The Heartland
Page 45
Cherokee Nation, 25, 68–69, 71
see also Five Tribes
Chicago:
as meat-processing center, 45, 52–53, 101, 106–7, 115
railroad routes through, 50, 52–53
Chicago Board of Trade, 115
Chicago Field, 237
Chickasaws, 68
China:
agricultural studies, 167
bioprospecting in, 163, 165
Boxer Rebellion, 121
hogs from, 82–83, 83, 84, 88
immigrants from, 82–83
kite flying, 242–43
Choctaws, 68, 69
Civil War:
and cattle industry, 57, 69
and human mobility, 21
and pig industry, 106
Clark, William, 28
Cloyd, Jesse, 87
Coahuila Kickapoos, see Mexican Kickapoos
Cold War:
end of, xix
and heartland myth origins, xv–xvii
and U.S. expansion, 81, 129
colonial denial, 31
colonialism, see European imperialism; pioneers; U.S. expansion
Columbian exchange, 141
Columbian Exposition (Chicago, 1893), 91, 92
communications technology, 205–11, 207
community, 12
Corda Fratres, 191
corn:
and cattle industry, 38, 38
and competition with foreign agriculture, 136, 137
Native American cultivation, 25–26, 77, 100
and pig industry, 38, 87, 99, 100, 100
scientific agriculture on, 33, 77, 172
Corn Laws (Britain), 105, 122
Cosmopolitan Club (University of Illinois), 188–90, 191–93
cosmopolitanism, 3
Creeks, 68, 69
Crimean War (1853–1856), 106
Crocker Land expedition, 239–41
Cronon, William, 80
crop imports, 140–47
bioprospecting, 161, 162, 163–66
caution about, 144–45
and European imperialism, 147
and land-grant universities, 145
and pioneers, 141–42
and seed catalogs, 145, 146, 147
Cuba, 32, 109
Cuban American Sugar Company, 118
Cunningham, J. O., 200
Custer, Milo, 16–17
Cyclopedia of American Agriculture, 54
Davenport, Eugene, 169, 175–82
Davis, Winfield, 210
Dawes Commission, 70
Day, Satan, 245
dependency, 118, 126
Detmers, Heinrich J., 172
development, 91, 143, 167, 173, 179–80, 301
DeWitt-Ratford, Mae, 244
disease:
and cattle industry, 45, 71–74
and Native American displacement, 26
and pig industry, 109–10, 111–12
Dominguez, Zeferino, 33, 172
Drainage Journal, 224
Dunlap, Bessie Frith, 155
Dunlap, H. J., 87, 130, 152–56, 159, 160–61
Dunlap, Matthias Lane, 144–45, 211–12
Dunlap, M. L., 201
Dunlap, Nellie Baker, 152, 153, 155
Eagle Pass Kickapoos, 291–97, 292
Early History and Pioneers of Champaign County (Mathews and McLean), 14, 21–22
economic ornithology, 226–28, 236–37
Edwards, Ninian, 25
Edwardsville, Treaty of, 26–27
Ekblaw, Eddie L., 236
Ekblaw, George E., 236
Ekblaw, Sidney E., 236
Ekblaw, W. Elmer, 236, 239, 240–41, 303–4
Ekoneskaka (Aurelio Valdez Garcia), 23–24, 269–70
Ellsworth, Henry Leavitt, 143
Emmett, Bill and Doris, 30
empire, see European imperialism; U.S. expansion
Empire as a Way of Life (Williams), 80
English sparrow, 225–26
environmental transformation:
and crop imports, 140–47
and imported animal breeds, 147–49
soil composition, 149–51
Espinosa, Miguel, 299
Essex hogs, 85
ethnic Germans, xvi, 22, 248, 258
European imperialism:
and agrarian interests, 160–61
and bioprospecting, 163–64
and bird hunting, 233
and crop imports, 147
and emigration, 105
and scientific agriculture, 174, 178–82
Evarts, William M., 285
exploration:
polar, 33, 239–41, 303–4
and pork export markets, 121
Fairchild, David, 162, 164, 165
Fanley, A. M., 87–88
Farah, Saleem Raji, 181
Farmers’ Institute, 229
Farmers of Forty Centuries (King), 166
federal government policies, 75
and consular officers, 151–56
and crop imports, 143, 144
and Eagle Pass Kickapoos, 293, 294–97
land distribution, 37
and Mexican Kickapoos, 279–85, 295
quarantine laws, 73–74
tariff policies, 56, 62, 73, 135, 153
U.S. Weather Bureau, 159, 215, 216, 219
and World War I, 125–26
Field and Stream, 232, 234
Five Tribes, 26, 68–71
Flagg, Willard C., 168
flatboats, 101
Flatville, 198, 200, 203–4, 226, 248
flyover jokes, xiv, 198–99, 256
Food Administration, 126
Foote, John M., 254
Forbes, Stephen, 204, 227–28, 229
Fort Harrison, Treaty of, 26–27
Fraser, W. J., 88
Frisians, 203–4
frontier thesis, 80, 81
Fugitive Slave Act (1850), 266
Funk, Isaac, 86
fur trade, 6–7
game birds, 220–25, 222
Gangulee, Nagrendanath, 181
Gates, Fanny C., 131
Gay, David, 48
geographic awareness, xv, xix, 4, 13, 15, 53–57, 95, 188, 198–99, 211–24, 234–41, 256, 267, 302–4
geographic classifications, xv, xx, 34, 54, 56, 133, 231–34
Germany:
consular officers in, 154–56
imperialism, 160–61
pork exports to, 109
and scientific agriculture, 168, 169–70
and World War I, 125
see also ethnic Germans
global connections, xx–xxi, xxv
see also transborder connections
global histories, xix–xx
government policies, see federal government policies
Grand Trunk Railway, 50, 52–53
Grange movement, 54, 157, 229
Grant, William R., 152
Great Britain:
agricultural imports, 105–6, 107–8, 110–18
cattle breeds, 39–41, 42–43, 45, 58
empire of, 105–6, 117, 118, 126–27, 128–29
immigrants from, 104–6
railroad investors from, 102–4
see also British pig breeds; European imperialism
Greenville, Treaty of (1795), 24–25
Gregory, John M., 152
Grein, Charles, 243–44
Hale, Inez, 291
Hannan, Bernard, 104
Harris, Benjamin Franklin, 37, 39, 4
0
Harris, H. H., 87
H. Cannell and Sons, 147
heartland:
and American exceptionality, 79
central Europe as, xvi
change in, xxii
as flyover country, xiv, 198–99, 256
global nature of, 300–301
identification of, xiii–xiv
as inevitable, xiv–xv
isolation in, xxii
myth creation, 34–35
myth origins, xv–xvii
national security myth, xiv, 259–61
as political tool, 301–2
as postcolonial, 129
static nature of, xiv
stereotypes of, xiv, xxi–xxii, xxiii
Hess, Florence, 230
Hess, Isaac, 230
Hill, John Wesley, 139
historians’ approaches, xix, xx, xxi, 80–81, 96, 120, 127–28
hogs, see pig industry
Hopkins, Cyril G., 169, 170
horses, 9
human mobility:
and flyover jokes, 198–99
pioneers, xxii, 19–22, 31
and U.S.-Canadian transborder connections, 46–49
and U.S.-Mexican transborder connections, 32, 33, 65–67
see also immigration; Kickapoo mobility
ICR, see Illinois Central Railroad
Iida, Yoshifusa, 181, 182
Illinois, University of, xxiv
and astronomy, 242
and aviation, 244–45, 248–49
and bioprospecting, 161, 166
and consular officers, 153
establishment of, 168
foreign students at, 178–82, 185–90, 187, 191–94
and International Institute of Agriculture, 158
and migratory birds, 235
and military bases, 248–49
and polar exploration, 239
and scientific agriculture, 166, 169–73, 178–82, 191
and U.S.-Canada transborder connections, 48
and U.S.-Mexican transborder connections, 33
Illinois Agriculturist:
on agricultural export markets, 124, 136, 137
parochialism of, xxi
on pig industry, 99, 108
on scientific agriculture, 167
on U.S. expansion, 180
Illinois Central Railroad (ICR):
and agricultural export markets, 106
and aviation, 254
British investment in, 101–3
and land distribution, 37, 46, 103–4, 105
and U.S. expansion, 118, 119, 120
Illinois Department of Agriculture, 118, 227
Illinois Farmer:
on agricultural export markets, 127
on cattle breeding, 45
on crop origins, 141
on insect control, 226–27
on migratory birds, 231, 235
on scientific agriculture, 167
Illinois State Agricultural Society, 168
Illinois State Fair, 45, 86, 87, 148, 244
Illinois Stock Importing Association, 40, 87
Illinois Swine Breeders’ Association, 108–9
immigration:
Asian quotas, 185–86
chain migration, xxi
Chinese exclusion, 82–83
and Illinois resident mobility, 21–22
Irish, 104
and railroads, 10, 104
and scientific agriculture, 167
and wet prairie drainage, 201, 203–4
imperialism, see European imperialism; pioneers; U.S. expansion
India:
anticolonialism, 189, 193
University of Illinois students from, 185–90
U.S. trade with, 117–18
Indian Act (1834), 69
Indian Territory, 68–71
see also Kansas Kickapoos
insect control, 226–28, 229
insularity, xxi, xxii–xxiii
and border enforcement, 76
as isolationism, 132–34
Inter-American Indian Institute, 296
Interior Department, U.S., 296
International Exposition (Philadelphia, 1876), 144
International Institute of Agriculture, 156–59, 158
Inter-Parliamentary Union, 138–39, 184
Ireland:
immigrants from, 104
and pork exports, 112–13, 122
Iroquois, 6
isolationism, 132–34, 139, 194–95
Japan, 166
Jay Treaty (1794), 296
Johnson, Benjamin F., 87, 88
Kansas Kickapoos, 26–27, 69, 275, 276, 277–79
Kazen, Abraham, 293, 296
Keah quah quah, 291
Ke-chím-qua (Big Bear), 8
Keffer, Jessie Mae, 299
Kelkowah, 30
Kenekuk, 7
Kennedy, W. J., 48, 171–72
Ke o si ah quah (Rachel Kirk), 291
Kickapoo displacement, 261–62
and advertising, 17, 18, 19
and allotment policies, 262–64
archival traces, 1, 2
and disease, 26
and early mobility, 6–7, 9
and erasure, 15–17
Indiana Territory, 26–27
Kansas removal, 27–28, 69, 275, 276, 277–79
mobility as excuse for, 10–11, 14–15, 27–28, 197
Oklahoma relocation, 27–28, 280–81
and place names, 15–16
and War of 1812, 25
Kickapoo Indian Medicine Company, 17, 18, 19
Kickapoo mobility:
constraints on, 261, 262, 265–70, 268
and Eagle Pass Kickapoos, 293–97
early nature of, 6, 7, 8, 9–11
as excuse for displacement, 11, 13–15, 197
and Mexican Kickapoos, 274, 291
and railroads, 11, 265
trade goods as sign of, 8
and wet prairie terrain, 10, 11
Kickapoos:
bird hunting, 220–21
boarding schools, 267, 268
burial practices, 28–29
and cattle industry, 69
connections to place, 23–24, 29–30
dwellings of, 23
incarceration of, 267–69
ongoing presence in Illinois of, 28–30
see also Mexican Kickapoos
King, Franklin H., 166
Kinley, David, 298
kite flying, 242–43
land-grant universities, 131, 145, 168–69
see also Illinois, University of
Lansing, Robert, 125
Larkin, Lucretia Crawford, 48
Latin America, 165
see also European imperialism; U.S. expansion
League of Nations, 126, 132–33, 138
Lee, Mali, 131
Lipton, Thomas, 110–11, 121
local histories, 3, 6, 12–15
anxiety in, 13
erasure of Native Americans in, 15–17
exclusionary nature of, xviii–xix, 12–13
on Native American mobility, 13–15, 26
locality:
exclusionary nature of, xvii, xviii–xix, xxii, 12–13
and global connections, xx, xxi
globalization histories on, xix, xx, xxi–xxii
and historical meaning, xvii–xviii
and Kickapoo mobility, 269–70
limits of, 304–5
and local histories, xvii–xix, 6
as pioneer political i
nvention, 6, 12, 31
reification of, 3–6
as static, xxii
stereotypes of, xx–xxii
Lock, William H., 48
Lopez, Camili R., 179
Lubin, David, 157
McDonnell, J. E. C., 255
McElroy, John T., 60
McIntosh, Donald, 172
McIntyre, Daniel P., 48
Mackay, John, 85
Mackenzie, Ranald S., 280–82
Mackinder, Halford, xv
McKinley, William Brown, 136–39, 166–67, 182–84, 183, 192
McLean, Lewis A., 13
Mah-Qua-Ta-Uathena, 266
maize, see corn
Majumdar, Santosh C., 188
Majumdar, Santosh Chandra, 181
Makateonenodua (Raul Garza), 293
Malthusianism, 175
mandate system, 126
Mars, Bud, 246
Mascoutens, 6, 7
Masquequa, John, 16
Massey, Doreen, xix
Mathews, Milton W., 14
Maximilian (emperor of Mexico), 272
Mecina, 7
meteorology, 213–16
meteors, 241–42
Mexican-American War (1846–1848), 33, 65, 173
Mexican Kickapoos, 270–97, 272, 274
and ASARCO, 287–88, 287
border cattle raids, 64, 275–77
Eagle Pass band, 291–97, 292
exodus from Illinois of, 270–74
Kansas relocation, 277–79
Mackenzie raid, 279–82, 295
Mexican government relocation role, 282–85
Oklahoma relocation, 280–81
resource loss to U.S. opportunists, 286–91, 290
Mexican Revolution, 33, 172, 245, 250, 255
Mexico, see Mexican Kickapoos; Mexican Revolution; U.S.-Mexican transborder connections
Mexico as a Market for Purebred Cattle from the United States, 68
Meyer, Frank, 163, 164, 165
Middlesex hogs, 85–86
Mier y Terán, General, 271
migratory birds, 231–39
claims to, 231–34, 233
mysteries of, 234–38, 238
and polar exploration, 239, 303–4
Miles, John D., 278, 279
Miles, Manly, 55
military bases, 248–51
Miller, Robert, 43
Miner, Charles, 32
Mirasol, J. J., 179
mobility, see human mobility; migratory birds; transborder mobility
Moisant, John B., 245
Moisant, Mathilde, 245
Moisant International Aviators, 245–46
Morehouse, Chester A., 299
Morrill Act (1862), 168
Muscogees, 271
Myer Packing House, 111
Nah me pesh qua, 291
Nasmyth, George W., 191–92
National Geographic Society, 236
nationalism, xiv, 53, 55, 75, 135
Native American displacement, 261–62
and advertising, 17, 18, 19