.

  19 Voltaire (III–4), IX, passim, esp. pp. 51, 68.

  20 Voltaire (III–4), IX, p. 84.

  21 Cronin (xv–6), p. 183.

  22 Wright, Constance, Louise, Queen of Prussia (1970), p. 47.

  23 Wright (xv–22), p. 18; Memoirs of Madame Vigée Le Brun, translated by Lionel Strachey, 2 vols (1904), Vol. II, p. 167.

  24 The Diaries and Letters of Sir George Jackson, KCH, from the Peace of Amiens to the Battle of Talavera, edited by Lady Jackson, 2 vols (1872), vol. I, p. 126.

  25 Voss (xv–3).

  26 Taack, Merete von, Königin Luise: Eine Biographie (Tübigen 1978), pp. 226–7; Delbruck, Hans, ‘Von der Königin Luise, dem Minister v. Stein und dem deutschen Nationalgedanken’, Preussische Jahrbücher, Vol. 136 (1909), p. 452; Maass, Joachim, Kleist:A Biographe (1983), pp. 88, 122, 206.

  27 Kleist, Henrich von, Penthesilea: A Tragedy, English version by Humphrey Trevelyan (1959), Act I, scene xv.

  28 Vigée Le Brun (xv–23), II, pp. 168–9.

  29 Jackson (XV–24), I, pp. 153, 241; Klett, Tessa, Königin Luise von Preussen in der Zeit der Napoleonischen Kriege (Berlin 1937), p. 131.

  30 Voss (XV–3), II, pp. 29–30.

  31 Voss (XV–3), ii, p. 30.

  32 Napoleon (II–14), p. 425.

  33 Klett (XV–29), p. 72.

  34 Wright (XV–22), p. 81.

  35 Krieger, Bogdan, ‘Russischer Besuch am preussischen Hof vor 100 Jahren’, Deutsche Revue, Vol. 29 (1904), p. 348.

  36 Aretz, Gertrude, Queen Louise of Prussia 1776–1810 (New York 1929), p. 144.

  37 Wright (XV–22), p. 141.

  38 Napoleon (II–14), p. 324; Delbrück (xv–26), p. 520.

  39 Hardy, Thomas, The Dynasts: An Epic Drama (1920), p. 155.

  40 Taack (XV–26), p. 371.

  41 Mémoires et lettres inédits du Chevalier de Gentz (Stuttgart 1841), p. 296.

  42 Napoleon (II–14), p. 363; Princess Louise of Prussia (Princess Anton Radziwill), Forty-five Years of My Life 1770–1815 (1912), p. 228.

  43 Taack (xv–26), p. 371; Bailleu, Paul, Königin Luise: Ein Lebensbild (Berlin and Leipzig 1908), p. 199.

  44 Klett (XV–29), p. 145; Leveson-Gower, Lord Granville (First Earl Granville), Private Correspondence 1781 to 1821, edited by Castalia Countess Granville, 2 vols (1916), Vol. II, p. 265.

  45 Napoleon (II–14), pp. 367–8.

  46 Bailleu (XV–43), p. 210.

  47 Taack (XV–26), p. 380.

  48 Memoirs of Prince Metternich (1773–1815), edited by Prince Richard Metternich, Vol. II (1880), p. 144.

  49 Klett (XV–29), p. 154; Bailleu, Paul, ‘Königin Luise in Tilsit’, Hobenzollern Jahrbuch, 3 Jahrgang (1899), p. 224; Aretz (xv–36), p. 214.

  50 Aretz (XV–36), p. 216; Granville (xv–44), II, p. 70; Jackson (xv–24), I, p. 163; Wilson (xv–4), p. 298.

  51 Granville (xv–44), II, p. 271.

  52 The best account in English is in Wright (xv–22), pp. 169–178, and in German in Taack (XV–26), pp. 398f.; see also Bailleu, ‘Tilsit’ (xv–49).

  53 I.e. Taack (XV–26), p. 405; Palmer, Alan, Alexander 1: Tsar of War and Peace (1974), p. 141.

  54 Jackson (XV–24); Wilson (xv–4), p. 310.

  55 Maass (XV–26), p. 111; Richardson, Mrs Charles, Memoirs of the private life and opinions of Louise, Queen of Prussia (1847), p. 193.

  56 Richardson (XV–55),
p. 263.

  57 Moffat, Mary Maxwell, Queen Louise of Prussia (1906), p. 308.

  58 Louise of Prussia (XV–42), p. 27; Richardson (XV–55), p. 1.

  59 See Bellardi, Paul, Königin Luise, ihr Leben und ihr Andenken in Berlin (Berlin 1893), for a description of the many kinds of memorial to Queen Louise; Treitschke, Heinrich von, ‘Königin Luise’ in Historische und Politische Aufsätze, IV (Berlin 1897), pp. 310f.: Kelly, Rev. John, Louise of Prussia and other sketches (1888), p. 93.

  60 Richardson (XV–55), p. 291.

  Chapter 16: The Valiant Rani

  1 Thornycroft, Elfrida, Bronze and Steel: The Life of Thomas Thornycroft, Sculptor and Engineer (Shipston-on-Stour 1932), pp. 51f.

  2 Tennyson, Charles, Alfred Tennyson (1949), p. 323; Tennyson, Alfred, Poetical Works Including the Plays (1953), pp. 224–6.

  3 The Letters of Queen Victoria, 2nd Series, 1862–1878, edited by G. E. Buckle, 2 vols, Vol. II (1926), p. 119.

  4 Royal Archives, Windsor Castle, Vic. Add. EI/1048.

  5 Tahmankar, D. V., The Ranee of Jhansi (1958), p. 19.

  6 Tahmankar (XVI–5), pp. 13f.

  7 See the most recent biography, Lebra-Chapman, Joyce, The Rani of Jhansi: A Study in Female Heroism in India (Honolulu 1986), pp. 15 and note 11, 168 for a discussion of the date, Indian sources mostly reporting 19 November 1835; also Tahmankar (XVI–5), p. 23: ‘about 1827’; Smyth, Brigadier the Rt. Hon. Sir John, Bt. vc MC, The Rebellious Rani (1966), p. 11: ‘about 1828’.

  8 Shastiko, Pyotri, Nana Sahib, translated by Savitri Shahani (New Delhi 1980), p. 25.

  9 See Agnew, Vijay, Elite Women in Indian Politics (New Delhi 1976), p. 3; Gaur, Albertine, Women in India (British Library Publications 1980), passim, esp. pp. 2–25; Gupta, A. R., Women in Hindu Society: A Study in Tradition and Transition (New Delhi 2nd edn 1980), pp. 6f.; Jacobson, Doranne and Wadley, Susan S., Women in India: Two Perspectives (New Delhi 1977), pp. 114f.

  10 Royal Archives, Windsor Castle, RA z 502/49.

  11 Allen, Charles, A Glimpse of the Burning Plain: Leaves from the Indian Journals of Charlotte Canning (1986), p. 149; Maclagan, Michael, ‘Clemency Canning’: Charles John, 1st Earl Canning. Governor General and Viceroy of India, 1856–1862 (1962), p. 287.

  12 Low, Ursula, Fifty Years with John Company, From the Letters of General Sir John Low of Clatto, Fife: 1822–1858 (1936), p. 176; Russell, W. H., My Diary in India in the year 1858/9, 2 vols (1860), Vol. II, p. 299.

  13 Bryce, James, ‘British Opinion and the Indian Revolt’ in Rebellion 1857 (XVI–65), p. 303.

  14 Tahmankar (XVI–5), p. 28.

  15 Maclagan (XVI–11), p. 32.

  16 See Sinha, Shyam Narain, Rani Lakshmi Bai of Jhansi, with a Foreword by Bisheshwar Prasad (Allahabad 1980), pp. 13f. for a discussion of Hindu adoption law; Maclagan (XVI–11), p. 33 note A.

  17 Kaye, J. W., A History of the Sepoy War in India 1857–1858, 3 vols (9th edn 1880), Vol. III, p. 360.

  18 Maclagan (XVI–11), p. 316.

  19 Private Letters of the Marquess of Dalhousie, edited by J. G. A. Baird (2nd imp. Edinburgh 1911), p. 33; Sen, Surendra Nath, 1857, with a Foreword by Maulana Abul Kalam Azad (Calcutta 1958), p. xii.

  20 Tahmankar (XVI–5), pp. 37–9.

  21 Tahmankar (XVI–5), p. 39.

  22 Kaye (XVI–17), III, p. 362.

  23 Dalhousie (XVI–19), p. 427; Diver, Maud, Honoria Lawrence: A Fragment of Indian History (Boston and New York 1936), p. 371.

  24 Maclagan (XVI–11), p. 21.

  25 Surtees, Virginia, Charlotte Canning, Lady-in-Waiting to Queen Victoria and Wife to the First Viceroy of India 1817–1861 (1975), p. 229; See Hibbert (V–5), pp. 59–60 and 404 note 5 for the evidence re the chupatties; The Letters of Queen Victoria, 1837–1861, edited by A. C. Benson and Viscount Esher, 3 vols (1907), Vol. II, p. 313.

  26 Tahmankar (XVI–5), p. 54.

  27 Tahmankar (XVI–5), p. 67.

  28 See Sen (XVI–19), pp. 273–9 for the evidence and the pros and cons of the Rani’s guilt/complicity; Rice Holmes, T., A History of the Indian Mutiny (5th edn 1898), pp. 491f., for a characteristically British view.

  29 Tahmankar (XVI–5), pp. 70f.

  30 Sen (XVI–19), pp. 276; Sinha (XVI–16), p. 55.

  31 Cit. Tahmankar (XVI–5), pp. 73–5; Sen (XVI–19), p. 279.

  32 Sen (XVI–19), Appendix pp. 297–306 for Erskine and the Rani’s letters.

  33 Sen (XVI–19), p. 301.

  34 Lang Cit. Hibbert (v–5), p. 378.

  35 Royal Archives, Windsor Castle, RA z 502/49; Hibbert (v–5), p. 378; Clayton (VIII–9), II, p. 180.

  36 Royal Archives, Windsor Castle, RA z502/49; Smyth (XVI–7), p. 195 note 2.

  37 Tahmankar (XVI–5), pp. 84 note 1, 90f.

  38 Gupta, Pratul Chandra. Nana Sahib and the Rising at Cawnpore (Oxford 1963), pp. 7, 71; Trevelyan, G. O., Cawnpore (1865) for details; Fitzmaurice, Lord Edmond, The Life of Granville George Loveson Gower, Second Earl Granville 1815–1891, 2 vols (1905), Vol. I, p. 253.

  39 Gupta (XVI–38), p. 116.

  40 See Thompson, Edward, The Other Side of the Medal (1925), p. 83, where it is pointed out that Forrest (XVI–49) avoids any reference to British excesses in three volumes of 1,500 pages, while the Oxford History of India (1919) merely writes (p. 719): ‘the justly infuriated troops took a terrible vengeance’; Sen (XVI–19), p. xvi for British atrocities ‘glossed over’; Tahmankar (XVI–5) p. 69 for Prof. R. C. Majumdar’s point: ‘very few’ outside historians have ‘any knowledge’ of the ‘massacre in cold blood’ of the Indians, including women and children.

  41 Roberts cit. Smyth (XVI–7), p. 54; Hare, Augustus J. C., The Story of Two Noble Lives, being memorials of Charlotte, Countess Canning and Louisa, Marchioness of Waterford, 3 vols (1893), Vol. II, p. 256 note 1; Maclagan (XVI–11), p. 141; Trevelyan (XVI–38), p. 359.

  42 Lowe, Thomas, Central India during the rebellion of 1857 and 1858 (1860), pp. 236–7.

  43 Tahmankar (XVI–5), p. 120.

  44 Lowe (XVI–42), p. 250.

  45 Lowe (XVI–42), p. 233.

  46 Burne, Major-General Sir Owen Tudor KCS, Clyde and Strathnairn, Rulers of India series (Oxford 1895), p. 116.

  47 Smyth (XVI–7), p. 11.

  48 Kaye (XVI–17), III, p. 362; Ballhatchet, Kenneth, Race, Sex and Class under the Raj: Imperial Attitudes and Policies and their Critics, 1793–1905 (1980), pp. 2–5.

  49 Clayton (VIII–9), II, p. 180; Forrest, G. W., Ex-Director of Records, Government of India, A History of the Indian Mutiny, 3 vols (1912), Vol. I, p. 282.

  50 Royal Archives, Windsor Castle, Vic. Add. EI/1048.

  51 Tahmankar (XVI–5), p. 130; Smyth (XVI–7), p. 135.

  52 Savarkar, Barrister, Indian War of Independence (Calcutta 2nd edn 1930), p. 94.

  53 Tahmankar (XVI–5), pp. 132, 134; Lowe (XVI–42), p. 259.

  54 Lowe (XVI–42), p. 263.

  55 Smyth (XVI–7), p. 148.

  56 Lowe (XVI–42), p. 301; Tahmankar (XVI–5), p. 140.

  57 Savarkar (XVI–52), p. 104; Royal Archives, Windsor Castle, Vic. Add. EI/1048.

  58 Smyth (XVI–7), pp. 193f. summarizes the theories concerning the Rani’s death and the sources.

  59 Lord Canning’s Notebook cit. Maclagan (XVI–11), p. 220.

  60 Royal Archives, Windsor Castle, Vic. Add. EI/1070.

  61 Royal Archives, Windsor Castle, Vic. Add. EI/1070; Smyth (XVI–7), p. 11.

  62 Malleson, Col. G. B., CSI, History of the Indian Mutiny 1857–1858, 3 vols (1896), Vol. III, p. 221.

  63 See Gupta (XVI–38), for the subsequent career of Nana Sahib.

  64 Sinha (XVI–16), p. 102 note 11.

  65 See Joshi, P. C. (ed.), Rebellion 1857 (New Delhi 1957) for P. C. Gupta, ‘1857 and Hindi Literature’, pp. 225f.; P. C. Joshi, ‘Folk Songs on 1857’ in Rebellion 1857, pp. 271f.

  66 Joshi, ‘Folk Songs’ in Rebellion 1857 (XVI–65), p. 277.

  Chapter 17: Iron Ladies

  1 Colville, John, Th
e Fringes of Power: Downing Street Diaries 1939–1955, Vol. I 1939–41 (1986 pbk), p. 447, 20 April 1941.

  2 Warner, Marina, The Dragon Empress: Life and Times of Tz’u-Hsi, 1835–1908, Empress Dowager of China (1972), p. 235.

  3 Thornycroft (XVI–1), pp. 56–70.

  4 Gleichen, Lord Edward, London’s Open-Air Statuary (1928), p. 97.

  5 See Warner, Marina, Monuments and Maidens: The Allegory of the Female Form (1985), pp. 49f.

  6 Trevelyan, Marie, Britain’s Greatness Foretold: The Story of Boadicea, the British Warrior-Queen (1900), pp. xi, lv, 369.

  7 See Hamilton, Cicely, A Pageant of Great Women (1910); Edy: Recollections of Edith Craig, edited by Eleanor Adlard (1949), pp. 38–44; Holledge, Julie, Innocent Flowers: Women in the Edwardian Theatre (1981), pp. 69–71.

  8 The Dinner Party (1979) Catalogue, Diehard Productions and Judy Chicago.

  9 Grahn, Judy, ‘The Queen of Bulldikery’, Chrysalis, 1980.

  10 Milton (IV–32), p. 60.

  11 Piggott (IV–9), p. 136.

  12 Cit. Grant (III–11), pp. 184–5.

  13 Reynolds, Robert, Boadicea: A Tragedy of War (New York 1941), p. 201; Treece, Henry, Red Queen, White Queen (1958), p. 24; Warner, Marina, Imaginary Women, Channel Four Television, 13 July 1986.

  14 De Gaulle (I–13), pp. 13–14; Kleist (xv–27), Act 1, scene xv.

  15 Ferraro, Geraldine A. with Francke, Linda Bird, My Story (New York 1986), pp. 261f., 273, 314.

  16 Seneviratne, Maureen, Sirimavo Bandaranaike: The World’s First Woman Prime Minister (Colombo Sri Lanka 1975), p. 178.

  17 Seneviratne (XVII–16), p. xiv.

  18 Carras (I–21), p. 245; Moraes, Dom, Mrs Gandhi (1980), p. 123.

  19 Indira Gandhi, Letters to a Friend 1950–1984, Correspondence with Dorothy Norman (1986), p. 12.

  20 Shoksi, M., India’s Indira (Bombay 1975), p. 20; Carras (I–21), pp. 47f.

  21 Carras (I–21), p. 48; Shoksi (XVII–20), p. 113; Mann, Peggy, Golda: The Life of Israel’s Prime Minister (1972); Raju, R. Sundra, Indira Gandhi: A Short Biography (New Delhi 1980), pp. 5, 96.

  22 Moraes (XVII–18), p. 193; Norman (XVII–19), p. 20.

  23 Golda Meir Speaks Out, edited by Marie Syrkin (1973), p. 73.

  24 Mann (XVII–21), p. 231.