The Yoga Tradition
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transformation, 222, 226–227, 233, 240, 243, 254, 258, 263, 345, 366. See also transmutation
transformation body, 144
transliteration notes, xxiii-xxiv
transmentality, 322, 325
transmigration, 49
transmission, 9, 15, 16–18, 265, 430n. 21, 431n. 31
transmutation: bodily, 36, 137, 275, 328–331, 353, 382–383, 384, 408. See also transformation
transpersonal psychology, xxvi, xxvii
transubstantiation, 353
trâtaka, 392
trees, 102, 118, 129, 318, 393
tremor, 219, 398, 411
tretâ-yuga, 123
Trika Shaivism, 265, 460
trikâya doctrine, 168
tri-mûrti, 185
Tripitaka. See Pali canon
triple path, 418
Tripura-Rahasya, 23, 32–33
Tripurâ-Sundarî, 87, 88, 348, 360
tripurâ-sundarî-yantra, 365
Tripurâ-Upanishad, 347
Tri-Shikhi-Brâhmana-Upanishad, 50, 128, 250, 312, 331
trishnâ. See desire
Trungpa, Chögyam, 17
trust, 32, 355
truth/Truth: Buddhism and, 157, 159, 170, 175; guru and, 10, 11; hidden nature of, 1; Jainism and, 152, 153; Sikhism and, 334, 336, 337; Upanishads on, 324; Vedas on, 121; Yoga-Vâsishtha on, 309. See also Reality
truth-bearing insight, 221
Truth-Consciousness, 57
truthfulness: Buddhism and, 161; Gîtâ on, 247; Integral Yoga and, 58; Jainism and, 147, 150; mantras and, 245; Moksha- Dharma on, 198; Râmâyana on, 185; Tantras on, 376; Upanishads on, 131; as yama, 224, 245, 246; Yoga-Sûtra on, 208, 224, 245
Tsongkhapa, 179, 437n. 35
Tucci, Guiseppe, 176
Tukârâma, 36, 291
Tulasi, Acarya, 143
Tulsî Dâs, 292, 293
tummo, 95, 180
turîya. See Fourth, the
turîyâtitas, 71
turya-gâ, 305
Tushita Heaven, 168, 171, 173, 437n. 34
tushti. See contentment
Tweedie, Irina, xvi
twilight language, 366
tyâga. See renunciation
U
Ubhayâ Bhâratî, 73–74
uccâtana, 368
ucchvâsa, 326
udâna, 124, 126, 229, 300, 316, 351, 404
Udâna, 158, 162
Uddhâva-Gîtâ, 279, 282–286, 297
uddîyâna-bandha, 395, 406, 408, 424
Uddyoktakara, 78
udyâna, as âdhâra, 402, 420
ujjâyî-kumbhaka, 397–398
Umâ. See Pârvatî (Umâ)
Umâpati, 214, 431n. 32
Umâsvâti, 142, 147, 149–150
Unconditional, defined, xxv-xxvi
unconscious, 241–242, 257
unconsciousness, 252, 254
understanding, 132, 135, 162, 163, 299, 406. See also gnosis; wisdom
Undifferentiate, 220, 242, 243, 244
unhappiness, 37
union: Bhakti-Yoga and, 36, 37, 38, 39; coessential unity, 408; defined, 50; ecstasy (samâdhi) and, 253; Goraksha-Paddhati on, 407, 408; Hatha-Yoga and, 422; identification vs., 258; liberation and, 257–258; Lingâyatas and, 264; nondualism and, 207; of opposites (see dvandvas; polarity; reversal principle); Pâshupatas and, 260–261; of rajas and bindu, 407; Samhitâs on, 280; Sikhism and, 334–336; Upanishads on, 257–258; Vedânta and, 4; Yoga definition and, 3—4, 6; Yoga-Sûtra on, 4, 223–224, 241, 257–258. See also Shiva, Shakti and
universe: compacting the, 271; creation of (see creation)
unmanî, 325, 441n. 20
Unparticularized, 244
untouchables, 60
upâdana, 160
upâdhi, 372, 373, 418, 424
upâdhyâya, 11
Upadhyâya, K. N., 188
Upâgâmas, 264, 265, 439n. 9
upanayana, 60
Upângas, 141
Upanishad Brahmayogin, 328
Upanishadic Age, 63, 123–137
upanishads, defined, 460
Upanishads, 123–137, 311–331; ranyakas and, 125; Bhagavad-Gîtâ and, 184; Brâhmanas and, 124, 435n. 2; Buddhism and, 159, 160, 164; commentaries on, 236; cosmogony of, 128, 133; date of, 61, 62, 63, 96, 127, 312, 435n. 2; described, 74, 123–137, 183–184, 311–331; early, 63, 123–137, 160; Epic-Age, 183–184; Hatha-Yoga and, 128, 317, 328–331; Hindu philosophy and, 74; initiation and, 126; Jnâna-Yoga and, 32, 331; kshatriya estate and, 106, 120; main concepts of, 63, 125, 126, 127–128, 183–184, 257, 311; Mantra-Yoga and, 311, 312–318, 329–330; mental consciousness and, 93; nondualism and, 31–32, 127, 128–129, 257–258, 317, 319, 321–324; number of, 74, 127–128, 311; oldest Upanishad, 70; oral transmission of, 128; Râma and, 185; Sâmkhya and, 198; source readings from, 34–36, 313–316, 321–324, 326–328; transmission of wisdom of, 106, 126; Vedânta and, 4; Vedas and, 27, 63, 105, 106, 126, 127, 131, 326, 327, 429n. 1, 435n. 54; Yoga definition and, 4, 5; Yoga emergence and, 96; Yoga of, 128, 131–132, 134–137. See also Bindu-Upanishads; Yoga-Upanishads; specific Upanishads
upa-prânas, 351, 404
Upa-Purânas, 296, 299. See also Devî- Bhâgavata-Purâna
uparati. See cessation
Upâsaka-Dashâ-Anga, 142
upâsana, 126. See also meditation
upastha-nigraha, 298
Upatîkâs, 234
upavâsa. See fasting
upâya, 168, 173, 265-266, 460. See also compassion
uprightness. See ârjava
ûrdhva-retas, 120, 366, 415
urine therapy, 424
Ushâ, 101
utpâda, 169
Utpala, 267
Utpaladeva, 255, 257
uttâna-carana, 103
Uttanka, 66
Uttarâdhyâyana-Sûtra, 139
Uttara-Mîmâmsâ, 72, 74–75. See also Vedânta
uvula, 402, 414, 417, 420
V
vâc. See mantras; speech
Vâc, 52, 101
Vâcaspati Mishra, 6, 8, 78, 80, 235, 253. See also Tattva-Vaishâradî
vag-dîkshâ, 18
vahni-yoga, 405, 411
Vaikhânasas, 71
Vaikhânasa-Smârta-Sûtra, 70
Vaikuntha Heaven, 282, 297
vairâgya. See dispassion; indifference
vairâja-prânava, 317
Vairocana, 264
Vaisheshika, 6, 72–73, 77–78, 235, 289
Vaisheshika-Sûtra, 77
Vaishnavism, 279–293; lvârs and, 41, 279, 280–281, 288; Bengali saints of, 291–292; bhakti and, 40, 41, 280–281, 282–283, 288–293; Bhakti-Yoga and, 279, 280–293; dualism and, 289; Gupta dynasty and, 64; history of, 40, 41, 187; literature of, 258, 279–288, 290–293; Maharashtra saints of, 290–291, 384, 388; nondualism and, 288, 289; North Indian saints of, 292–293; Patanjali and, 259; preceptors of, 288–290, 291–292; Shaivism vs., 61. See also Bhagavad-Gîtâ; Bhâgavata-Purâna; Gîtâ-Govinda; Pancarâtra tradition; Purânas; Samhitâs; Upanishads; Vishnu
Vaishvânara, 103
vaishya estate, 9, 60, 101, 434n. 31
vâjapeya, 418
vajrâ: defined, 177. See also vajrî
vajrâ-âsana, 150, 393
Vajra-Chedikâ-Sûtra, 163, 164
vajrâ-deha. See divine body
vajrâ-kâya, 180
vajrâ-nâdî, 352
Vajra Varahi, 389
Vajrayâna (Tantric) Buddhism, 174–181; crazy wisdom and, 21; described, 174–175, 181; emergence of, 64, 163, 171, 172; Hindu Tantra and, 175, 343; Kâlacakrayâna Buddhism and, 172, 173; Mahâyâna Buddhism and, 174, 715; mahâ-siddhas of, 178–181; Mantrayâna Buddhism and, 172, 174; Nâropa’s Six Yogas and, 179–181; om and, 52, 172; orders of, 21, 178–181, 265; Sahajayâna Buddhism and, 172, 175; sexuality and, 177–178, 179; Tantras of, 341
vajrî, defined, 431n. 44
vajrolî-mudrâ, 366, 396, 424
Vâl
akhilyas, 71
Vallabha, 289
Vallabha school, 236
Vâlmîki, 184, 185, 303. See also Râmâyana; Yoga-Vâsishtha
vam, 353
vâma, 366
Vâma, 265
vâmâcâra, 258
Vâmadeva, 330
Vâmaka-Îshvara-Tantra, 347
vâma-mârga. See Tantra, left-hand
vamana, 81, 351, 391
Vamâna, 86
Vamâna-Purâna, 296
vamsha-anucarita, 296
vamshâs, 296
vâna-prasthas. See forest dwellers
vandana. See prostration
Varâha, 85, 133
Varâha-Purâna, 296
Varâha-Samhitâ, 279
Varâha-Upanishad, 128, 312, 330
Varanasi, 140, 292, 331
varna-dîkshâ, 18
varnas, 9, 60, 286, 418. See also brâhmana estate; caste system; kshatriya estate; vaishya estate
Vaminî, 88
vâsanâs, 8, 55, 241, 242, 252, 305, 307, 460
vashîkarana, 368
Vashinî, 345
Vashishtha, 66, 208, 295, 303, 304, 342, 434n. 41, 440n. 1. See also Yoga- Vâsishtha
vâshitva, 368
Vâsishtha-Dharma-Shâstra, 209
vâso-dhauti, 391
vasti, 391
Vasubandhu, 171
Vâsudeva, 36, 39, 85, 196, 280, 312, 432n. 13
Vasugupta, 265–266, 267, 269–275, 347
vâta, 80, 433n. 18
Vâtsyâyana Pakshîlasvâmin, 78
Vâtula-Shuddhâkhya, 265
Vâyu, 113, 114, 120, 195
Vâyu-Purâna, 296, 297
vâyus, 80, 422
vedanâ, 160
vedânta, defined, 429n. 1
Vedânta, 74–75; Absolute and, 4, 20, 116; Buddhism and, 171, 243; Classical Yoga and, 215, 243; commentaries on, 235; described, 4, 6, 74–75, 127, 453; ecstasy as defined in, 370; illusionism in, 56; Kevâla-Advaita, 453; koshâs and, 132; liberation and, 5, 20, 130, 254; modern West and, 65; Moksha-Dharma and, 197–198; neti-neti and, 5, 130; nondualism and, xxvi, 4, 74; Reality and, 4, 74, 429n. 1; Seif and, 4, 74, 130, 258; Shaivism and, 265; Shudda, 236; Tantra and, 343, 346; târaka and, 320; Upanishads and, 4; Vishishta-Advaita, 41, 453; Yoga definition and, 4; Yoga vs., 237. See also Bhagavad-Gîtâ; Jnâna- Yoga; Upanishads; Vedas; Yoga-Vâsishtha
Vedânta-Sâra, 33
Vedânta-Siddhânta-Darshana, 431n. 9
Vedânta-Sûtra. See Brahma-Sûtra
vedas, defined, 114
Vedas: gamas and, 264; arranger of, 123, 186, 234; Aryan invasion theory and, 98–99; bhakti and, 39, 192; Brâhmanas and, 124; composers of, 61, 101–102; cosmogony of, 21, 112, 115–119; date of, 61, 62, 63, 96–97, 98; described, 27, 105, 378; Fifth Veda, 186, 264, 296, 435n. 66; Goraksha-Paddhati and, 405, 406; Hindu philosophy and, 72–74; human sacrifice and, 262; immortality and, 39, 102, 108, 119, 341; Itihâsas and, 295, 296; Jaina, 143; Mahâbhârata and, 186, 264; Mantra-Yoga and, 51–52, 104; mind and, 405; mother of, 52; name of God and, 335; nondualism and, 4, 258; om and, 52, 130, 409; oral transmission of, 128; Proto-Yoga of, 93, 96, 98, 101–114, 115–116, 134, 405; Purânas and, 264, 295, 296, 300; reincarnation and karma and, 126; religion and, 100, 101; sacrificial ritual and, 66, 101–105, 115, 120, 124, 434n. 41; Self and, 126, 196, 237; Solar Yoga and, 103, 106, 110–111; soma and, 52, 103, 111–112, 115; source readings from, 106–114, 116–119; study of, 9; Tamil Veda, 276; Tiru-Murai and, 40–41; Tiru-Vâymoli and, 41; Uddhava-Gîtâ and, 285; Upanishads and, 27, 63, 105, 106, 126, 127, 326, 327, 429n. 1; words of the Divine and, 435n. 59; Yoga-Bhâshya and, 211. See also Atharva-Veda; yur-Veda; Rig-Veda; rishis; Sâma-Veda; Samhitâs; Yajur-Veda
Vedic Age, 62–63
Vedic civilization, 27, 61–63
Vena, 115, 120
verticalism, xxix, 56, 68–69, 93, 261, 432n. 37
vibhûti: defined, 367. See also siddhis
vibration, 51, 130, 265, 266, 305, 330, 348, See also sound
vicâra. See consideration; reflection
vices, four, 146
Victoria, Queen, 64
videha-mukti, 233, 254, 258, 289, 317, 318, 329, 460
vidveshana, 368
vidyâ: defined, 460. See also gnosis; knowledge; wisdom
Vidyâranya, 7, 303, 312. See also Jîvan- Mukti-Viveka
Vijayâ, 88
vijnâna. See consciousness; Consciousness; knowledge
Vijnâna-Bhairava, 266
Vijnâna Bhikshu, 7, 213, 236, 241, 253, 298. See also Yoga-Sâra-Samgraha; Yoga- Vârttika
vijnâna-maya-kosha, 132
Vijnânavâda Buddhism, 157, 171
vikalpa: defined, 251. See also conceptualization; imagination
vikâras, 412–413, 431n. 40
vikshepa, 285
Vimala, 142
Vimalânanda, 263
Vînâ-Shikha-Tantra, 341
Vinaya-Pitaka, 158
Vipâka-Shruta-Anga, 142
viparîta, 366. See also reversal principle
viparîta-karanî-mudrâ. See mudrâs
viparyaya, 251
virâ-âsana, 150, 393
virâga. See renunciation
viraha. See separation
vîra-îsha, 270
Virâj, 115
Vîra-Shaivas, 263–264
virtues, 147, 150, 161–162, 321, 335. See also morality; niyamas; yamas; specific virtues
Virûpa, 179, 389
Virûpâksha, 389
vîrya, 67, 81, 168, 391. See also will
vishesha. See Particularized; Vaisheshika
Vishnu, 84–86; Ananta and, 214; bhakti and, 40, 330; Brahma and, 185; cakras and, 353; Dakshinamûrti and, 12; Dattâtreya and, 23; described, 85, 185; Devî and, 299; the Goddess and, 344; as Godhead, 83; guru and, 11, 324; as Hari, 85, 401; illustrated, 186; incarnations of, 85–86, 185, 192; as ishta-devata, 225; as Kapila, 281–282; as Krishna, 185, 187, 191, 193–195, 281–283; Lakshmî and, 456; mother of, 23; mudrâs and, 360; as Nârâyana, 85, 133, 134, 280; as Nri- Simha, 262; om and, 409; other deities and, 83, 185; Pancarâtra tradition and, 39–40; Purânas and, 296, 297, 298; as Râma, 86, 185, 279; in Rig-Veda, 40, 84, 86, 279; shakti and, 409; Shankara and, 235; Shishupâla and, 38, 287; Shiva and, 185, 295; as tortoise, 298; in Upanishads, 135, 313, 330; as Vâsudeva, 85, 196, 280; water element and, 415; yantras and, 364. See also Vaishnavism
vishnu-granthi, 355
vishnu-mudrâ, 360
Vishnu-Purâna, 38, 296, 297
Vishnu-Samhitâ, 280, 440n. 1
vishuddha-cakra, 354, 355, 358, 402, 414, 417
Vishvâmitra, 66, 434n. 41
vision: inner, 321, 322, 323, 325; steadiness of, 318. See also eyes
visions, 66, 67, 72, 137, 325, 421; Rig-Veda on, 104, 105, 109, 110, 114
visualization: Absolute and, 398; bhûta- shuddhi and, 358; bindu and, 398; Buddhism and, 342; cakras and, 249, 350, 355; chod and, 178; coarse vs. subtle, 398; dzogchen vs., 179; ecstasy (samâdhi) and, 355; Gheranda-Samhitâ on, 398; Hatha-Yoga and, 398; initiation and, 18; magic and, 368; mandalas and, 176; phowa and, 181; siddhis and, 355; Tantra and, 342, 358, 398; tumo and, 180; yantras and, 364
Visuddhi-Magga, 159
vitality. See ojas; vîrya
vitarka, 149, 220, 252, 253, 271. See also awareness/Awareness; consideration; insight; thought
vitarka-samâdhi, 220, 253
Vivarana, 235, 236
Vivasvat, 208
viveka: defined, 130, 460. See also discernment; discrimination
Viveka-Cûdâmani, 34
Vivekananda, Swami, 29, 32, 65
viyoga. See separation
voidness. See emptiness
volition, 242, 304, 307–308, 309. See also conceptualization
vomiting, 81, 351, 391
vows, 148, 151, 224, 245, 260, 274, 283, 301, 377
vratas. See ritual; vows
Vrâtya-Khânda, 116, 119–120, 121
Vrâtyas, 66, 119–121, 140, 435n. 65, 66
Vrinda, 82
Vritra, 106, 108
vritti-nirodha, 252
vrittis, 4, 199, 217–218, 219, 229, 232, 241, 251–252
Vrittis, 234, 235
vritti-samkshaya, 149
vyâhritis, 209, 314, 409
vyâna, 120, 121, 124, 126, 300, 316, 351, 404
vyâsa, defined, 186, 234
Vyâsa, 8, 66, 93, 123, 186, 188, 234–235, 296. See also Yoga-Bhâshya
Vyâsa-Gîtâ, 298
vyomans. See âkâshas (vyomans)
vyutthâna-citta, 253. See also wakefulness
W
Wâhi Guru, 333
wakefulness, 253, 270, 273, 315, 419
Waking Up, 251
Walsh, Roger, 95
warrior estate. See kshatriya estate
water, 200, 201, 209, 357–358, 391, 396, 415. See also elements (bhûtas)
waters: Vedas on, 118, 119; Vrâtyas and, 121
Watts, Alan, 174
Weber, Albrecht, 214
weeping, 289, 291, 376
Wentz, W. Y. Evans, 180
Wesley, John, 246
Western culture: Hindu culture vs., 60. See also East-West dialogue
wheel of life (Buddhism), 159–161
wheel of time (Buddhism), 173
wheel of Yoga, 27, 28
wheels of energy. See cakras
Where the Spirits Ride the Wind, 95
Whicher, Ian, 439n. 8
White, David Gordon, 348, 435n. 65, 436–437n.19
Whitehead, Alfred North, 47
Whitman, Walt, 188
Wholeness or Transcendence? (Feuerstein), 93
Wilber, Ken, xxvi-xxvii, 130. See also Atman project
Wilkins, Charles, 188
will: asceticism and, 67; bodhisattva path and, 168; desire and, 159; divine, 335, 359; ecstasy (samâdhi) and, 254; ego and, 67; of enlightened beings, 270; freedom of, 49; Hindu philosophy and, 73; Jainism and, 144; Jnâna-Yoga and, 32; to live, 221, 222; as means of Yoga, 265; om and, 409; primordial, 231; renunciation vs., 30; Shaivism and, 265, 270; shakti and, 409; as siddhi, 368; Sikhism and, 335; spirituality and, 30; Yoga and, 67; Yoga- Vâsishtha on, 306; yogic body and, 383
wind, 119, 121, 180, 200, 205, 313, 316, 433n. 18, 435nn. 61, 62. See also prâna; upa-prânas
wine, 364, 373–374, 378
wisdom: âbhoga and, 272; action and, 50, 185–186, 304, 306–308; balance and, 32; Buddhism and, 162, 163, 166, 173, 177; Buddhi-Yoga and, 31; compassion and, 163, 173; discernment and, 224, 230; ecstasy (samâdhi) and, 218; eye of, 33, 36; Gîtâ-Govinda on, 287; Gîtâs on, 31, 191, 285, 286, 287; the Goddess and, 87–88, 344–345; Goraksha-Paddhati on, 403, 405, 418; Jainism and, 153; Jnâna- Yoga and, 32, 33; karma and, 50, 143; knowledge vs., 272; liberation and, 50, 127, 185–186, 304, 306–308, 342–343; Moksha-Dharma on, 199, 200–204; om and, 409; prânâyâma and, 81; psychospiritual technology and, xxviii; Purânas on, 281, 298, 300, 301; purification and, 203; Râmâyana on, 185; Reality and, 147; rishis and, 434n. 41; serpent lord and, 214; shakti and, 409; Shiva-Samhitâ on, 424; Shiva-Sûtra on, 271, 272; Single Cow and, 110; Spanda-Kârikâ on, 268; stages of, 431n. 9; suffering and, 224; Tantra and, 177, 342–343; Upanishads on, 257, 315, 323, 327, 329, 330; Vaishnavism and, 281, 285, 286, 287, 290; Vedânta-Siddhânta-Darshana on, 431n. 9; Yoga-Bhâshya on, 214, 224; Yoga-Sûtra on, 224, 226, 230; Yoga- Vâsishtha on, 50, 304, 306–308; yoginî- jnâna-mudrâ and, 418. See also buddhi; gnosis; understanding