55. For example, the outspoken and energetic non-Aryan pastor from Bochum, Hans Ehrenberg, was incarcerated in Sachsenhausen in 1938; his wife managed to secure his release and the family moved to England. Ehrenberg had been active in the Confessing Church but was urged to restrain himself by elements in the organization that regarded his non-Aryan status as something of an embarrassment. See Wilhelm Niemoller, Wort and Tat im Kirchenkampf (Munich: Christian Kaiser, 1969), 363.
56. "Thuringen evangelische Kirche schlie0t Juden aus," in Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung, no. 100 (28 Feb. 1939), BA Potsdam, Reichlandbund clippings (RLB), 1864, 145.
57. See reference to these pieces of church legislation in untitled Confessing Church response to the Godesberg Declaration (May 1939), EZA Berlin, 50/600, 30.
58. For a brief summary of these measures against Jews in Germany, see Lucy S. Dawidowicz, The War Against the Jews, 1933-1945, 10th anniversary ed. (New York: Bantam Books, 1986), 375.
59. "Bekanntmachung Ober die kirchliche Stellung der evangelischen Juden vom 17 Dez. 1941," in Kirchliches Gesetz- and Verordnungsblatt, no. 17 (29 Dec. 1941), 117-18, EZA Berlin, 50/576, 40.
60. "Wesen and Entstehung der Judenfrage-Auszug aus einem Vortrag von K. F. Euler," Deutsche Christen Nationalkirchliche Einung, Informationsdienst, no. 4 (29 April 1944), p. 6, EZA Berlin, I/ A4 / 566.
61. "Das Alte Testament im Unterricht," unlabeled clipping (4 Nov. 1933), in LKA Bielefeld, 5,1/289,1.
62. Reinhold Krause, "Rede des Gauobmannes," pp. 6-7, LKA Bielefeld, 5,1/289,2.
63. Report signed "Evang.-Luth. Stadtpfarramt, St. Mang.-Kempten" (20 Sept. 1935), p. 2, LKA Nuremberg, KKU 6/IV. The reference is to "the Cushite woman" whom Moses had married and who was the subject of strife between Moses and his siblings. God punished Miriam for her rebellion by striking her with leprosy (Numbers 12:1 ff).
64. Excerpts from [unknown first name] Loy to Johannes Pack, 9 November 1936, Duisburg-Hamborn, AEKR Dusseldorf, NL Schmidt, no. 17, 68-69.
65. [Unknown] Weber to President and Members of the Berlin Fraternal Council (Bruderrat), 9 November 1936, Berlin, reproduced in Beschwerden personlicher Anliegen and Mitteilungen seitens des Berliner Bruderrates and seiner Mitglieder, Jan. 1936-Dez. 1936, p. 8, EZA Berlin, 50/4.
66. Julius Leutheuser, "Liebe Kameraden in der Heimat and im Felde!," 20 December 1941, Russia, Deutsche Christen Nationalkirchliche Einung, Irrforrnationsdienst, LKA Bielefeld, 5,1,293.
67. German Christian Pastors' Association, Bielefeld, "Die Trauung," in Theologischer Arbeitsbrief (1 May 1942), p. 2, LKA Bielefeld, 5,1 /295,1.
68. Hans Schmidt, Die Nationalkirche als religiose Erbe and iiberkommene Verpflichtung fiir die Hach uns Konnnerrderr, circular of the DC Nationalkirchliche Einung Theol. Arbeitskreis (Saarburg/Trier, 20 Jan. 1943), p. 17, EZA Berlin, I /A4/565.
69. Wilhelm Schielmeyer to Ludwig Muller, 1 December 1933, EZA Berlin, 1/C4/17. Schielmeyer referred to Luke 17:20-21, John 18:36-37, and John 8:44.
70. H. Vogel, untitled piece beginning, "Du Mutter heranwachsender Kinder," in Die deutsche Mutter, (Potsdam: Reich Office for Women's Service n.d.), p. 7, KAG Minden, loose materials.
71. "Bericht uber eine 'Konfirmandenprufung' der Thuringer Deutsche Christen in Berlin-Siemensstadt am 22.111.1939," LKA Bielefeld, 5,1/588.
72. Krause, "Rede des Gauobmannes."
73. Report signed "Evang.-Luth. Stadtpfarramt, St. Mang.-Kempten," 20 September 1935, p. 2, LKA Nuremberg, KKU 6/IV.
74. Excerpt from presentation by Hans Hermenau, "Unsere Seelsorge am deutschen Volke," in "Bericht fiber die Tagung des Frauendienstes Gr. Berlin in Spandau am 27. 11. 1942," EZA Berlin, 50/600, p. 2.
75. Werner Wein, Das Evangelium jenseits der Konfessionen (Stuttgart: [publisher unknown], 1939), 228.
76. See announcement regarding Kapferer's Die Bergpredigt als Kampfansage gegen das Judentum, in Karl Dungs, ed., Nationalkirchliche Einung Deutsche Christen, Fachabteilung Kirchenpolitik, no. 4 (Essen-Kupferdreh: 13 Jan. 1944), EZA Berlin, 1/A4/566.
77. See Heinz Weidemann, "Mein Kampf um die Erneuerung des religiosen Lebens in der Kirche: ein Rechenschaftsbericht," (1942), pp. 4-5, BA Koblenz, R 43 11/165, fiche 4:322-23.
78. Heinz Weidemann to Franz Ritter von Epp, December 1936, BHStA Munich, Reichstatthalter (RSth) 636/7.
79. Weidemann, "Mein Kampf," 4-5.
80. Das Evangelium Johannes dentsch, forward by Heinz Weidemann (Bremen: H. M. Hauschild, 1936), for example, pages 5, 12, and 29; passages from John 1:40, John 3:31 ff., and John 7:1.
81. There is some uncertainty about the fate of the other projected segments of the Volkstestament. Some accounts refer to an edition of the New Testament called the Volkstestarrient, but presumably they were using the collective title for the first part only; in any case, I could locate no copies of anything but Die Botschaft Gottes.
82. Karl Eichenberg, "Sie waren anders als ihr Ruf: Die Deutschen Christen," unpublished manuscript, (1970s), 22, KAG Minden, no. 6410.
83. See Die Botschaft Gottes, ed. Institute for Study and Elimination of Jewish Influence in German Church Life (Weimar,1940), 95-96.
84. "Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott," and "Du meine Seele singe." See program titled "Wach auf, wach auf, du deutsches Land, du hast genug geschlafen," for meeting of the German Christian Faith Movement in Dortmund, 22-24 June 1933, LKA Bielefeld, 5,1 /294,3.
85. Krause, "Rede des Gauobmannes."
86. Friedrich Tausch, "Entwurf zu einem Propagandadienst der Reichskirchenregierung" (8 May 1935), pp. 1, 3, EZA Berlin, 1/A4/93.
87. Wilhelm Bauer, Feierstunden Deutscher Christen (Weimar: Verlag Deutsche Christen, 1935), 47-48.
88. Bauer, Feierstunden Deutscher Christen, 44.
89. Lieder der kommenden Kirche, forward by Heinz Weidemann (Bremen: Verlag "Kommende Kirche," 1939), contains 112 hymns. An expanded version with 186 hymns appeared subsequently: Gesangbuch der kernmenden Kirche (Bremen: Verlag "Kommende Kirche," n.d.).
90. Advertisement from Evangelische Nachrichten (23 April 1939) for "Die Lieder der kornmenden Kirche, hrsg. von Landesbischof Lic. Dr. Weidemann," including quotations from Weidemann's forward, LKA Bielefeld, 5,1 /293.
91. Grof3er Gott, Wir loben Dich! (Weimar: Der neue Dom, 1941).
92. Fritz Loerzer to Otto Dibelius, 31 July 1948, p. 7, KAG Minden, file Loerzer.
93. [Unknown first name] Heilsbronn to Protestant Lutheran Regional Church Council, Nasbach, 1 June 1945, LKA Nuremberg, LKR 11246, Bd. IX.
94. See complaints by Lieutenant-Colonel Marshall M. Knappen, head of the Religious Affairs Section in the Office of Military Government for Germany, United States (OMGUS), about reluctance on the part of Protestant organizations to denazify adequately, in report from Knappen to Lucius Clay, "Stewart W. Herman: Interview with Major-General Clay at Berlin on December 5th, 1945," in Die evangelische Kirche Hach deco Zusannnenbruch: Berichte ausliindischer Beobachter aus dem Jahre 1945, ed. Clemens Vollnhalls (Gottingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1988), 305.
95. See, for example, "Marshall M. Knappen. Report on Interview with Bishop Wurm of Wurttemberg (leading Protestant ecclesiastic of Germany), 22 June 1945," and Martin Niemoller to Karl Barth, 15 June 1946, both in Vollnhalls, Die evangelische Kirche Hach dem Zusanmeenbruch, 26, 135-36.
96. See English translation of the Stuttgart Declaration and discussion of its reception in Germany and abroad in Stewart W. Herman, The Rebirth of the German Church (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1946), 140-46.
97. See Stewart W. Hermann, "Report on German Reactions to the Stuttgart Declaration [14 Dec. 1945]," in Vollnhalls, Die evangelische Kirche nach dent Zusammenbruch, 309-14.
98. "Personnel Questionnaire" (English version), in Wolfgang Friedmann, The Allied Military Government of Germany (London: Stevens, 1947), 326-31.
99. Gotthardt Goertz's figures are included in a report commissioned by the Religious Affairs Branch of the British Occupation Authority, in Besier, "Selbstreinigung" tinter britischer Besatzungsherrschnft, 61.
100. "O
rdnung fur das Verfahren bei Verletzung von Amtspflichten der Geistlichen," signed by the leadership of the Protestant Church of Westphalia and by the leadership of the Protestant Church of the Rhine Province, 1 September 1945, LKA Bielefeld, 4,55/B/26,6.
101. "Neue Wirksamkeit der friiheren DC," in a circular from the Chancellery of the Protestant Church in Germany, signed Asmussen, 3 December 1947, Schwabisch Ground, pp. 2-3, LKA Nuremberg, LKR II 246, Bd. IX.
102. Friedrich Buschtons to Otto Koch, 14 October 1945, Ilsenburg, pp. 4-7, KAG Minden, no. 15.
103. For a summary of the work of Hermann Diem and his "Ecclesiastical-theological society" see Karl Haldenwang, "Die wiirtt. evangelische Kirche and der Nazismus: Die kirchlich-theologische Sozietat," Schmribisches Tagblatt, no. 67 (23 Aug. 1946), p. 6, LKA Bielefeld, 5,1/686,1.
104. Mainstream German Protestants attacked Diem for using "German Christian methods" and publishing in "Communist" papers. See Georg Schmidgall to Karl Haldenwang, 26 August 1946, Tubingen, pp. 1-4, and Harms Ruckert to Hermann Diem, 26 August 1946, Tubingen, both in LKA Bielefeld, 5,1/686,1.
105. See "Stewart W. Herman: General German Church Situation [September 1945]," in Vollnhalls, Die evangelische Kirche nach dem Zusammenbruch, especially pages 160-61 on the purge of "Nazi church governments."
106. See Friedrich Buschtons to Karl Wentz, 15 July 1950, Klein-Machnow, KAG Minden, no. 15; also duplicated letter by Wilhelm Oberlies, beginning "Liebe Freunde and Kameraden," November 1949, KAG Minden, no. 17.
107. Gustav Endler to all Protestant Regional and Provincial Churches in the Federal Republic of Germany, 5 May 1953, Berlin-Hermsdorf, KAG Minden, no. 29.
108. Gustav Endler, "Konfirmationsansprache gehalten im Kriegsjahr 1942 von Pfarrer Endler, 1. Kor. 3,11," attached to Endler to Supreme Party Court (Munich), 11 March 1942, Berlin, BDC, Endler Material, Oberstes Parteigericht file.
109. Eichenberg, "Sie waren anders als ihr Ruf," 14-17.
110. Guida Diehl, Christ sein heif3t Kampfer sein: Die Fiihrung meines Lebens (Giessen: Brunnen, 1959), 252-54.
111. On Diehl's postwar fate, see her newsletter, Liebe Neuldnder and Neulandfreunde (Laurenburg an der Lahn [Hesse], 20 June 1960), KAG Minden, no. 1.
112. Siegfried Leffler to Dr. Hutten, 24 September 1947, Ludwigsburg, pp. 1-2, LKA Nuremberg, LKR 11246, Bd. IX.
113. See, for example, "Siegfried Lefflers Widerruf," in "Kirchliche Nachrichten," Evangelisches Gemeindeblatt fiir Augsburg and Umgebung, no. 5 (1 Feb. 1948), 21, KAG Minden, no. 2.
114. See Vollnhalls, Evangelische Kirche and Entnazif~zierung, 287; also notation by Karl Wentz, dated July 1960, on copy of "Siegfried Lefflers Widerruf," KAG Minden, no. 2.
115. Ilse Werdermann to Karl Wentz, 12 March 1960, Bad Kreuznach, KAG Minden, file Werdermann. See also Ilse Werdermann to Karl Wentz, 6 May 1960, Bad Kreuznach, KAG Minden, no. 1.
116. Minutes of hearing of Hans Schmidt before justice committee, signed Consistory Councilor R69ler, 22 October 1947, Dusseldorf, pp. 2-3, AEKR Dusseldorf, Bevollmachtigteramt d. franz. Zone, Bf 10, CD-Konsistorium KL.
117. Magerle [name unclear] to Hermann Diem, 3 March 1948, Ludwigsburg, LKA Bielefeld, 5,1/686/2.
118. Friedrich Buschtons to Karl Wentz, 27 November 1953, KAG Minden, no. 15.
119. Walther Fiebig to Friedrich Buschtons, 27 February 1946, Munster, KAG Minden, V, Fi. Fiebig's exact words were as follows: "Der Vorwurf, daf3 wir uns nicht i.iber die Konzentrationslager geaussert batten, wird immer wieder einmal auch hier erhoben. Sie erinnern mit Recht daran, daf3 wir nichts davon gewuilt haben and auch nichts wissen konnten, weil die uns zuganglichen Nachrichten anders lauteten."
120. Wilhelm Staedel to Karl Heim, 17 June 1958, Holzhausen an der Porta (Westphalia), pp. 8-10, BA Koblenz, NL 252/13.
121. Scholder, Die Kirchen and das Dritte Reich; Conway, The Nazi Persecution of the Churches. See also Ernst Christian Helmreich, The German Churches under Hitler: Background, Struggle and Epilogue (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1985).
122. In addition to the literature already noted, the following titles indicate the range of works on the period that have appeared over the past five decades: Wilhelm Niemoller, Kampf and Zeugnis der Bekennenden Kirche (Bielefeld: Ludwig Bechauf, 1948); Walter Conrad, Der Kampf um die Kanzeln: Erinnerungen and Dokumente aus der Hitlerzeit (Berlin: Alfred Topelmann,1957); Eberhard Kliigel, Die lutherische Landeskirche Hannovers and ihr Bischof, 2 vols. (Berlin: Lutherisches Verlagshaus, 1964-65); Franklin H. Littell and Hubert G. Locke, eds., The German Church Struggle and the Holocaust (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1974); Leonore Siegele-Wenschkewitz, Neutestamentliche Wissenschaft vor der Judenfrage: Gerhard Kittels theologische Arbeit im Wandel deutscher Geschichte (Munich: Christian Kaiser, 1980); Victoria Barnett, For the Soul of the People: Protestant Protest against Hitler (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992).
123. Diehl, Christ sein heif3t Kdmpfer sein; Christian Kinder, Neue Beitrdge zur Geschichte der evangelischen Kirchen in Schleswig-Holstein and im Reich, 1924-1945, 2nd. ed. (Flensburg: Karfeld, 1966); and Franz Tugel, Mein Weg, 1888-1946: Erinnerungen eines Hamburger Bischofs, ed. Carsten Nicolaisen (Hamburg: Friedrich Wittig, 1972).
124. Hans Buchheim, Glaubenskrise im Dritten Reich: Drei Kapitel Nationalsozialistischer Religionspolitik (Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlagsanstalt, 1953).
125. See Karl Heinz Gotte, "Die Propaganda der Glaubensbewegung 'Deutsche Christen' and ihre Beurteilung in der deutschen Tagespresse: Ein Beitrag zur Publizistik im Dritten Reich" (PhD. diss., Munster, 1957); Eugene W. Miller Jr., "National Socialism and the Glaubensbewegung 'Deutsche Christen,' 1932-1933: Analysis of a Political Relationship" (Ph.D. diss., Pennsylvania State University, 1972); James A. Zabel, Nazism and the Pastors: A Study of the Ideas of Three "Deutsche Christen" Groups, American Academy of Religion Dissertation Series, ed. H. Ganse, no. 14, (Missoula, Mont.: Scholars Press, 1976).
126. Helmut Baier, Die Deutschen Christen Bayerns im Rahmen des bayerischen Kirchenkampfes (Nuremberg: Verein fir bayerische Kirchengeschichte, 1968).
127. The self-selective tendency in the historiography of German Lutheranism under the Nazis is addressed in Hans Tiefel, "The German Lutheran Church and the Rise of National Socialism," Church History 41, no. 3 (Sept. 1971): 326-36.
128. The group of former German Christians who organized the Working Group for Church History in Minden in the 1950s aimed to end the silence on their movement's past. They gathered materials from former adherents and furthered research work regarding the German Christian movement. See circular from Karl Wentz, 12 November 1956, Minden, KAG Minden, file labeled Kirchengeschichtliche A.G. Wentz's files indicate that he contacted many former German Christians to solicit materials and involvement in the group. Many of those who refused explained that they were not prepared to risk their new positions in the church.
129. Conway, The Nazi Persecution of the Churches, xx.
130. Reijo E. Heinonen, Anpassung and Identitdt: Theologie and Kirchenpolitik der Bremer Deutschen Christen 1933-1945 (Gottingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1978); Hans-Joachim Sonne, Die politische Theologie der Deutschen Christen, (Gottingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1982); Schneider, Reichsbischof Ludwig Muller.
131. Uriel Tal, "On Modern Lutheranism and the Jews," Leo Baeck Yearbook (1985); Detlef Minkner, Christuskreuz and Hakenkreuz. Kirche in Wedding 1933-1945 (Berlin: Institut Kirche and Judentum, 1986); Wolfgang Gerlach, Als die Zeugen Schwiegen: Bekennende Kirche and die Juden (Berlin: Institut Kirche and Judentum, 1987); Hans Prolingheuer, Wir rind in die Irre gegangen: Die Schuld der Kirche unterm Hakenkreuz (Cologne: Pahl-Rugenstein, 1987).
132. Some church archives, such as those in Bielefeld and Berlin, prepared special displays on the subject. The Regional Church Archive in Nuremberg produced a major exhibit to be taken on tour.
133. Susannah Heschel, "Nazifying Christian Theology: Walter Grundmann and the Institute for the Study and Eradication of Jewish Influence on German Church Life," Church History 63 (1994): 587-605.
134.
Robert P. Ericksen, Theologians under Hitler: Gerhard Kittel, Paul Althaus and Emanuel Hirsch (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1985).
135. Rainer Hering, Theologische Wissenschaft and "Drittes Reich" (Pfaffenweiler: Centaurus-Verlagsgesellschaft, 1990).
136. Sheila Briggs, "Images of Women and Jews in Nineteenth- and Twentieth-Century German Theology," in Clarissa W. Atkinson, Constance H. Buchanan, and Margaret R. Miles, eds., Immaculate and Powerful: The Female in Sacred Image and Social Reality (Boston: Beacon Press, 1985), 226-59; Jochen-Christoph Kaiser, Frauen in der Kirche: Evangelische Frauenverbdnde im Spannungsfeld von Kirche and Gesellschaft, 1890-1945: Quellen and Materialien (Dusseldorf: Schwann, 1985).
137. Shelley Baranowski, The Confessing Church, Conservative Elites, and the Nazi State (Lewiston, N.Y.: Edwin Mellen Press, 1986). See also her article "Consent and Dissent: The Confessing Church and Conservative Opposition to National Socialism," Journal of Modern History 59, no. 1 (March 1987): 53-78.
138. See working paper by Manfred Gailus, "Protestantismus and Nationalsozialismus: Eine vergleichende Untersuchung fiber Berliner Kirchengemeinden in der Spatphase der Weimarer Republik and im Nationalsozialismus (1930-1945)," presented at the Technical University of Berlin, 1989. I am grateful to Anja Baumhoff for drawing my attention to this project.
139. Rainer LSchele, Ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Glaube: Die "Deutschen Christen" in Wiirttetnberg 1925-1960 (Stuttgart: Calwer, 1994).
140. Doris L. Bergen, Twisted Cross: The German Christian Movement in the Third Reich (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996).
C?-taDter. 4: SliFannah H chef
1. Saul Friedlander, Nazi Germany and the Jews (New York: HarperCollins, 1997), 87.
2. "Das Heil Kommt von den Juden: Eine Schicksalsfrage an die Christen deutscher Nation," Deutsche Frdmnigkeit 9 (September 1938): 1. All translations are my own unless otherwise indicated.
3. Walter Grundmann and Karl Friedrich Euler, foreword to Das religiose Gesicht des Judentums: Entstehung and Art (Leipzig: Verlag Georg Wigand, 1942).
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