The Heartland

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The Heartland Page 45

by Kristin L. Hoganson


  Cherokee Nation, 25, 68–69, 71

  see also Five Tribes

  Chicago:

  as meat-processing center, 45, 52–53, 101, 106–7, 115

  railroad routes through, 50, 52–53

  Chicago Board of Trade, 115

  Chicago Field, 237

  Chickasaws, 68

  China:

  agricultural studies, 167

  bioprospecting in, 163, 165

  Boxer Rebellion, 121

  hogs from, 82–83, 83, 84, 88

  immigrants from, 82–83

  kite flying, 242–43

  Choctaws, 68, 69

  Civil War:

  and cattle industry, 57, 69

  and human mobility, 21

  and pig industry, 106

  Clark, William, 28

  Cloyd, Jesse, 87

  Coahuila Kickapoos, see Mexican Kickapoos

  Cold War:

  end of, xix

  and heartland myth origins, xv–xvii

  and U.S. expansion, 81, 129

  colonial denial, 31

  colonialism, see European imperialism; pioneers; U.S. expansion

  Columbian exchange, 141

  Columbian Exposition (Chicago, 1893), 91, 92

  communications technology, 205–11, 207

  community, 12

  Corda Fratres, 191

  corn:

  and cattle industry, 38, 38

  and competition with foreign agriculture, 136, 137

  Native American cultivation, 25–26, 77, 100

  and pig industry, 38, 87, 99, 100, 100

  scientific agriculture on, 33, 77, 172

  Corn Laws (Britain), 105, 122

  Cosmopolitan Club (University of Illinois), 188–90, 191–93

  cosmopolitanism, 3

  Creeks, 68, 69

  Crimean War (1853–1856), 106

  Crocker Land expedition, 239–41

  Cronon, William, 80

  crop imports, 140–47

  bioprospecting, 161, 162, 163–66

  caution about, 144–45

  and European imperialism, 147

  and land-grant universities, 145

  and pioneers, 141–42

  and seed catalogs, 145, 146, 147

  Cuba, 32, 109

  Cuban American Sugar Company, 118

  Cunningham, J. O., 200

  Custer, Milo, 16–17

  Cyclopedia of American Agriculture, 54

  Davenport, Eugene, 169, 175–82

  Davis, Winfield, 210

  Dawes Commission, 70

  Day, Satan, 245

  dependency, 118, 126

  Detmers, Heinrich J., 172

  development, 91, 143, 167, 173, 179–80, 301

  DeWitt-Ratford, Mae, 244

  disease:

  and cattle industry, 45, 71–74

  and Native American displacement, 26

  and pig industry, 109–10, 111–12

  Dominguez, Zeferino, 33, 172

  Drainage Journal, 224

  Dunlap, Bessie Frith, 155

  Dunlap, H. J., 87, 130, 152–56, 159, 160–61

  Dunlap, Matthias Lane, 144–45, 211–12

  Dunlap, M. L., 201

  Dunlap, Nellie Baker, 152, 153, 155

  Eagle Pass Kickapoos, 291–97, 292

  Early History and Pioneers of Champaign County (Mathews and McLean), 14, 21–22

  economic ornithology, 226–28, 236–37

  Edwards, Ninian, 25

  Edwardsville, Treaty of, 26–27

  Ekblaw, Eddie L., 236

  Ekblaw, George E., 236

  Ekblaw, Sidney E., 236

  Ekblaw, W. Elmer, 236, 239, 240–41, 303–4

  Ekoneskaka (Aurelio Valdez Garcia), 23–24, 269–70

  Ellsworth, Henry Leavitt, 143

  Emmett, Bill and Doris, 30

  empire, see European imperialism; U.S. expansion

  Empire as a Way of Life (Williams), 80

  English sparrow, 225–26

  environmental transformation:

  and crop imports, 140–47

  and imported animal breeds, 147–49

  soil composition, 149–51

  Espinosa, Miguel, 299

  Essex hogs, 85

  ethnic Germans, xvi, 22, 248, 258

  European imperialism:

  and agrarian interests, 160–61

  and bioprospecting, 163–64

  and bird hunting, 233

  and crop imports, 147

  and emigration, 105

  and scientific agriculture, 174, 178–82

  Evarts, William M., 285

  exploration:

  polar, 33, 239–41, 303–4

  and pork export markets, 121

  Fairchild, David, 162, 164, 165

  Fanley, A. M., 87–88

  Farah, Saleem Raji, 181

  Farmers’ Institute, 229

  Farmers of Forty Centuries (King), 166

  federal government policies, 75

  and consular officers, 151–56

  and crop imports, 143, 144

  and Eagle Pass Kickapoos, 293, 294–97

  land distribution, 37

  and Mexican Kickapoos, 279–85, 295

  quarantine laws, 73–74

  tariff policies, 56, 62, 73, 135, 153

  U.S. Weather Bureau, 159, 215, 216, 219

  and World War I, 125–26

  Field and Stream, 232, 234

  Five Tribes, 26, 68–71

  Flagg, Willard C., 168

  flatboats, 101

  Flatville, 198, 200, 203–4, 226, 248

  flyover jokes, xiv, 198–99, 256

  Food Administration, 126

  Foote, John M., 254

  Forbes, Stephen, 204, 227–28, 229

  Fort Harrison, Treaty of, 26–27

  Fraser, W. J., 88

  Frisians, 203–4

  frontier thesis, 80, 81

  Fugitive Slave Act (1850), 266

  Funk, Isaac, 86

  fur trade, 6–7

  game birds, 220–25, 222

  Gangulee, Nagrendanath, 181

  Gates, Fanny C., 131

  Gay, David, 48

  geographic awareness, xv, xix, 4, 13, 15, 53–57, 95, 188, 198–99, 211–24, 234–41, 256, 267, 302–4

  geographic classifications, xv, xx, 34, 54, 56, 133, 231–34

  Germany:

  consular officers in, 154–56

  imperialism, 160–61

  pork exports to, 109

  and scientific agriculture, 168, 169–70

  and World War I, 125

  see also ethnic Germans

  global connections, xx–xxi, xxv

  see also transborder connections

  global histories, xix–xx

  government policies, see federal government policies

  Grand Trunk Railway, 50, 52–53

  Grange movement, 54, 157, 229

  Grant, William R., 152

  Great Britain:

  agricultural imports, 105–6, 107–8, 110–18

  cattle breeds, 39–41, 42–43, 45, 58

  empire of, 105–6, 117, 118, 126–27, 128–29

  immigrants from, 104–6

  railroad investors from, 102–4

  see also British pig breeds; European imperialism

  Greenville, Treaty of (1795), 24–25

  Gregory, John M., 152

  Grein, Charles, 243–44

  Hale, Inez, 291

  Hannan, Bernard, 104

  Harris, Benjamin Franklin, 37, 39, 4
0

  Harris, H. H., 87

  H. Cannell and Sons, 147

  heartland:

  and American exceptionality, 79

  central Europe as, xvi

  change in, xxii

  as flyover country, xiv, 198–99, 256

  global nature of, 300–301

  identification of, xiii–xiv

  as inevitable, xiv–xv

  isolation in, xxii

  myth creation, 34–35

  myth origins, xv–xvii

  national security myth, xiv, 259–61

  as political tool, 301–2

  as postcolonial, 129

  static nature of, xiv

  stereotypes of, xiv, xxi–xxii, xxiii

  Hess, Florence, 230

  Hess, Isaac, 230

  Hill, John Wesley, 139

  historians’ approaches, xix, xx, xxi, 80–81, 96, 120, 127–28

  hogs, see pig industry

  Hopkins, Cyril G., 169, 170

  horses, 9

  human mobility:

  and flyover jokes, 198–99

  pioneers, xxii, 19–22, 31

  and U.S.-Canadian transborder connections, 46–49

  and U.S.-Mexican transborder connections, 32, 33, 65–67

  see also immigration; Kickapoo mobility

  ICR, see Illinois Central Railroad

  Iida, Yoshifusa, 181, 182

  Illinois, University of, xxiv

  and astronomy, 242

  and aviation, 244–45, 248–49

  and bioprospecting, 161, 166

  and consular officers, 153

  establishment of, 168

  foreign students at, 178–82, 185–90, 187, 191–94

  and International Institute of Agriculture, 158

  and migratory birds, 235

  and military bases, 248–49

  and polar exploration, 239

  and scientific agriculture, 166, 169–73, 178–82, 191

  and U.S.-Canada transborder connections, 48

  and U.S.-Mexican transborder connections, 33

  Illinois Agriculturist:

  on agricultural export markets, 124, 136, 137

  parochialism of, xxi

  on pig industry, 99, 108

  on scientific agriculture, 167

  on U.S. expansion, 180

  Illinois Central Railroad (ICR):

  and agricultural export markets, 106

  and aviation, 254

  British investment in, 101–3

  and land distribution, 37, 46, 103–4, 105

  and U.S. expansion, 118, 119, 120

  Illinois Department of Agriculture, 118, 227

  Illinois Farmer:

  on agricultural export markets, 127

  on cattle breeding, 45

  on crop origins, 141

  on insect control, 226–27

  on migratory birds, 231, 235

  on scientific agriculture, 167

  Illinois State Agricultural Society, 168

  Illinois State Fair, 45, 86, 87, 148, 244

  Illinois Stock Importing Association, 40, 87

  Illinois Swine Breeders’ Association, 108–9

  immigration:

  Asian quotas, 185–86

  chain migration, xxi

  Chinese exclusion, 82–83

  and Illinois resident mobility, 21–22

  Irish, 104

  and railroads, 10, 104

  and scientific agriculture, 167

  and wet prairie drainage, 201, 203–4

  imperialism, see European imperialism; pioneers; U.S. expansion

  India:

  anticolonialism, 189, 193

  University of Illinois students from, 185–90

  U.S. trade with, 117–18

  Indian Act (1834), 69

  Indian Territory, 68–71

  see also Kansas Kickapoos

  insect control, 226–28, 229

  insularity, xxi, xxii–xxiii

  and border enforcement, 76

  as isolationism, 132–34

  Inter-American Indian Institute, 296

  Interior Department, U.S., 296

  International Exposition (Philadelphia, 1876), 144

  International Institute of Agriculture, 156–59, 158

  Inter-Parliamentary Union, 138–39, 184

  Ireland:

  immigrants from, 104

  and pork exports, 112–13, 122

  Iroquois, 6

  isolationism, 132–34, 139, 194–95

  Japan, 166

  Jay Treaty (1794), 296

  Johnson, Benjamin F., 87, 88

  Kansas Kickapoos, 26–27, 69, 275, 276, 277–79

  Kazen, Abraham, 293, 296

  Keah quah quah, 291

  Ke-chím-qua (Big Bear), 8

  Keffer, Jessie Mae, 299

  Kelkowah, 30

  Kenekuk, 7

  Kennedy, W. J., 48, 171–72

  Ke o si ah quah (Rachel Kirk), 291

  Kickapoo displacement, 261–62

  and advertising, 17, 18, 19

  and allotment policies, 262–64

  archival traces, 1, 2

  and disease, 26

  and early mobility, 6–7, 9

  and erasure, 15–17

  Indiana Territory, 26–27

  Kansas removal, 27–28, 69, 275, 276, 277–79

  mobility as excuse for, 10–11, 14–15, 27–28, 197

  Oklahoma relocation, 27–28, 280–81

  and place names, 15–16

  and War of 1812, 25

  Kickapoo Indian Medicine Company, 17, 18, 19

  Kickapoo mobility:

  constraints on, 261, 262, 265–70, 268

  and Eagle Pass Kickapoos, 293–97

  early nature of, 6, 7, 8, 9–11

  as excuse for displacement, 11, 13–15, 197

  and Mexican Kickapoos, 274, 291

  and railroads, 11, 265

  trade goods as sign of, 8

  and wet prairie terrain, 10, 11

  Kickapoos:

  bird hunting, 220–21

  boarding schools, 267, 268

  burial practices, 28–29

  and cattle industry, 69

  connections to place, 23–24, 29–30

  dwellings of, 23

  incarceration of, 267–69

  ongoing presence in Illinois of, 28–30

  see also Mexican Kickapoos

  King, Franklin H., 166

  Kinley, David, 298

  kite flying, 242–43

  land-grant universities, 131, 145, 168–69

  see also Illinois, University of

  Lansing, Robert, 125

  Larkin, Lucretia Crawford, 48

  Latin America, 165

  see also European imperialism; U.S. expansion

  League of Nations, 126, 132–33, 138

  Lee, Mali, 131

  Lipton, Thomas, 110–11, 121

  local histories, 3, 6, 12–15

  anxiety in, 13

  erasure of Native Americans in, 15–17

  exclusionary nature of, xviii–xix, 12–13

  on Native American mobility, 13–15, 26

  locality:

  exclusionary nature of, xvii, xviii–xix, xxii, 12–13

  and global connections, xx, xxi

  globalization histories on, xix, xx, xxi–xxii

  and historical meaning, xvii–xviii

  and Kickapoo mobility, 269–70

  limits of, 304–5

  and local histories, xvii–xix, 6

  as pioneer political i
nvention, 6, 12, 31

  reification of, 3–6

  as static, xxii

  stereotypes of, xx–xxii

  Lock, William H., 48

  Lopez, Camili R., 179

  Lubin, David, 157

  McDonnell, J. E. C., 255

  McElroy, John T., 60

  McIntosh, Donald, 172

  McIntyre, Daniel P., 48

  Mackay, John, 85

  Mackenzie, Ranald S., 280–82

  Mackinder, Halford, xv

  McKinley, William Brown, 136–39, 166–67, 182–84, 183, 192

  McLean, Lewis A., 13

  Mah-Qua-Ta-Uathena, 266

  maize, see corn

  Majumdar, Santosh C., 188

  Majumdar, Santosh Chandra, 181

  Makateonenodua (Raul Garza), 293

  Malthusianism, 175

  mandate system, 126

  Mars, Bud, 246

  Mascoutens, 6, 7

  Masquequa, John, 16

  Massey, Doreen, xix

  Mathews, Milton W., 14

  Maximilian (emperor of Mexico), 272

  Mecina, 7

  meteorology, 213–16

  meteors, 241–42

  Mexican-American War (1846–1848), 33, 65, 173

  Mexican Kickapoos, 270–97, 272, 274

  and ASARCO, 287–88, 287

  border cattle raids, 64, 275–77

  Eagle Pass band, 291–97, 292

  exodus from Illinois of, 270–74

  Kansas relocation, 277–79

  Mackenzie raid, 279–82, 295

  Mexican government relocation role, 282–85

  Oklahoma relocation, 280–81

  resource loss to U.S. opportunists, 286–91, 290

  Mexican Revolution, 33, 172, 245, 250, 255

  Mexico, see Mexican Kickapoos; Mexican Revolution; U.S.-Mexican transborder connections

  Mexico as a Market for Purebred Cattle from the United States, 68

  Meyer, Frank, 163, 164, 165

  Middlesex hogs, 85–86

  Mier y Terán, General, 271

  migratory birds, 231–39

  claims to, 231–34, 233

  mysteries of, 234–38, 238

  and polar exploration, 239, 303–4

  Miles, John D., 278, 279

  Miles, Manly, 55

  military bases, 248–51

  Miller, Robert, 43

  Miner, Charles, 32

  Mirasol, J. J., 179

  mobility, see human mobility; migratory birds; transborder mobility

  Moisant, John B., 245

  Moisant, Mathilde, 245

  Moisant International Aviators, 245–46

  Morehouse, Chester A., 299

  Morrill Act (1862), 168

  Muscogees, 271

  Myer Packing House, 111

  Nah me pesh qua, 291

  Nasmyth, George W., 191–92

  National Geographic Society, 236

  nationalism, xiv, 53, 55, 75, 135

  Native American displacement, 261–62

  and advertising, 17, 18, 19

 

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