The Yoga Tradition
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nâga, 351, 404
Nâgârjuna, 82, 169–170, 213, 383, 436–437n. 19
Nâgojî Bhatta, 236
naishkarmya-karman, 48, 51, 189–190, 379
Naishkarmya-Siddhi, 74
Nakamura, Hajime, 312
Nakkîrar, 41
Nâlâyira-Tivyap-Pirapantam, 280
Nalvars, 278
nâma. See name
Nâmadeva, 290, 291
Nambiyândâr Nambi. See Tiru-Murai
name: Buddhism and, 160; Hinduism and, 5–6; Sikhism and, 333, 335, 337
Namm lvâr, 280
namu amida butsu, 174
Nânak, Guru, 333–337
Nandi-Sûtra, 141
Nara, 39, 265
Nârada, 38, 277, 287. See also Bhakti-Sûtra
Nârada-Parivrâjaka-Upanishad, 71
Nârada-Purâna, 296
Nara-Simha, 84, 85–86, 133, 287
Nârâyâna, 39, 85, 133, 134, 206, 280, 432n. 13. See also Mahâ-Nârâyana-Upanishad
Nârâyana Tîrtha, 236
narcissism, 29, 30, 387
Nâropa, 178, 179–181, 383, 437n. 35
nâsadîya-sûkta. See “Hymn of Creation” nasal cleansing, 391–392
nâtha, defined, 385, 457
Nâtha, Shrî, 288
Nâthamuni, 288
Nâthism, 21, 24, 258, 290, 319, 383-390. See also Siddha-Siddhânta-Paddhati; specific masters
Natikkottu, 82
Nature: action and, 48; buddhi and, 200; Buddhism and, 243; consciousness and, 232; defined, 242, 458; dualism and, 4; ecstasy (samâdhi) and, 218, 253; ego and, 48; evolution and, xxvi; God and, 136–137; gunas and (see gunas); Hatha- Yoga and, 27; Integral Yoga and, 58; liberation and, xxvi, 222, 223, 232, 240; linga and, 84; magic and, 30; paradox of, 223, 241; Râja-Yoga and, 27; Sâmkhya and, 31, 75–77, 240, 242; sattva component of, 228, 230, 232, 241; Scale of, 135, 239–241; Self and, 135, 223, 228–229, 232, 241, 242–244, 342; Shaivism and, 268, 349; Tantra and, 349; transcendental foundation of, 76–77, 137, 242, 243, 342; as unconscious, 241–242; Vedânta and, 243; vikâras and, 431n. 40; Yoga definition and, 4; Yoga-Sûtra on, 4, 77, 218, 222–223, 227, 228–229, 230, 231, 232, 241, 242–244, 254, 342; Yoga-Vâsishtha on, 304, 306, 308
Natya-Shâstra, 360
naulî, 392
navel, 103, 353, 355, 402, 404, 408, 410, 411, 413–414, 415, 417, 420, 421. See also cakras, manipura-cakra
Nâyanmârs, 276–278
near-death experiences, 350
nectar of immortality. See soma (amrita)
nervous system, xxix, 29, 353, 356–357, 360, 390
neti, 391–392
neti-neti, 5, 130, 186, 321
nibandhas, 347
nididhyâsana. See contemplation
nidrd, 251. See also sleep
Nietzsche, Friedrich, 159, 263
Nigamas, 142
niganthus, 347
nihilism, 162
Nijjuttis, 142
nila-bindu, 320, 321
Nimbârka, 289
nirîkshana. See introspection
nirjara, 145
nirmâna-kâya, 168
nirnâyâs, 347
nirodha, 4, 217-221, 226, 252
nirodha-samâdhi, 224
nirodha-yoga, 199, 215
nirutthâna state, 421
nirvâna: Bhagavad-Gîtâ on, 191; brahma- nirvâna, 191; Buddhism and, 157, 159, 160–161, 162, 163–164, 166, 168, 170, 173, 175; defined, 457; Jainism and, 153; Moksha-Dharma on, 199, 200, 204, 205; samsâra equals, xxix, 20, 57–58, 157, 164, 175, 343, 374; Tantra and, 175, 343. See also liberation (enlightenment)
nirvâna-cakra, 420
Nirvâna-Shatka, 5
Nirvâna-Tantra, 359
Nirvâna-Upanishad, 431n. 42
nirvicâra-samâdhi, 220, 253
nirvikalpa, defined, 151
nirvikalpa-samâdhi, 5, 55, 156, 253, 325, 358, 399
nirvitarka-samâdhi, 220, 253
Niryuktis, 142
nishcalatva, 324
nishpatti-avasthâ, 424
Nitya Nâtha, 389
Nivritti Nâtha, 290, 384, 388
niyamas: described, 16, 67, 224–225, 246–248, 318; Gheranda-Samhitâ on, 393; grace and, 248; Kâlâmukhas and, 263; liberation and, 204–205, 372; Moksha-Dharma on, 204–205; Purânas on, 281, 298, 301; Râmâyana on, 185; Tantras on, 372; Upanishads on, 16, 318, 324–325, 331; Yoga-Sûtra on, 67, 224–225, 244, 246–248
Niyama-Sâra, 145–146, 151
niyati. See destiny
Noah, 208
nonattachment. See attachment
nondualism: gamas and, 265; Asparsha- Yoga and, 207; Bhakti-Yoga and, 311; deities and, 83; dualism and, 236, 408; ego and, 5, 74; Gaudapâda and, 207; God and, xxvi; impulse toward transcendence and, xxvi-xxvii; Jnâna-Yoga and, 31–32; left-hand paths and, 258; liberation and, 4, 20, 74; memory and, 5; Pre-Classical Yoga and Sâmkhya and, 198; primacy of, 311; qualified, 41, 75, 276, 288; samarasa and, 408; Self and, 4, 20, 74, 207; separation and, 207; sexuality and, 258; Shaivism and, 265, 276; Shankara vs. Râmânuja and, 41, 74–75, 288; Shiva- Samhitâ and, 424; Tantra and, 343, 346; union and, 207; Upanishads and, 32, 127, 129, 257, 317, 319, 321–324; Vaishnavism and, 288, 289; Vedânta and, xxvi, 4, 74; Vedas and, 4, 342; Vrâtyas and, 120; Yoga definition and, 4; Yoga- Vâsishtha and, 50, 185, 304–305
nonharming. See ahimsâ
nonself (no-self), 4, 159, 160–161, 170, 175, 221, 240. See also ego
nonstealing, 208, 224, 225, 245, 246, 301
Norman, Colin, xxviii
nose, 391, 392, 402, 413, 414, 416, 420. See also senses
Noyanukaviti, 82
Nri-Simha, 262
nudity, 20, 21, 140–141, 180, 259, 269, 288, 295, 336
numbers: eighteen, 186, 383, 437n. 5; eighty-four, 383; one hundred and eight, 127, 359; one hundred and one, 124; seven, 124; sixteen, 323, 440n. 19
nuns, 161
nyâsa, 134, 358, 457
Nyâya, 6, 72, 73, 78, 215, 235, 263
Nyâya-Sûtra, 78
Nyâya-Vârttika, 78
Nyingmapas, 178–179, 265
O
objectification, 6, 93, 133, 161. See also science
objectivity, 400
objects, 231–232, 253, 254, 274, 275
od, 351
offerings: Absolute and, 307; Bhakti-Yoga and, 37; chod and, 178; to deities, 148, 406; to guru, 10, 14, 131; Jainism and, 148; Karma-Yoga and, 49; Lord and, 308; Mantra-Yoga and, 53; milk, 87, 101, 109, 420; of one’s way of life, 131, 307–308; of self, 37; Self and, 196, 307; Yoga- Vâsishtha on, 307–308
ojas, 67, 81, 95, 110, 245, 260, 457; sexuality and, 67, 81, 95, 245, 366
om: as Absolute, 35, 312, 315, 409; as bîja- mantra, 172; bindu and, 312, 314, 317, 409; Brahma and, 409; Buddhism and, 52, 164, 171, 172; cakras and, 354; described, 130, 172, 207, 312, 314, 317, 409, 411; Dharma- Shâstras on, 208, 209; gâyatri-mantra and, 130, 131, 209, 313, 314; Goraksha-Paddhati on, 409, 411; Hatha-Yoga and, 411; history of, 52, 130; illustrated, 130, 137, 164, 172, 207, 312; initiation and, 52, 358–359; King Prithu and Vena and, 120; Lallâ and, 268–269; Lord and, 219; meditation and, 52, 130, 137, 297, 312, 313; mooing of cows and, 52; as nâda, 457; prânâyâma and, 411; pronunciation of, 312, 314; Purânas on, 297, 298; Reality and, 130, 172; as Self, 372; shakti and, 409; Shiva and, 409; Smritis on, 422; sun and moon and, 409; Tantra and, 52; Upanishads on, 130, 137, 207, 312–315, 317, 326; Vedas on, 52, 130, 409; vibration and, 130; Vishnu and, 409; Yoga definition and, 206; Yoga-Sûtraon, 219
om mani padme hûm, 52, 172
om namah shivâya, 277, 298–299
omniscience, 230
om sac-cid-ekam brahma, 22
one-flowingness. See ekatânatâ
one-pointedness. See ekâgratâ
ontology, xxix, 72, 75, 135, 240, 244
opposites. See dvandvas; polarity; reversal principle
orenda, 249, 351
orgasm, 366, 396,
424
orgone, 249, 351
ösel, 180
Otto, Rudolf, 188
outcastes, 60, 282, 300
out-of-body experiences, 94, 95
P
pacification, 368
pada-artha-abhâvanâ, 305
Pada-Candrikâ, 236
Pâdalipta Sûri, 142
pâda-sevana, 37
paddhatis, 347
padma, 177, 350–351, 430n. 27, 432n. 12
padma-âsana. See âsanas
padma-mudrâ, 362
Padmapâda, 262
Padma-Purâna, 296, 297
Padmasambhâva, 178
Padma-Samhitâ, 279
pain, 129, 143, 151, 153, 159, 219, 304, 306, 356, 370, 383
Paingala-Upanishad, 237
palate, 402, 407, 413, 415, 418, 420
Pali canon, 156, 157, 158, 160, 163
Panca-Artha-Bhâshya, 260
panca-dasha-anga, 318
panca-kakâra, 334
panca-ma-kâras. See Five M’s
Pancarâtra tradition, 39–40, 197, 248, 432n. 20
Panca-Tantra, 342
Panca-Vimsha-Brâhmana, 124
Pândavas, 63, 123, 186–187, 190, 197, 208
Pandit, M. P., 12
Pându, King, 106, 234–235
panentheism, 136, 198, 241
Pânini, 259, 438n. 26
pantheism, 136
para, 422
para-âkâsha, 325
paradox, 20, 162, 165, 192, 223, 241, 251, 254
parama-âkâsha, 322, 325, 329
parama-ânanda, 257, 401
parama-âtman. See Self (transcendental)
parama-hamsas, 21, 22, 70, 71, 325
parama-samâdhi, 151
Parama-Samhitâ, 440n. 1
Parama-Shiva, 349, 354
Parameshvarî, 405
pâramitâ, 167
parampâda, 421
paramparâ, 17, 27
paranormal powers. See siddhis
Parashu-Râma, 86, 360
Parâ-Trimshika-Vivarana, 347
parâvritti, 9, 374. See also reversal principle
parents, Jainism and, 148
paricaya-avasthâ, 424
parinirvâna, 167
Paritta, 158
parittas, 171
parivrajaka, 70, 71
Pârshva, 140
Particularized, 77, 244
Pârvatî (Umâ), 40, 133, 270, 344, 354. See also Shiva, Pârvatî (Umâ) and
paryanka, 150, 162
Pâshupata-Brahma-Upanishad, 128, 311, 319
Pâshupatas, 40, 121, 197, 259–261, 263, 439n. 4
Pâshupata-Sûtra, 260
pashupâta-yoga, 295, 298
Pashupati, 133, 261, 319, 374
pashupati seal, 100
pashus, 261, 270, 273, 319, 373–374, 376, 457
passion. See attachment; desire; kleshâs
past, Yoga-Sûtra on, 227, 231
past life recall, 209, 227, 246, 297
Pâtanjala-Rahasya, 234, 236
Pâtanjala-Sûtra, 214
Patanjali: Buddhism and, 161, 163, 198, 214; Classical Sâmkhya and, 240; date of, 198, 214; Dattâtreya and, 23; described, 198, 213–214, 311; drugs and, 177; Hindu philosophy and, 77; illustrated, 213, 239; Îshvara Krishna and, 240; Jainism and, 139; Lakulîsha and, 259; mental consciousness and, 93; other Patanjalis, 214; psychocosmogram of, 239, 240–241; Râja-Yoga and, 28–29; Vaishnavism and, 259. See also Classical Yoga; Mahâ- Bhâshya; Yoga-Sûtra
Patanjali-Carita, 236
patience, 147, 150, 168, 246
Paul, Saint, 19, 320
Pauma-Carîya, 142
Paushkara-Samhitâ, 265, 279, 440n. 1
peace, 18, 114, 191, 246, 297, 312, 324, 334, 368, 459
Pearce, Joseph Chilton, 268
penance. See asceticism; tapas penis, 354, 366, 396, 402, 403, 404, 412, 417, 420, 424. See also linga
perception, 160, 165, 198, 218, 227–228, 230, 251, 391
Perennial Philosophy, 188–189
perfection, xxv, 229, 247
Perfection of Wisdom, mantra of, 166
Peria-Purânam, 276
perineum, as âdhâra, 402, 420
personality. See ego
phallus. See linga; penis
phat, as bîja-mantra, 172
Phenapas, 71
philosophy, 6, 32, 72–78, 142, 188, 189, 237
phlegm, 391, 392, 433n. 18
photistic Yoga, 311, 320–325
phowa, 181
phû, 321
Piggott, Stuart, 100
pilgrimage centers, internal, 331
pilgrimages, 377
pindas, 420, 431n. 40
pingalâ-nâdî. See idâ- and pingalâ-nâdîs
pithas, 401, 422
pitta, 80, 433n. 18
Plato, 17, 92, 130
Play of Consciousness, The, 320
pleasure, xxvii, xxix, 132, 143, 148, 202, 207, 306, 341–346, 370, 382, 401
poetry, 51, 184, 268–269, 276–278, 292–293. See also specific poets and poetic works
poison, 331, 406, 415
polarity, 175, 346, 364
polytheism, 83. See also deities
Pope, Alexander, 240
Post-Classical Yoga, 4, 255–337. See also Nâthism; Purânas; Shaivism; Siddha tradition; Sikhism; Vaishnavism; Yoga- Upanishads; Yoga-Vâsishtha
postures. See âsanas
Post-Vedic Age, 63, 123–137
poverty, 147, 150
power, 32, 251, 312, 384. See also kundalinî- shakti; shakti; Shakti; siddhis
Prabhâkara, 73
prabhu, 145
Prabhulinga-Lîlâ, 390
Prabhupada, Shrila, 292
prâcârya, 11
practice, 341
prâdhyâpaka, 11
Pradîpikâ, 236
praise, 39, 53, 148, 283, 333, 335, 372, 434n. 42
Prâjapâti, 117, 121, 124, 195. See also hiranya-garbha
prajnâ. See knowledge; understanding; wisdom
Prajnâpâramitâ, 163
Prajnâ-Pâramitâ-Sûtras, 157, 163, 164-166, 169, 172
prâkâmya, 368
prakaranas, 347
Prakîrnas, 141
prakriti: defined, 242, 458. See also Nature
prakriti-laya, 342
prakriti-parinâma-vâda, 243
prakriti-pradhôna, 76-77, 137, 242, 243, 342
pralaya. See destruction
pramâda, 146
pramâna, 251
prâna: Absolute as, 133; apâna and, 404, 409, 410–412, 414, 421; ascent of, 266; attention and, 249; bliss and, 266; Buddhism and, 162, 173; cakras and, 249, 351; chastity and, 10; consciousness and, 249, 397; core of, 275; death and, 173, 397, 409; defined, 249, 351, 410, 458; dynamism and, 356; ecstasy (samâdhi) and, 399; fire altars and, 124; five types of, 199, 351, 404, 410; Ganesha and, 87; Goraksha legends and, 386; Goraksha- Paddhati on, 404, 405–406, 409–412, 414; granthis and, 355; gunas and, 404; hamsa and, 319, 390; Hatha-Yoga and, 390; Hatha-Yoga-Pradîpikâ on, 423; heart and, 351, 404; immortality and, 133, 414; as inhalation, 351;yiva and, 372–373, 404; kundalinî and, 316, 352, 356, 405–406, 411; liberation and, 273, 275; longevity and, 414; marmans and, 80; mind and, 249, 351, 381, 409; Moksha- Dharma on, 199; nâdîs and, 351, 352, 353, 356, 397, 410; nervous system and, 390; Purânas on, 300–301; science and, 249, 351; Self and, 126, 133; semen and, 409; Shata-Patha-Brâhmana on, 124; Shiva-Samhitâ on, 424; subtle body and, 351–352, 390; sun and, 331; Tantra and, 351–352; time and, 173; Uddhava- Gîtâ on, 284; Upanishads on, 6, 131, 133, 257, 315, 316, 317, 326–328; upa- prânas, 351, 404; Vedas on, 116, 118, 405; Vrâtyas and, 21, 120; Yoga-Vâsishtha on, 304–305; yoginî-jnâna-mudrâ and, 418
prâna-agni-hotra, 125, 435n. 1
prâna-linga, 264
prâna-maya-kosha, 132
prâna-mudrâ, 360
prâna-samyama, 318
Prânâ-Sankali, 388
prâna-shakti, 356
pranava. See om
Pranava-Kundalî, 425
prânâyâma: ânava-upâya and, 266; asceticism and, 208; yur-Veda and, 80; Being-Consciousness-Bliss and, 353; bhastrikâ, 398; bhrâmari, 398; bliss and, 398; Brâhmanas on, 412; Buddhism and, 162, 173, 180, 181; cakras and, 249; concentration and, 151, 249, 412; death and, 409; defined, 249, 313, 314, 324, 351, 353, 397, 411, 458; Dharma- Shâastras on, 208–209; ecstasy (samâdhi) and, 225, 249, 419; elements and, 209, 358; expiation and, 208, 424; fire and, 411, 412; Gheranda-Samhitâ on, 391, 397–398; Goraksha-Paddhati on, 409–414, 415, 416, 418; Hatha-Yoga and, 80, 391, 397–398, 410–412; Hatha-Yoga- Pradîpikâ on, 397, 423; heat and, 95, 398; illness and, 398, 412; Jainism and, 151; karma and, 412; keshins and, 113; kevâla, 55, 397, 398; kumbhaka and, 55, 314, 324, 397–398; kundalinî awakening and, 398; Lallâ and, 269; Laya-Yoga and, 55; levels of mastery of, 398, 411; liberation and, 81; Mantra-Yoga and, 53; meditation and, 151; mind and, 249, 351, 397; Moksha-Dharma on, 199; mûrcchâ, 398; nâda and, 412; nâdîs and, 410; number of daily respirations, 316, 317; om and, 411; phowa and, 181; Purânas on, 297, 298, 299, 300–301; purification prior to, 390–392, 397; rhythm of, 324, 397; sahita, 397; sense-restraint and, 250, 412; Shaivism and, 266; shakti-calana and, 396, 421; Shata-Patha-Brâhmana on, 124–125; shîtalî, 398; Shiva-Samhitâ on, 424; Shiva-Sûtra on, 266; siddhis and, 81, 229; Sikhism and, 337; sin and, 209, 411; soma and, 410; sûrya-bedha, 397; therapeutic, 398; tumo and, 180; types of, 397–398; Uddhava-Gîtâ on, 284; ujjâyî, 397–398; Upanishads on, 125, 131, 137, 206, 249, 313, 314, 316, 318, 324, 326–327, 329, 330, 331; Vedas on, 51, 105, 405; Vrâtyas and, 121; well-being and, 80; when to begin, 397; wisdom and, 81; Yoga-Bîja on, 397, 421; Yoga-Sûtra on, 219, 224, 225–226, 229, 244, 249, 424; Yoga-Vishaya on, 423. See also kumbhaka
Prapanca-Sâra-Tantra, 348
prapatti. See surrender
prâpti, 367
prasâda. See grace
Prasenajit, 141
prashânti. See calm
Prashna-Upanishad, 54, 127, 183, 206
Prashna-Vyâkarana-Anga, 142