[←250 ]
TN: The Moscow Trials were a series of trials organised in the Soviet Union between 1936 and 1938, at the instigation of Joseph Stalin. They targeted so-called Trotskyists and the members of the ‘Right Opposition’ of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.
[←251 ]
TN: Sonnenfinsternis.
[←252 ]
TN: Rubashov, actually.
[←253 ]
TN: Nikolai Ivanovich Bukharin (9th October, 1888–15th March, 1938) was a Russian Bolshevik revolutionary, Soviet politician and prolific author on revolutionary theory. Arrested in February 1937, he was charged with conspiring to overthrow the Soviet state and executed in March 1938, after a show trial that alienated many Western communist sympathisers.
[←254 ]
TN: A Marxist, Karl Berngardovich Radek (31st October, 1885–19th May, 1939) played an active role in the Polish and German social democratic movements before World War I; he was also an international Communist leader in the Soviet Union after the Russian Revolution.
[←255 ]
TN: Born Lev Davidovich Bronstein, Leon Trotsky (7th November, 1879–21st August, 1940) was a Russian revolutionary, Marxist theorist, and Soviet politician whose particular strain of Marxist thought is known as Trotskyism. He was assassinated in Mexico City.
[←256 ]
TN: Artur London (1st February, 1915–8th November, 1986) was a Czechoslovakian communist politician and co-defendant in the Slánský Trial. He was sentenced to life imprisonment but released after Stalin’s death in 1953.
[←257 ]
TN: The Comité des forges (Foundry Committee) was an organization of leaders of the French iron and steel industry from 1846 to 1940.
[←258 ]
TN: Roger Garaudy (17th July, 1913–13th June, 2012) was a French philosopher, French resistance fighter and a prominent communist author who converted to Islam in 1982 and changed his name to Ragaa Garaudy.
[←259 ]
TN: The Traitor and the Proletarian, or the Koestler & Co. Ltd Enterprise.
[←260 ]
TN: Saint Thomas Aquinas (1225–7th March, 1274) was a Dominican friar, Catholic priest, and Doctor of the Church. He was a hugely influential philosopher, theologian, and jurist in the tradition of scholasticism, within which he is also known as the Doctor Angelicus and the Doctor Communis.
[←261 ]
TN: The French title is Croisade sans Croix, meaning ‘Crusade Without a Cross’.
[←262 ]
TN: Born in 1944, Quentin Debray is a psychiatrist. His father was Pierre Debray-Ritzen.
[←263 ]
TN: Arthur Koestler in the Face of Knowledge.
[←264 ]
TN: A holon (derived from ‘holos’, meaning ‘whole’ in Greek) is something that is simultaneously a whole and a part. The word was coined by Arthur Koestler in his book The Ghost in the Machine (1967)
[←265 ]
TN: Burrhus Frederic Skinner (20th March, 1904–18th August, 1990), commonly known as B. F. Skinner, was an American psychologist, behaviourist, writer, inventor, and social philosopher.
[←266 ]
TN: Herman Kahn (15th February, 1922–7th July, 1983) was a founder of the Hudson Institute and one of the preeminent futurists of the latter part of the 20th century. He initially reached prominent status as a military strategist and systems theorist at the RAND Corporation, an American nonprofit global policy think tank partly financed by the US government.
[←267 ]
TN: A punched card is a card perforated according to a code, formerly used to program computers.
[←268 ]
TN: Paul-Michel Foucault (15th October, 1926–25th June, 1984) was a French philosopher, historian of ideas, social theorist and literary critic.
[←269 ]
TN: Words and Things.
[←270 ]
TN: Jacques Marie Émile Lacan (13th April, 1901–9th September, 1981) was a French psychoanalyst and psychiatrist. Some have called him ‘the most controversial psychoanalyst since Freud’.
[←271 ]
TN: Claude Lévi-Strauss (28th November, 1908–30th October, 2009) was a French anthropologist and ethnologist who played a decisive role in the development of the theory of structuralism and structural anthropology.
[←272 ]
TN: Louis Pierre Althusser (16th October, 1918–22nd October, 1990) was a French Marxist philosopher.
[←273 ]
TN: For Marx.
[←274 ]
TN: The Savage Mind.
[←275 ]
TN: Konrad Zacharias Lorenz (7th November, 1903–27th February, 1989) was an Austrian zoologist, ethologist, and ornithologist who shared the 1973 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Nikolaas Tinbergen and Karl von Frisch.
[←276 ]
TN: The 19th century.
[←277 ]
TN: In 1937, James Papez suggested that the circuit connecting the hypothalamus to the limbic lobe was the basis for emotional experiences. Later on, Paul D. MacLean reconceptualised Papez’s idea and coined the term ‘limbic system’. Recent studies have however shown that the circuit plays a more significant role in memory functions than in emotions.
[←278 ]
TN: Alain De Benoist is referring to French publications and editions.
[←279 ]
TN: What I believe.
[←280 ]
TN: René Huyghe (3rd May, 1906–5th February, 1997) was a French writer on the history, psychology and philosophy of art.
[←281 ]
TN: Born György Bernát Löwinger, György or Georg Lukács (13th April, 1885–4th June, 1971) was a Hungarian Marxist philosopher, aesthetician, literary historian, and critic.
[←282 ]
TN: Rosa Luxemburg (5th March, 1871–15th January, 1919) was a Polish Marxist theorist, philosopher, economist, anti-war activist, and revolutionary socialist.
[←283 ]
TN: An anti-fascistic politician.
[←284 ]
TN: Togliatti was the leader of the Italian Communist Party.
[←285 ]
TN: Karl Korsch (15th August, 1886–21st October, 1961) was a German Marxist theoretician.
[←286 ]
TN: Antonie (Anton) Pannekoek (2nd January, 1873–28th April, 1960) was a Dutch astronomer, Marxist theorist, and social revolutionary. He was one of the main theorists of council communism (councilism).
[←287 ]
TN: Amadeo Bordiga (13th June, 1889–23rd July, 1970) was an Italian Marxist, a contributor to Communist theory, the founder of the Communist Party of Italy, a leader of the Communist International and, at a later point, a leading figure of the International Communist Party.
[←288 ]
TN: Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (27th August, 1770–14th November, 1831) was a German philosopher and a significant figure of German idealism.
[←289 ]
TN: Born on 5th June, 1926, Hélène Védrine is a French philosopher.
[←290 ]
TN: The Philosophies of History.
[←291 ]
TN: Karl Johann Kautsky (16th October, 1854–17th October, 1938) was a Czech-Austrian philosopher, journalist, and Marxist theoretician.
[←292 ]
TN: Henri Lefebvre (16th June, 1901–29th June, 1991) was a French Marxist philosopher and sociologist, best known for his pioneering of the critique of everyday life, his concepts of the ‘right to the city’ and the production of social space, and his work on dialectics and alienation. He targeted Stalinism, existentialism, and structuralism with rather sharp criticism.
[←293 ]
TN: The End of History.
[←294 ]
TN: Born on 28th March, 1937, Jean Baechler is a French sociologist.
[←295 ]
TN: What Is Ideology?
[←296 ]
TN: Reading Gramsci.
[←297 ]
TN: Gramsci and the Theory
of State.
[←298 ]
TN: For Gramsci.
[←299 ]
TN: Gramsci’s Political Thought.
[←300 ]
TN: Notes on Gramsci.
[←301 ]
TN: Gramsci and the Religious Question.
[←302 ]
TN: The German Idealism of Jewish Philosophers.
[←303 ]
TN: The Weimar Republic is an unofficial, historical designation for the German state during the years of 1919 to 1933.
[←304 ]
TN: Martin Heidegger (26th September, 1889–26th May, 1976) was a German philosopher and a seminal thinker in the Continental tradition and philosophical hermeneutics. He is widely regarded as one of the most original and crucial philosophers of the 20th century.
[←305 ]
TN: Edmund Gustav Albrecht Husserl (8th April, 1859–27th April, 1938) was a German philosopher who established the school of phenomenology.
[←306 ]
TN: Karl Theodor Jaspers (23rd February, 1883–26th February, 1969) was a German-Swiss psychiatrist and philosopher whose ideas greatly influenced modern theology, psychiatry, and philosophy.
[←307 ]
TN: Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling (27th January, 1775–20th August, 1854) was a German philosopher. He is generally considered to represent the midpoint in the development of German idealism.
[←308 ]
TN: Born Loeb Baruch, Karl Ludwig Börne (6th May, 1786–12th February, 1837) was a German-Jewish political author and satirist and is considered part of the Young Germany movement, although many rather stress his adherence to Jacobinism, the most renowned political movement of the French Revolution (1979–1989).
[←309 ]
TN: Max Horkheimer (14th February, 1895–7th July, 1973) was a German philosopher and sociologist famous for his contribution to ‘critical theory’ and classified as a Western Marxist.
[←310 ]
TN: Friedrich Pollock (22nd May, 1894–16th December, 1970) was a German social scientist and philosopher. He was one of the founders of the Institute for Social Research in Frankfurt and a member of the Frankfurt School of neo-Marxist theory.
[←311 ]
TN: Alain de Benoist is clearly referring to the Institute’s Zeitschrift für Sozialforschung (Journal for Social Research), which was renamed Studies in Philosophy and Social Science when the Institute became affiliated with Columbia University.
[←312 ]
TN: Herbert Marcuse (19th July, 1898–29th July, 1979) was a German-American philosopher, sociologist, and political theorist who criticised capitalism, modern technology, historical materialism and entertainment culture, arguing that they represent new forms of social control.
[←313 ]
TN: Walter Bendix Schönflies Benjamin (15th July, 1892–26th September, 1940) was a German Jewish philosopher, cultural critic and essayist whose thoughts were a combination of German idealism, Romanticism, Western Marxism, and Jewish mysticism.
[←314 ]
TN: Born Theodor Ludwig Wiesengrund, Theodor W. Adorno (11th September, 1903–6th August, 1969) was a German philosopher, sociologist, and composer known for his critical theory of society.
[←315 ]
TN: Erich Seligmann Fromm (23rd March, 1900–18th March, 1980) was a German-born American social psychologist, psychoanalyst, sociologist, humanistic philosopher, and democratic socialist.
[←316 ]
TN: Leo Löwenthal (3rd November, 1900–21st January, 1993) was a German sociologist usually associated with the Frankfurt School.
[←317 ]
TN: Henryk Grossmann (14th April, 1881–24th November, 1950) was a Marxian economist, historian, and revolutionary from Galicia.
[←318 ]
TN: Wolfgang Abendroth (2nd May, 1906–15th September, 1985) was a socialist German jurist and political scientist.
[←319 ]
TN: The main teacher-training college.
[←320 ]
TN: Herbert Marshall McLuhan (21st July, 1911–31st December, 1980) was a Canadian professor, philosopher, and public intellectual. His work is widely considered one of the cornerstones of the study of media theory.
[←321 ]
TN: Thomism is the theology of Thomas Aquinas or his followers. Aquinas was an Italian Dominican friar, Catholic priest, and Doctor of the Church. He was an immensely influential philosopher, theologian, and jurist in the tradition of scholasticism, within which he is also known as the Doctor Angelicus and the Doctor Communis. The name ‘Aquinas’ identifies his ancestral origins in the county of Aquino, in present-day Lazio.
[←322 ]
TN: Arnold Gehlen (29th January, 1904–30th January, 1976) was an influential conservative German philosopher, sociologist, and anthropologist.
[←323 ]
TN: Sir Karl Raimund Popper (28th July, 1902–17th September, 1994) was an Austrian-British philosopher and professor. He is generally regarded as one of the 20th century’s greatest philosophers of science.
[←324 ]
TN: Ernst Bloch (8th July, 1885–4th August, 1977) was a German Marxist philosopher.
[←325 ]
TN: Franz Kafka (3rd July, 1883–3rd June, 1924) was a German-speaking Bohemian Jewish novelist and short story author and is widely considered one of the prominent figures of 20th-century literature. His concepts can generally be described as absurd and negative.
[←326 ]
TN: Jean-Marie Vincent (6th March, 1934–6th April, 2004) was a French philosopher.
[←327 ]
TN: Thomas Müntzer (c. 1489–1525) was a German preacher and radical theologian of the early Reformation whose opposition to both Martin Luther and the Roman Catholic Church led to his open defiance of late-feudal authority in central Germany.
[←328 ]
TN: Jean-Michel Palmier (19th November, 1944–20th July, 1998) was a French philosopher and art historian.
[←329 ]
TN: The Frankfurt School.
[←330 ]
TN: The Critical Theory of the Frankfurt School.
[←331 ]
TN: Adorno’s Art, Ideology and Theory of Art.
[←332 ]
TN: Ernst Bloch — Utopia and Expectancy.
[←333 ]
TN: Karl Liebknecht (13th August, 1871–15th January, 1919) was a German socialist and, alongside Rosa Luxemburg, a co-founder of the Spartacist League and the Communist Party of Germany.
[←334 ]
TN: Born in 1941, Jérôme Deshusses is a French author.
[←335 ]
TN: The Reactionary Left.
[←336 ]
TN: Jean-Marie Benoist (4th April, 1942–1st August, 1990) was a French philosopher.
[←337 ]
TN: Marx Is Dead.
[←338 ]
TN: Born Jacques Talagrand, Thierry Maulnier (1st October, 1909–9th January, 1988) was a French journalist, essayist, dramatist, and literary critic.
[←339 ]
TN: Tomorrow’s Vigil.
[←340 ]
TN: A French historian and author.
[←341 ]
TN: Born Jean-François Ricard, Jean-François Revel (19th January, 1924–30th April, 2006) was a French journalist, philosopher, and a member of the Académie française from June 1998 onwards. A socialist in his youth, Revel desisted his former convictions and became a prominent European proponent of classical liberalism and free market economics.
[←342 ]
TN: Born on 12th January, 1929, Alasdair Chalmers MacIntyre is a Scottish philosopher primarily known for his contribution to moral and political philosophy, but also for his work in two further fields: the history of philosophy and theology.
Controversies and Viewpoints Page 46