[←343 ]
TN: On Marcuse.
[←344 ]
TN: Marcuse & MacLuhan — The New Global Revolution.
[←345 ]
TN: The Agrégation is a high-level competitive examination for teachers that allows them to enjoy, should they succeed, not only a higher salary but also a less onerous timetable.
[←346 ]
TN: Response to John Lewis.
[←347 ]
TN: Reading Marx’s ‘Capital’.
[←348 ]
TN: Born on 17th February, 1938, Belfort Pierre Macherey is a French Marxist literary critic at the University of Lille Nord de France and a former student of Louis Althusser.
[←349 ]
TN: For a Theory of Literary Production.
[←350 ]
TN: Freud and Lacan.
[←351 ]
TN: La Nouvelle critique (New Criticism) is the title of a magazine published by the French Communist Party.
[←352 ]
TN: Raymond Claude Ferdinand Aron (14th March, 1905–17th October, 1983) was a French philosopher, sociologist, political scientist, and journalist.
[←353 ]
TN: Imaginary Marxisms.
[←354 ]
TN: Gaston Bachelard (27th June, 1884–16th October, 1962) was a French philosopher who contributed to the fields of poetics and the philosophy of science.
[←355 ]
TN: Lenin and Philosophy.
[←356 ]
TN: Friedrich Engels (28th November, 1820–5th August, 1895) was a German philosopher, social scientist, journalist and businessman who co-founded Marxist theory together with Karl Marx.
[←357 ]
TN: Ludwig Andreas von Feuerbach (28th July, 1804–13th September, 1872) was a German philosopher and anthropologist famous for his book entitled ‘The Essence of Christianity’, whose criticism of Christendom had an enormous impact on generations of later thinkers including Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, and Friedrich Nietzsche.
[←358 ]
TN: The term Dasein (‘being there’) is a German word that has been used by several philosophers, most notably by Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel in the meaning of ‘existence’, ‘presence’ or ‘determinate being’.
[←359 ]
TN: Ousia (Greek: οὐσία) is analogous to the English concepts of ‘being’ and ‘ontic’ used in contemporary philosophy. The term ousia is translated into Latin as substantia and essentia, and hence into English as ‘substance’ and ‘essence’.
[←360 ]
TN: Parmenides of Elea (late-6th or early-5th century BC) was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher. He is considered one of the founders of ontology (alongside Heraclitus).
[←361 ]
TN: ‘Techne’ is a term etymologically derived from the Greek word τέχνη, which is often translated as ‘craftsmanship’, ‘craft’, or ‘art’. In philosophy, it resembles epistēmē in the implication of knowledge of principles but differs in the fact that its intent is to make or to do as opposed to disinterested understanding.
[←362 ]
TN: These students and graduates are commonly known as normaliens.
[←363 ]
TN: A Communist Journal.
[←364 ]
TN: Structuralism and Marxism.
[←365 ]
TN: Louis Althusser’s Theory and Politics.
[←366 ]
TN: Elements of Self-Criticism.
[←367 ]
TN: Defence of Amiens.
[←368 ]
TN: Pierre Fougeyrollas (22nd December, 1922–29th May, 2008) was a French philosopher, sociologist and anthropologist.
[←369 ]
TN: Three Essays on Contemporary Obscurantism — Against Mr Lévi-Strauss, Mr Lacan and Mr Althusser.
[←370 ]
TN: Contradiction and Totality.
[←371 ]
TN: A Man’s Word.
[←372 ]
TN: Can One Be a Communist Today?
[←373 ]
TN: Karl Barth (10th May, 1886–10th December, 1968) was a Swiss Reformed theologian who is often considered the greatest Protestant theologian of the 20th century.
[←374 ]
TN: The Jeunesse ouvrière chrétienne or Young Christian Workers’ association is an organisation originally founded in Belgium.
[←375 ]
TN: Maurice Thorez (28th April, 1900–11th July, 1964) was a French politician and longtime leader of the French Communist Party (PCF) from 1930 until his death.
[←376 ]
TN: Saint Teresa of Ávila (28th March, 1515–4th October, 1582) was a prominent Spanish mystic, Roman Catholic saint, Carmelite nun, author, and theologian of contemplative life through mental prayer. Active during the Counter-Reformation, she was a reformer in the Carmelite Order of her time.
[←377 ]
TN: Blaise Pascal (19th June, 1623–19th August, 1662) was a brilliant 17th-century French mathematician and physicist who had a dramatic Christian conversion experience and thereafter devoted much of his thought to Christianity and philosophy.
[←378 ]
TN: The Materialistic Theory of Knowledge.
[←379 ]
TN: Louis Aragon (3rd October, 1897–24th December, 1982) was a French poet and one of the leading voices of the surrealist movement in France. He was also a novelist and editor, a long-time member of the Communist Party and a member of the Académie Goncourt.
[←380 ]
TN: With these words, Garaudy contradicts Jean-Paul Sartre, who considered others to be the embodiment of hell.
[←381 ]
TN: Liberty.
[←382 ]
TN: The Definition of Marxist Morality.
[←383 ]
TN: Project Hope.
[←384 ]
TN: The Maurice Thorez Institute’s Historical Notebooks.
[←385 ]
TN: Love, a Disinfection-Worthy Word.
[←386 ]
TN: Le Journal du Dimanche (Sunday’s newspaper) is a French weekly newspaper published on Sundays.
[←387 ]
TN: Today’s Christians.
[←388 ]
TN: Intercultural Centre of Documentation.
[←389 ]
TN: This seems to be a reference to Paul Goodman (9th September, 1911–2nd August, 1972), an American novelist, playwright, poet, literary critic, and psychotherapist who gained notoriety as a social critic and anarchist philosopher. Goodman was also an activist of the pacifist Left in the 1960s.
[←390 ]
Born Émile-Auguste Chartier, Alain (3rd March, 1868–2nd June, 1951) was a French philosopher, journalist, essayist, and professor of philosophy.
[←391 ]
TN: The Physician’s Daily.
[←392 ]
TN: Max Gallo (7th January, 1932–18th July, 2017) was a French author, historian and politician who joined the French Socialist Party in 1974.
[←393 ]
TN: The Lost Paradigm: Human Nature.
[←394 ]
TN: Ferdinand de Saussure (26th November, 1857–22nd February, 1913) was a Swiss linguist and semiotician. He is widely considered to have been one of the most influential thinkers in the field.
[←395 ]
TN: Serge Moscovici (14th June, 1925–15th November, 2014) was a Romanian-born French social psychologist.
[←396 ]
TN: Those without a homeland.
[←397 ]
TN: May 1968: The Breach.
[←398 ]
TN: California Journal.
[←399 ]
TN: Jacques Ruffié (22nd November, 1921–1st July, 2004) was a French haematologist, geneticist and anthropologist. He is famous for having founded a discipline called ‘blood typing’, allowing for the study of blood characteristics to determine the history of the people, their migration and their successive interbreeding.
[←400 ]
TN
: From Biology to Culture.
[←401 ]
TN: Langue d’oc and langue d’oïl are the two principal groups of medieval French dialects. It is the latter that has evolved into today’s ‘official French’.
[←402 ]
TN: Nicole Belmont is a French anthropologist specialising in Europeanism.
[←403 ]
TN: Saint Hubertus or Hubert (c. 656–30th May, 727) is a Christian saint who is regarded as the patron saint of hunters, mathematicians, opticians, and metalworkers. The iconography of his legend is entangled with that of Saint Eustace.
[←404 ]
TN: Saint Eustace, who, according to legend, lived in the 2nd century AD, is a revered Christian martyr and soldier saint. While hunting a stag in Tivoli, in the vicinity of Rome, Placidus (as he was originally called) is alleged to have had a vision of a crucifix lodged between the stag’s antlers. He immediately converted to Christianity, had both himself and his family baptised and changed his name to Eustace.
[←405 ]
TN: Charles Perrault (12th January, 1628–16th May, 1703) was a French author who laid the foundations for a new literary genre, the fairy tale, deriving his works from earlier folk tales.
[←406 ]
TN: Journal of Popular Traditions.
[←407 ]
TN: Manual of Contemporary French Folklore.
[←408 ]
TN: Ēostre or Ostara is a Germanic goddess who, by way of the Germanic month bearing her name, is the namesake of the festival of Easter in some languages.
[←409 ]
TN: Translated interpretatively, chrémeau means ‘chrismal hat’.
[←410 ]
TN: Born in 1888 in Charenton-le-Pont, Henri Dontenville was a French mythographer and the creator of the Société de mythologie française (Society of French Mythology). He passed away in 1981.
[←411 ]
TN: Literally ‘Mother Lusine’.
[←412 ]
TN: François Rabelais (1483 to 1494–9th April, 1553) was a French author, physician, Renaissance humanist, monk and Greek scholar. Historically, he has been regarded as a writer of fantasy, satire, the grotesque, bawdy jokes and songs. His best-known work is Gargantua and Pantagruel.
[←413 ]
TN: Gurgitis is Latin for ‘throat’.
[←414 ]
TN: Gerald of Wales (c. 1146–c. 1223) was a Cambro-Norman archdeacon of Brecon and a historian.
[←415 ]
TN: Geoffrey of Monmouth (c. 1095–c. 1155) was a British cleric and one of the major figures in the development of British historiography and the popularity of King Arthur’s tales.
[←416 ]
TN: Meaning ‘Mount Tomb’.
[←417 ]
TN: The Cult of Saint Michael and the Latin Middle Ages.
[←418 ]
TN: Also spelt gest, geste is a story of achievements or adventures. Among several famous medieval collections of gests are Fulcher of Chartres’s Gesta Francorum, Saxo Grammaticus’s Gesta Danorum, and the compilation known as the Gesta Romanorum.
[←419 ]
TN: Henrik Johan Ibsen (20th March, 1828–23rd May, 1906) was a Norwegian playwright, theatre director and poet.
[←420 ]
TN: Commonly known as Theodor Storm, Hans Theodor Woldsen Storm (14th September, 1817–4th July, 1888) was a German author. He is considered one of the most significant figures of German realism.
[←421 ]
TN: The Mythical History and Geography of France.
[←422 ]
TN: Arnold Van Gennep, the Creator of French Ethnography.
[←423 ]
TN: Myths and Beliefs in Ancient France.
[←424 ]
TN: French Mythology.
[←425 ]
TN: The Horse of Pride.
[←426 ]
TN: The Peasants of Languedoc.
[←427 ]
TN: Montaillou, an Occitan Village.
[←428 ]
TN: Joseph, Noemi, Celestine and Other Peasants of the Ardèche Region.
[←429 ]
TN: The History of Rural France.
[←430 ]
TN: The Fourteenth of July 1789–1975: Celebration and National Consciousness.
[←431 ]
TN: The Revolutionary Celebration, 1789–1799.
[←432 ]
TN: The Metamorphoses of Provençal Holidays.
[←433 ]
TN: Celebration and Revolt.
[←434 ]
TN: French Ethnology.
[←435 ]
TN: The Museum of Popular Arts and Traditions.
[←436 ]
TN: Albert Dauzat (4th July, 1877–31st October, 1955) was a French linguist specialising in toponymy and onomastics.
[←437 ]
TN: The Gallic Language.
[←438 ]
TN: Latin for ‘Gaul’.
[←439 ]
TN: The Journal of Ancient Studies.
[←440 ]
TN: Literally ‘The Practical School of Higher Studies’.
[←441 ]
TN: A Depiction of the French Language.
[←442 ]
TN: French Toponymy.
[←443 ]
TN: The Celts.
[←444 ]
TN: Henri Hubert (23rd June, 1872–25th May, 1927) was a French archaeologist and sociologist of comparative religion who is best known for his work on the Celts.
[←445 ]
TN: Albert Grenier (22nd April, 1878–23rd June, 1961) was a French historian, theologian, and archaeologist who specialised in the history of ancient Rome and the Celts, especially the Gauls.
[←446 ]
TN: Manual of Gallo-Roman Archaeology.
[←447 ]
TN: Walther von Wartburg (18th May, 1888–15th August, 1971) was a Swiss philologist and lexicographer.
[←448 ]
TN: The Evolution and Structure of the French Language.
[←449 ]
TN: Bruno Paulin Gaston Paris (9th August, 1839–5th March, 1903) was a French writer and scholar. He was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1901, 1902 and 1903.
[←450 ]
TN: Secret France — A History and Handbook.
[←451 ]
TN: Antoine Pierre Marie François Joseph de Lévis-Mirepoix (1st August, 1884–16th July, 1981) was a French historian, novelist and essayist.
[←452 ]
TN: Gonzague de Reynold (15th July, 1880–9th April, 1970) was a Swiss writer, historian, and right-wing political activist.
[←453 ]
TN: The Barbarian World, volume 1.
[←454 ]
TN: Numa Denis Fustel de Coulanges (18th March, 1830–12th September, 1889) was a French historian.
[←455 ]
TN: Political Institutions volume 1.
[←456 ]
TN: Jean-Baptiste Colbert, Marquess of Torcy (14th September, 1665–2nd September, 1746), generally known as Colbert de Torcy, was a French diplomat.
[←457 ]
Controversies and Viewpoints Page 47