Controversies and Viewpoints
Page 44
[←69 ]
TN: Despite his philandering, singer Tom Jones has remained profoundly religious throughout his career.
[←70 ]
TN: A French magazine.
[←71 ]
TN: The Next Hundred Centuries.
[←72 ]
TN: Giscard’s First Hundred Days.
[←73 ]
TN: Alfred Fabre-Luce (May 16th, 1899–May 17th, 1983) was a French journalist.
[←74 ]
TN: I Have Lived Through Several Centuries.
[←75 ]
TN: It is all too clear that Henriette and Philippe are entirely fictitious characters, since their surname literally means ‘the evil or villainous one’.
[←76 ]
TN: The ‘agrégé’ is the highest teaching diploma in France.
[←77 ]
TN: André Léon Blum (9th April, 1872–30th March, 1950) was a French politician. He was widely considered to belong to the moderate Left and became Prime Minister of France on three different occasions. When Germany defeated France in 1940, he became a staunch opponent of Vichy France. Tried by Vichy on trumped-up charges, he was imprisoned in the Buchenwald concentration camp. After the war, he resumed a transitional leadership role in French politics, helping to bring about the French Fourth Republic.
[←78 ]
TN: Joseph-Marie–Auguste Caillaux (30th March, 1863–22nd November, 1944) was a French politician of the Third Republic. He was among the leaders of the French Radical party and became Minister of Finance, but his progressive views led him to oppose the military and thus alienated him from his conservative counterparts.
[←79 ]
TN: The Secret of the Republic.
[←80 ]
TN: Raymond Nicolas Landry Poincaré (20th August, 1860–15th October, 1934) was a French statesman who served three times as Prime Minister of France. He also became the President of France from 1913 to 1920 and was famous for his openly anti-German attitudes. At the Paris Peace Conference, he favoured the re-occupation of the Rhineland, which he was able to carry out in 1923 as Prime Minister.
[←81 ]
TN: Édouard Marie Herriot (5th July, 1872–26th March, 1957) was a French Radical politician of the Third Republic who became Prime Minister on three occasions, in addition to spending many years as president of the Chamber of Deputies. He was also the leader of the first Cartel des Gauches (meaning leftist Cartel), a governmental alliance between the Radical-Socialist Party and the socialist French Section of the Workers’ International (SFIO) which lasted until the end of the Popular Front (1936–38).
[←82 ]
TN: The Occupation of the Ruhr (German: Ruhrbesetzung) was a period of military occupation of the German Ruhr valley by France and Belgium in response to the Weimar Republic’s failure to make its second reparation payment of the £6.6 billion dictated by the Triple Entente in the aftermath of World War I.
[←83 ]
TN: The ‘Abyssinia Crisis’ was a 1935 crisis that began with what was called the Walwal incident in the conflict between the Kingdom of Italy and the Empire of Ethiopia (then commonly known as “Abyssinia” in Europe). Although the League of Nations voted for sanctions against Italy, the latter simply ignored them and signed special agreements with both France and Britain, ultimately establishing control of Ethiopia.
[←84 ]
TN: This is a reference to the marching of German troops into the Rhineland on March 7th, 1936. The action was directed against the Treaty of Versailles, which had laid out the terms subsequently accepted by the defeated Germany. Surprisingly, the Allies simply abstained from any adequate response.
[←85 ]
TN: The 6th February crisis (1934) was an anti-parliamentarist street demonstration in Paris organised by several ‘far-Right’ leagues and culminating in a riot on the Place de la Concorde, near the seat of the French National Assembly. In reaction, the police shot and killed fifteen demonstrators. The events are considered to have been a very real attempt to overthrow the Cartel des gauches government elected in 1932.
[←86 ]
TN: The Popular Front or Front populaire was an interwar alliance of Left-wing movements that included the French Communist Party (PCF), the French Section of the Workers’ International (SFIO) and the Radical and Socialist Party.
[←87 ]
TN: The Victory.
[←88 ]
TN: The Journal of France.
[←89 ]
TN: Anthology of the New Europe.
[←90 ]
TN: Charles-Marie-Photius Maurras (20th April, 1868–16th November, 1952) was a French writer, politician, poet, and critic. He contributed to organising the Action française, a political movement that was monarchist, anti-Semitic, anti-parliamentarist, and counter-revolutionary, also acting as its principal philosopher.
[←91 ]
TN: Arthur Moeller van den Bruck (23rd April, 1876–3oth May, 1925) was a German cultural historian and author. He is most famous for his controversial book entitled Das Dritte Reich (The Third Reich, 1923), which advocated German nationalism and had a major impact on the Conservative Revolutionary movement and, at a later point, on the Nazi Party itself (which he did not, however, support).
[←92 ]
TN: In the Name of the Silent Ones.
[←93 ]
TN: A Double Prison.
[←94 ]
TN: High Court.
[←95 ]
TN: The Treaty of Versailles (French: Traité de Versailles) was the most significant of the peace treaties that brought an end to World War I. It included the so-called ‘War Guilt Clause’, one of the most important and controversial stipulations requiring Germany and its allies to accept full responsibility for causing all the loss and damage resulting from the war.
[←96 ]
TN: The Vichy government was the official government of France after Germany defeated and occupied it at the start of World War II. It was essentially a puppet government controlled by the Germans.
[←97 ]
TN: Undisguised History.
[←98 ]
TN: Gaulle Two.
[←99 ]
TN: The Most Illustrious Frenchman.
[←100 ]
TN: The Crowning of the Prince.
[←101 ]
TN: The Anniversary.
[←102 ]
TN: Jules Romains, born Louis Henri Jean Farigoule (26th August, 1885–14th August, 1972), was a French poet and author and the founder of the literary movement known as ‘Unanimism’.
[←103 ]
TN: Otto Eduard Leopold, Prince of Bismarck, Duke of Lauenburg (1st April, 1815–30th July, 1898) was a conservative Prussian statesman who dominated German and European affairs from the 1860s until 1890 and was the first Chancellor of the German Empire between 1871 and 1890.
[←104 ]
TN: Robert Brasillach (31st March, 1909–6th February, 1945) was a French author and journalist and the editor of Je suis partout, a nationalist newspaper. He was executed for advocating collaborationism, denunciation and incitement to murder. The execution remains the focus of controversy, because Brasillach was executed for his ‘intellectual crimes’ and not his military or political actions.
[←105 ]
TN: The term Kniefall von Warschau, also known as Warschauer Kniefall (both meaning ‘Warsaw genuflection’ in German), refers to a gesture of humility and penance by German Chancellor Willy Brandt towards the victims of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising.
[←106 ]
TN: André Malraux (3rd November, 1901–23rd November, 1976) was a French novelist and art theorist who was also involved in politics, acting as France’s Minister of Information and Minister of Cultural Affairs under de Gaulle.
[←107 ]
TN: Born David Grün, David Ben-Gurion (16th October, 1886–1st December, 1973) was the primary national founder of the State of Israel and the first Prime Minister of Israel.
[←108 ]
/> TN: Six Billion Insects.
[←109 ]
TN: Meaning both those who would increase natality and those who would curb it.
[←110 ]
TN: Death Is Not What It Used to Be.
[←111 ]
TN: Ambroise Paul Toussaint Jules Valéry (30th October, 1871–20th July, 1945) was a French poet, author, and philosopher.
[←112 ]
TN: Jean-Marie Guyau (28th October, 1854–31st March, 1888) was a French philosopher and poet.
[←113 ]
TN: A Morality Devoid of Obligations and Sanctions.
[←114 ]
TN: The General at the Sorbonne.
[←115 ]
TN: Moving Words.
[←116 ]
TN: Jorge Francisco Isidoro Luis Borges Acevedo (24th August, 1899–14th June, 1986) was an Argentine short-story writer, essayist, poet and translator. He is considered an important figure in Spanish-language literature. His best-known books, Ficciones (Fictions) and El Aleph (The Aleph), published in the 1940s, are compilations of short stories interconnected by common themes, including dreams, labyrinths, philosophy, libraries, mirrors, fictional writers, and mythology.
[←117 ]
TN: Ricardo Eliécer Neftalí Reyes Basoalto (12th July, 1904–23rd September, 1973), better known as Pablo Neruda, was a Chilean poet-diplomat and politician. He managed to get himself noticed as a poet when he was only thirteen years old and wrote in a variety of styles. In 1971, he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature.
[←118 ]
TN: Southern Cross.
[←119 ]
TN: André Breton (18th February, 1896–28th September, 1966) was a French author, poet, and anti-fascist. He is renowned for having been the founder of Surrealism. His writings include the first Surrealist Manifesto (Manifeste du surréalisme) of 1924, in which he defined surrealism as ‘pure psychic automatism’.
[←120 ]
TN: French Letters.
[←121 ]
TN: Louis Émile Clément Georges Bernanos (20th February, 1888–5th July, 1948) was a French writer who fought as a soldier in World War I. A Roman Catholic with monarchist tendencies, he condemned what he considered to be French defeatism in World War II. Many of his books have been translated into English and published in the USA and Great Britain.
[←122 ]
TN: The Deceptions of Poetry.
[←123 ]
TN: Man and the Sacred.
[←124 ]
TN: The Sisyphean Boulder.
[←125 ]
TN: The Poetics of Saint-John Perse.
[←126 ]
TN: At the Heart of the Fantastical.
[←127 ]
TN: Stone Writings.
[←128 ]
TN: ‘Saint-John Perse’ was one of the pseudonyms used by Alexis Leger (31st May, 1887–20th September, 1975). Leger was a French poet-diplomat who won the 1960 Nobel Prize of Literature ‘for the soaring flight and evocative imagery of his poetry.’
[←129 ]
TN: Born Louis Poirier, Julien Gracq (27th July, 1910–22nd December, 2007) was a French writer.
[←130 ]
TN: European Ethics, as Seen Through the Work of Saint-John Perse.
[←131 ]
TN: Studies and Research.
[←132 ]
TN: Winds.
[←133 ]
TN: Anabasis.
[←134 ]
TN: Born Anatoliy Bisk, Alain Bosquet (28th March, 1919–8th March, 1998) was a French poet.
[←135 ]
TN: Neith (alternatively Nit, Net, or Neit) was an ancient Egyptian deity who was said to be the first and prime creator. She was the tutelary goddess of Sais and is sometimes equated with the goddess Isis. The ‘veil of Isis’ is a metaphor and allegorical artistic motif in which nature is personified as the goddess Isis covered by a veil or mantle, representing the inaccessibility of nature’s secrets.
[←136 ]
TN: The Squares of a Chessboard.
[←137 ]
TN: Poetic Art.
[←138 ]
TN: Anthology of the Fantastical.
[←139 ]
TN: Marie Anne de Vichy-Chamrond, marquise du Deffand (1697–23rd September, 1780) was a French hostess and patron of the arts.
[←140 ]
TN: Marie-Thérèse de Brosses is a journalist, writer and reporter.
[←141 ]
TN: Interviews with Raymond Abellio.
[←142 ]
TN: The Cathars were a Gnostic group that dominated the South of France well into our era. They were simply slaughtered in what is known as the ‘Albigensian crusade’, which is considered by many scholars and historians to have been plain and simple genocide.
[←143 ]
TN: There are several newspapers called ‘Le Quotidien’, but the author is clearly referring to a daily newspaper published in France by Cartel des Gauches between the World Wars.
[←144 ]
TN: L’Humanité is a French daily newspaper. It was formerly an organ of the French Communist Party and still maintains links to it.
[←145 ]
TN: The Groupe X-Crise was a French technocratic movement created in 1931 in response to the 1929 Wall Street stock market crash and the Great Depression. Founded by former students of the Polytechnic School (nicknamed ‘X’), it advocated economic planification as opposed to the then dominant ideology of classical liberalism, which was considered to have failed.
[←146 ]
TN: The previously-mentioned French Section of the Workers’ International, a French socialist political party that has since vanished.
[←147 ]
TN: Socialist Recovery.
[←148 ]
TN: Jules Salvador Moch (15h March, 1893–1st August, 1985) was a French politician who also fought for France in World War II.
[←149 ]
TN: The End of Nihilism.
[←150 ]
TN: Eugène Deloncle (20th June, 1890–17th January, 1944) was a French engineer and Fascist leader.
[←151 ]
TN: Blessed Are the Peacemakers.
[←152 ]
TN: The Bhagavad Gita, often referred to simply as the Gita, is a 700-verse Hindu scripture written in Sanskrit and belonging to the Hindu epic Mahabharata.
[←153 ]
TN: Count Hermann Alexander von Keyserling (20th July, 1880–26th April, 1946) was a Baltic German philosopher.
[←154 ]
TN: Nikolai Alexandrovich Berdyaev (18th March, 1874–24th March, 1948) was a Russian political and Christian religious philosopher who placed great emphasis on the existential spiritual significance of human freedom and the human person.
[←155 ]
TN: Phenomenology is the philosophical (or possibly psychological) study of the structures of (subjective) experience and consciousness. It was established by Edmund Husserl in the early years of the 20th century.
[←156 ]
TN: Towards a New Prophetism.
[←157 ]
TN: Ezekiel’s Eyes Are Open.
[←158 ]
TN: The Assumption of Europe.
[←159 ]
TN: The Pit of Babel.
[←160 ]
TN: The Absolute Structure.
[←161 ]
TN: The End of Esotericism.
[←162 ]
TN: Within a Soul and a Body.
[←163 ]
TN: Dominique de Roux (17th September, 1935–29th March, 1977) was a French author and publisher.