allotment policies, 70, 262–64
archival traces, 1, 2
and cattle industry, 36–37, 69
and disease, 26
and locality, 6
mobility as excuse for, 11, 13–15, 27–28, 197
and place names, 15–16
and War of 1812, 25
Native American mobility:
constraints on, 262, 262, 265–70, 268
and Eagle Pass Kickapoos, 293–97
early nature of, 6–7, 8, 9–11
as excuse for displacement, 11, 13–15, 197
local histories on, 13–15, 25
and Mexican Kickapoos, 274, 291
and railroads, 11, 265
and reservations, 266–67
trade goods as sign of, 8
and wet prairie terrain, 10, 11
Native Americans:
and agriculture, 25, 77, 100, 261
bird hunting, 220–21
boarding schools, 267, 268
cattle industry, 68–71
connections to place, 23–24, 29–30
and corn cultivation, 77, 100
and land rights, 24–25
see also Kickapoos
Neapolitan hogs, 85
Neepaha, 30
neutrality, 125, 160, 194
Niles, Charles F., 245
No-ko-what, 276
Northwest Ordinance (1787), 79–80
O’Brien, Joseph, 48
Omubyah, 16
Ormerod, Eleanor A., 225
Ornithologist and Oölogist, 236, 237
Orosa, Vicente Ylanzan, 189–90
Osages, 27, 69, 270
Ostfrieslanders, 203–4
Owens, William, 40
Pah Ko Tah, 289
Panama Canal, 118, 151, 184
Panama Canal Zone, 98
Panic of 1857, 102, 106
Pan O Wa, 289
patent medicine advertising, 17, 18, 19
Patton, Samuel H., 299
Peabody, O. H., 166–67
Pershing, John J., 254, 255
Phelps, W. W., 153
Philippines:
anticolonialism, 189–90
and aviation, 255–56
bioprospecting in, 165
McKinley’s visit to, 183–84, 183
and scientific agriculture, 180, 181
phrenology, 94
pig industry:
and cattle industry, 38, 86–87
central Illinois development of, 86–88
Chicago as meat-processing center for, 106–7
Chinese hogs, 82–83, 83, 84, 88
and disease, 109–10, 111–12
transportation, 101–4, 106–7, 120
see also British pig breeds; pork export markets
pioneers:
and bird hunting, 221, 223
and crop imports, 141–42
and global connections, 22–23
mobility of, xxii, 19–23, 31
political invention of locality, 3, 6
on weather, 211–12, 213
see also Native American displacement
place names, 15–16
Plimsoll, Samuel, 51–52
polar exploration, 33, 239–41, 303–4
Political Refugee Defense League, 192
Porfirio Díaz, José, 286
pork export markets, 108–18
and British emigration, 120–21
and British military, 121–24
British naturalization, 113–16, 114
Canadian route, 112
dependency on Britain, 116–18
and disease, 109–10, 111–12
European restrictions, 109–10
and exploration, 121
Irish route, 112–13, 122
and meat types, 98–99, 101, 155
packing companies, 110–11
and railroads, 106, 107–8
size of, 108–9
and World War I, 78, 124–26
Potawatomis, 6, 7
poultry industry, 148, 149, 197
Prairie Farmer:
on British pig breeds, 88
on cattle rustling, 63, 64
on crop origins, 141
on emigration, 22
and midwestern cultural affinity, 53, 55
on migratory birds, 235
racism in, 173
on U.S.-Canadian transborder connections, 46, 47
Prairie Farming in America (Caird), 103, 211
Puerto Rico, 97–98
quarantine laws, 73–74
Queroz, Louis, 177
Quintanilla, Oscar Arze, 296
racism:
antiblack legislation, xxi, 266
and cattle breeding, 60
and cattle rustling, 64–65
and heartland myth origins, xvi
and heartland security myth, 260
and Mexican mobility, 66–67
and Native American displacement, 266
and pig breeding, 82–83, 94, 96, 97
and scientific agriculture, 173–76
radio, 208–11
Rahn, Otto, 172
railroads:
and agricultural export markets, 106, 107–8
and cattle industry, 37, 52–53, 66
and human mobility, 11, 66, 104, 265
Kickapoo use of, 11, 265
Mexican routes, 67
and military bases, 249
and Native American displacement, 263
and pig industry, 101–2, 106–7, 120
refrigeration, 50, 52–53, 107
and U.S.-Canada transborder connections, 46–47, 49, 50, 52–53
and U.S. expansion, 118, 119, 120
Rantoul, see Chanute airfield
Reciprocity Treaty (1854), 41–42, 43
refrigeration, 50, 52–53, 107
Renadro, Juan, 236
reservations, 266–67
Rethinking American History in a Global Age (Bender), xix
Richards, Patrick, 48
Ridgway, Robert, 224
Rogerson, John, 20, 48
Roosevelt, Alice, 183, 183
Roosevelt, Theodore, 152, 153
Roots of the Modern American Empire, The (Williams), 80–81, 98, 127–28
Rudowitz, Christian, 192
Russo-Japanese War, 163, 185
Rutherford, Andrew, 131
Sadorus, Henry, 20, 48
Sadorus, William, 21
Salazar, Marguerita, 30
Samson, Margaret Crandel, 48
Samson, Willard, 48
San José scale, 227–28
Schoolcraft, Henry Rowe, 14
scientific agriculture, 166–82
Asian studies, 166–67
and European imperialism, 174, 178–82
European influence, 167–68, 169–70
and land-grant universities, 166, 168–73, 178–82, 191
and racism, 173–76
and U.S. expansion, 77, 175–78, 180, 181, 182, 193
and U.S.-Mexican transborder connections, 33, 172
Scott, Charles, 10, 24
Scroggins, Frank, 208
Scroggs, George, 152
Scully, William, 103
security, xiv, xvi, xxvi, 106, 175, 194–95, 259–61, 282–85
seed catalogs, 145, 146, 147, 151, 170
Seminoles, 68, 271, 279
settler colonists, see pioneers
Sevilla, Diego Aguilar, 181
sex stereotypes:
and Kickapoos, 261, 262
and pig breeding, 94–95
Seymour, Arthur R., 188
Seymour, Mayee, 188
Shamel, A. D., 77
Shaw, Thomas, 96
sheep industry, 148
Silvilla, H., 188
Sinha, S., 179–80
Sioux, 70
Smith, H. G., 197
Smith, Louis H., 171
Smith, Mary, 10
Smithsonian Institution, 236
smuggling, 61–62
soil composition, 149–51
southwest Africa, 160–61
soy, 165–66
Spanish-American War, 32
Spanish fever, 71–73
spatial constraint, 266–67
Stevens, Harman, 48
Stevenson, Elisha, 20
Suffolk hogs, 86
Sullivant, Michael L., 38–39, 47, 225
Sweet, Donena, 65
Swigart, O. H., 41
Taft, William Howard, 183
Tagore, Rabindranath, 193–94
Tagore, Rathindranath, 181, 185–88, 187, 190–91, 193
Tanquary, Maurice Cole, 239–40
tariff policies:
and agricultural export markets, 73, 135
farmers’ demands, 151
Republican policies, 153
and U.S.-Canadian transborder connections, 56
and U.S.-Mexican transborder connections, 62
Tecumseh, 25
telegraph, 205–6, 208, 210
telephone, 197, 206–8, 207
Texan cattle, 57–59, 59, 63–65, 66, 69–70
Thapathethea, 289
tornadoes, 216–20
trade, foreign, 41–44, 46, 56, 62, 107–10, 115–18
trade goods, 8
transborder connections:
and Indian Territory cattle industry, 68–71, 73–74
and pioneer mobility, 21–22
scholarship on, 35–36
see also U.S.-Canadian transborder connections; U.S.-Mexican transborder connections
transimperial connections, 174
transportation:
and agricultural export markets, 106, 107–8
Canadian rail routes, 50, 52–53
and cattle industry, 37, 50–53, 51, 66
and human mobility, 11, 66, 104, 265
and immigration, 11, 104
Kickapoo use of, 11, 265
Mexican rail routes, 67
and military bases, 249
and Native American displacement, 263
and pig industry, 101–4, 106–7, 120
and wet prairie drainage, 204–5
see also railroads
trichinosis, 109, 110, 111
Tucker, Henry and Ann, 47
Turner, Frederick Jackson, 80, 81
Tyler, Henry, 50
United States Fair (Chicago), 45
Urbana Courier:
on aviation, 244, 245, 246, 247–48, 251–52, 255
on ballooning, 243
on bird hunting, 222–23, 224, 226
on bird preservation, 230–31
on communications technology, 208, 209
on emigration, 22
on insect control, 228
on International Institute of Agriculture, 158
on kite flying, 242–43
on McKinley, 139
on meteor sightings, 242
on migratory birds, 237
on Philippines, 184
on polar exploration, 240–41
preservation of, 199
on scientific agriculture, 172
and telegraph, 206
on tornadoes, 217–18, 219, 220
on weather forecasting, 214, 215, 216
on wet prairie drainage, 204, 224
Urbana Union, 104, 141
U.S.-Canadian transborder connections:
and canal system, 49–50
and cattle disease, 74
and cattle industry, 41–45, 45, 50, 52–53, 54–55, 56
and cultural affinity, 53–56
and human mobility, 46–49
and migratory birds, 231, 233–34
privileging of, 75
and scientific agriculture, 172
and tariff policies, 56
U.S. expansion:
and agricultural export markets, 81, 118, 119, 120, 127–28
and anticolonialism, 189–90, 193
and aviation, 255–56
and British empire, 128–29
and British pig breeds, 95–98
and Cold War, 81, 129
and creation of heartland, 34–35
frontier thesis on, 80, 81
and heartland security myth, 260
and Northwest Ordinance, 79–80
Philippines, 182–84, 183
and pig breeding, 97–98
positive views of, 2
and scientific agriculture, 77, 175–78, 180, 181, 182, 193
U.S. government, see federal government policies
U.S.-Mexican transborder connections:
bracero program, 294, 295
and cattle breeding, 60, 68
and cattle disease, 73–74
cross-border cattle trade, 59–63
cross-border rustling, 63–65
denigration of, 75–76
and Eagle Pass Kickapoos, 293–97
and human mobility, 32, 33, 65–67
and Mexican economy, 67–68
and Mexican Kickapoos, 275–78, 279–85
and migratory birds, 231, 232–33, 234
and race, 60, 68
and scientific agriculture, 33, 172
and tariff policies, 62
and Texan cattle, 57–59, 59, 63–65, 66
Valdez Garcia, Aurelio (Ekoneskaka), 23–24
Villa, Pancho, 245, 250, 255
Wah-pah-kah, 265–66, 278, 279
Wapichi Cucha, 286
war, and human mobility, 21
War of 1812, 25
Washington, George, 132
weather:
emigration guides on, 211
forecasting, 213–16
information exchanges, 159
pioneers on, 211–12, 213
tornadoes, 216–17
Weather Bureau, U.S., 159, 215, 216, 219
West Indies, see Caribbean
wet prairie drainage:
and bird hunting, 224–25
and crop imports, 142
and flyover jokes, 199
and immigration, 201, 203–4
methods for, 200–201, 202
and military bases, 249
and pioneers, 11
and transportation, 204–5
wet prairie terrain:
and cattle industry, 36
and game birds, 221
and Kickapoo mobility, 10–11
stereotypes of, xxi
wheat exports, 106
White Water, 269
Whitewater, Margaret, 197
Wilcox, L. S., 152
Wilkinson, James, 10, 25
William Bull (seed purveyor), 145
Williams, William Appleman, 80–81, 98, 120, 127–28, 129
William Simpson, Ltd., 111
Wilson, Alexander, 235
Wipecuinacudita (Jose Naco Jiminez), 293
women:
constraints on, 261, 262
isolation of, xxii
see also sex stereotypes
Worcester, Dean C., 180, 181
World War I:
and agricultural export markets, 78, 124–26
and aviation, 247–48, 2
50, 251
and communications technology, 197, 209
and ethnic Germans, 248, 258
and insect control, 228, 229
and poultry industry, 197
World War II, xv
worms, 149–50
Wy-mo-sho-na, 278–79
yams, 144–45
Yankovsky, George M., 178–79
Yaquis, 289–90
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ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Kristin L. Hoganson is the Stanley S. Stroup Professor of United States History at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. She is the author of Consumers' Imperium: The Global Production of American Domesticity, 1865-1920; American Empire at the Turn of the Twentieth Century; and Fighting for American Manhood: How Gender Politics Provoked the Spanish-American and Philippine-American Wars. Having lived in central Illinois longer than any other place, she now calls the prairie home.
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* I use Hawaii to refer to the state and Hawai‘i to refer to the kingdom and the territory.
The Heartland Page 46