The World of the Crusades

by Christopher Tyerman

  15. Historia Compostellana, ed. Falque Rey, pp. 25–6, 77–8.

  16. J. D. Mansi, Sacrorum Conciliorum nova amplissima, vol. XXI (Venice 1776), col. 284; trans. O’Callaghan, Reconquest, p. 38; J. and L. Riley-Smith, Crusades, p. 74.

  17. R. Fletcher, St James’s Catapult (Oxford 1984), pp. 298–9.

  18. E. Lourie, ‘The Will of Alfonso I’, Speculum, 50 (1975), 635–51; A. Forey, ‘The Will of Alfonso I’, Durham University Journal, 73 (1980), 59–65.

  19. C. Tyerman, God’s War: A New History of the Crusades (London 2006), p. 665 and nn. 31 and 32, p. 967; trans. O’Callaghan, Reconquest, pp. 44–6.

  20. Poem of Almeria, trans. Barton and Fletcher, World of El Cid, pp. 250–63.

  21. A distinction usefully advanced by R. Rist, The Papacy and Crusading in Europe 1198–1245 (Bloomsbury 2009), p. 225.

  22. J. Bird et al., Crusade and Christendom (Philadelphia 2013), p. 110; for the 1188 bull, trans. O’Callaghan, Reconquest, pp. 57–8.

  23. N. Housley, Religious Warfare in Europe 1400–1536 (Oxford 2002), pp. 75–82, 201–4.

  24. Documents on the Later Crusades 1274–1588, trans. N. Housley (Basingstoke 1996), pp. 156–62, at p. 158.

  25. J. Muldoon, Popes, Lawyers and Infidels (Liverpool 1979).

  26. A. Hamdani, ‘Columbus and the Recovery of Jerusalem’, Journal of the American Oriental Society, 99 (1979), 39–48.

  8 BALTIC CRUSADES

  1. Bernard of Clairvaux, Letters, trans B. S. James (London 1953, 1998), no. 394, p. 467; Innocent III to Valdemar II, trans. J. and L. Riley-Smith, The Crusades: Idea and Reality, 1095–1274 (London 1981), p. 77.

  2. Trans. J. and L. Riley-Smith, Crusades, p. 40.

  3. Trans. J. and L. Riley-Smith, Crusades, pp. 75–7.

  4. H. Richter, ‘Militia Christi’, Journeys Towards God, ed. B. N. Sargent-Baur (Michigan 1992).

  5. Helmold of Bosau, Chronicle of the Slavs, trans. F. Tschan (New York 1966), pp. 169, 176–7.

  6. Otto of Freising, The Deeds of Frederick Barbarossa, trans. C. C. Mierow (New York 1966), p. 76.

  7. Helmold of Bosau, Chronicle, p. 180.

  8. J. P. Migne, Patrologia Latina (Paris 1844–64), 200, cols 860–1.

  9. Helmold of Bosau, Chronicle, p. 188.

  10. Helmold of Bosau, Chronicle, p. 221.

  11. E. Christiansen, The Northern Crusades (2nd edn London 1997), pp. 61–2, 69–70, 72; R. Bartlett, The Making of Europe (London 1993), pp. 268, 274–8.

  12. In general, I. Fonnesberg-Schmidt, The Popes and the Baltic Crusades 1147–1254 (Leiden 2007).

  13. Arnold of Lübeck, Chronica Slavorum, ed. J. M. Lappenberg (Hanover 1868), p. 215.

  14. A. Pluskowski, The Ecology of Crusading, Colonisation and Religious Conversion in the Medieval Eastern Baltic (Turnholt 2017).

  15. Henry of Livonia, Chronicle, trans J. Brundage (Madison 1961), passim; C. Tyerman, ‘Henry of Livonia and the Ideology of Crusading’, in idem, The Practices of Crusading (Farnham 2013), no. VII; Innocent III to Valdemar II of Denmark, in J. and L. Riley-Smith, Crusades, p. 78.

  16. Henry of Livonia, Chronicle, p. 152.

  17. Christiansen, Northern Crusades, p. 128.

  18. Tyerman, ‘Henry of Livonia’, p. 30; Fonnesberg-Schmidt, Popes and the Baltic Crusades, pp. 99–104, 111.

  19. The Chronicle of Henry of Livonia, trans. J. Brundage (New York 2003); Crusading and Chronicle Writing on the Medieval Baltic Frontier, ed. L. Kaljundi et al. (Farnham 2011).

  20. Arnold of Lübeck, ‘De conversione Livonie’, Chronica Slavorum, pp. 212–31; Henry of Livonia, Chronicle, pp. 6–12.

  21. For Livonia after 1300, W. Urban, The Livonian Crusade (Washington DC 1981).

  22. Saxo Grammaticus, Danorum Regum Historia, Books X–XVI, trans. E. Christiansen (Oxford 1980–1), vol. II, p. 611; R. Rist, The Papacy and Crusading in Europe 1198–1245 (London 2009), p. 25 and n. 112.

  23. T. Lindkvist, ‘Crusades and Crusading Ideology in the Political History of Sweden’, Crusade and Conversion on the Baltic Frontier 1150–1500, ed. A. Murray (Aldershot 2001), pp. 119–30; K. Villads Jensen, ‘Denmark and the Second Crusade: The Formation of a Crusading State?’, The Second Crusade, ed. J. Phillips and M. Hoch (Manchester 2001), pp. 164–79.

  24. Migne, Patrologia Latina, 200, cols 860–1.

  25. Henry of Livonia, Chronicle, p. 64.

  26. Christiansen, Northern Crusades, pp. 190–2, 276 n. 135.

  27. D. von Güttner-Sporzynski, ‘Constructing Memory: Holy War in the Chronicle of the Poles by Bishop Vincentius of Cracow’, Journal of Medieval History, 40 (2014), 289 and n. 63.

  28. Codex Diplomaticus Prussicus, ed. J. Voigt (Königsberg 1836–61), vol. I, pp. 59–60.

  29. N. Morton, ‘In subsidium: The Declining Contribution of Germany and Eastern Europe to the Crusades to the Holy Land 1187–1291’, German Historical Institute Bulletin, 33 (2011), 38–66.

  30. Epistolae saeculi XIII e regestis pontificorum romanorum, ed. G. Pertz and C. Rodenberg, vol. II (Berlin 1887), no. 5.

  31. Alexander IV, Registres, ed. C. Bourel de la Roncière et al. (Paris 1895–1953), no. 3068.

  32. Geoffrey Chaucer, General Prologue, Canterbury Tales, ll. 52–4.

  33. T. Guard, Chivalry, Kingship and Crusade: The English Experience in the Fourteenth Century (Woodbridge 2013).

  34. Calendar of Papal Registers, ed. W. T. Bliss et al. (London 1893–1960), vol. IV, p. 19.

  35. Tyerman, England and the Crusades, pp. 272–4.

  36. A. Brown and A. Pluskowski, ‘Detecting the Environmental Impact of the Baltic Crusades’, Journal of Archaeological Science, 38 (2011), 1,957–66; Science, 338 (2012), 1,144–5.

  9 CRUSADES AGAINST CHRISTIANS

  1. C. Erdmann, The Origin of the Idea of Crusade, trans. M. Baldwin and W. Goffart (Princeton 1977).

  2. Gregory VII, Epistolae Vagantes, ed. and trans. H. E. J. Cowdrey (Oxford 1972), p. 135. In general, idem, ‘Pope Gregory VII and the Bearing of Arms’, Montjoie, ed. B. Z. Kedar et al. (Aldershot 1997), pp. 21–35, and esp. Erdmann, The Origins of the Idea of Crusade, trans. Baldwin and Goffart; and above, Introduction, pp. 19.

  3. Guibert of Nogent, Autobiographie, ed. E.-R. Labande (Paris 1971), pp. 410, 412–14; Orderic Vitalis, Historia Ecclesiatica, ed. and trans. M. Chibnall (Oxford 1969–80), vol. VI, pp. 156–7; Suger, The Deeds of Louis the Fat, trans. R. Cusimo and J. Moorhead (Washington DC 1992), pp. 80, 84–9, 106–9.

  4. J. P. Migne, Patrologia Latina (Paris 1844–64), 214, cols. 780–2.

  5. Migne, Patrologia Latina, 215, cols 1,469–71; J. and L. Riley-Smith, Crusades: Idea and Reality, 1095–1274 (London 1981), pp. 79–85.

  6. For a summary, C. Tyerman, How to Plan a Crusade: Reason and Religious War in the High Middle Ages (London 2015), pp. 56–7.

  7. Geoffrey of Villehardouin, The Conquest of Constantinople, in Chronicles of the Crusade, trans. C. Smith (London 2008), p. 60, cc. 224–5.

  8. See discussion in F. H. Russell, The Just War in the Middle Ages (Cambridge 1975), esp. p. 205 and refs.

  9. On Cathars, M. Barber, The Cathars (London 2000; 2nd edn 2013); on recent debates, Cathars in Question, ed. A. Sennis (Woodbridge 2016). On reconstructing Cathar texts, J. Arnold and P. Biller, Heresy and Inquisition (Manchester 2016); on circulation, B. Hamilton, ‘Wisdom from the East’, Heresy and Literacy, ed. P. Biller and A. Hudson (Cambridge 1994), pp. 38–61.

  10. William of Puylaurens, Chronicle, trans. W. A. and M. D. Sibley (Woodbridge 2003), p. 25.

  11. N. Tanner, Decrees of the Ecumenical Councils (London and Washington DC 1990), vol. I, p. 224.

  12. Migne, Patrologia Latina, 215, cols 360, 361–2.

  13. J. and L. Riley-Smith, Crusades, pp. 79, 80–5.

  14. D. Power, ‘Who Went on the Albigensian Crusade?’, English Historical Review, cxxviii (2013), 1,047–85.

  15. Peter of les Vaux-de-Cernay, The History of the Albigensian Crusade, trans. W. A. and M. D. Sibley (Woodbridge 1998), p. 56.


  16. William of Puylaurens, Chronicle, p. 128.

  17. Caesarius of Heisterbach, Dialogus Miraculorum, ed. J. Strange (Cologne 1851), vol. I, p. 302.

  18. See now G. Lippiatt, Simon V of Montfort and Baronial Government 1195–1218 (Oxford 2017).

  19. Peter of Les Vaux-de-Cernay, History of the Albigensian Crusade, p. 58, perhaps a post hoc gilding of Simon’s pious credentials.

  20. Peter of Les Vaux-de-Cernay, History of the Albigensian Crusade, pp. 320–9.

  21. C. Tyerman, England and the Crusades (Chicago 1988), pp. 133–51; Albert von Behan und Regesten Pabst Innocenz IV, ed. C. Höfler (Stuttgart 1847), pp. 16–17.

  22. Or possibly 1259, N. Housley, The Italian Crusades (Oxford 1982), p. 167, n. 101.

  23. For a translation of Salimbene’s account, see J. Bird et al., Crusade and Christendom (Philadelphia 2013), pp. 414–17.

  24. T. Guard, ‘Pulpit and Cross: Preaching the Crusade in Fourteenth-Century England’, English Historical Review, cxxix (2014), 1,319.

  25. Tyerman, England and the Crusades, pp. 343–70; N. Housley, Religious Warfare in Europe 1400–1536 (Oxford 2002), pp. 195–7 and below esp. pp. 433–6.

  26. See now, L. Patterson, Singing the Crusades (Woodbridge 2018), esp. chaps 6 and 8.

  27. Epistolae selectae saeculi XIII, ed. C. Rodenberg (Berlin 1883–94), no. 214, pp. 161–2.

  10 THE END OF THE JERUSALEM WARS, 1250–1370

  1. For the decline in noble German involvement in Holy Land crusading, N. Morton, ‘In subsidium: The Declining Contribution of Germany and Eastern Europe to the Crusade to the Holy Land 1221–91’, German Historical Institute Bulletin, 33 (2011), 38–66. For critical German attitudes, M. Fischer, ‘Criticism of Church and Crusade in Ottokar’s Österreichische Reimchronik’, Forum for Modern Language Studies, 22 (1986), 157–70; generally, for criticism, see Throop and Aurell in the bibliography for Chapter 9.

  2. John of Joinville, Life of St Louis, in Chronicles of the Crusades, trans. C. Smith (London 2008), p. 329.

  3. C. Tyerman, God’s War: A New History of the Crusades (London 2006), p. 803 and nn. 92–3, p. 977.

  4. Matthew Paris, Chronica Majora, ed. H. R. Luard (London 1872–84), vol. V, p. 253.

  5. W. C. Jordan, Louis IX and the Challenge of the Crusade (Princeton 1979); J. Le Goff, St Louis (Paris 1996); M. C. Gaposchkin, The Making of St Louis (Ithaca, NY 2008).

  6. In general, P. Jackson, The Mongols and the Islamic World (London 2017).

  7. J. Richard, St Louis: Crusader King of France, trans. J. Birrell (Cambridge 1992), pp. 293–332.

  8. For the English preparations, S. Lloyd, English Society and the Crusade 1216–1307 (Oxford 1988), esp. pp. 113–53; J. R. Maddicott, The Origins of the English Parliament 924–1327 (Oxford 2010), pp. 266–72.

  9. C. Tyerman, How to Plan a Crusade: Reason and Religious War in the High Middle Ages (London 2015), p. 281 and n. 23.

  10. P. B. Baldwin, Gregory X and the Crusades (Woodbridge 2014).

  11. Tyerman, How to Plan a Crusade, pp. 194–5.

  12. P. Throop, Criticism of the Crusade (Amsterdam 1940), pp. 229–30, for James I’s account.

  13. Salimbene of Adam, Chronicle, ed. and trans. J. L. Baird (Binghampton 1986), pp. 504, 505.

  14. C. Marshall, Warfare in the Latin East 1192–1291 (Cambridge 1992), p. 223, and generally pp. 210–56; cf. R. C. Smail, Crusading Warfare 1097–1193 (Cambridge 1956); R. Rogers, Latin Siege Warfare in the Twelfth Century (Oxford 1992).

  15. Tyerman, How to Plan a Crusade, pp. 272–3 and refs.

  16. For a detailed study of an exceptional siege, J. Hosler, The Siege of Acre 1189–91 (London 2018).

  17. Quoted P. Holt, The Age of the Crusades (London 1986), p. 104.

  18. See below, n. 21.

  19. S. Schein, ‘Gesta Dei Per Mongolos: The Genesis of a Non-Event’, English Historical Review, xciv (1979), 805–19.

  20. C. Tyerman, ‘New Wine in Old Skins? Crusade Literature and Crusading in the Eastern Mediterranean in the Later Middle Ages’, Byzantines, Latins and Turks in the Eastern Mediterranean World after 1150, ed. J. Harris et al. (Oxford 2012), pp. 265–89.

  21. W. C. Jordan, The Great Famine (Princeton 1996); C. Tyerman, The Practices of Crusading (Farnham 2013), articles II, III, IV.

  22. A. Leopold, How to Recover the Holy Land (Aldershot 2000).

  23. Leopold, How to Recover the Holy Land, for a summary.

  24. M. Barber, The Trial of the Templars (Cambridge 1978); idem, The New Knighthood (Cambridge 1994), esp. pp. 1 and 280–313; for another dimension, The Proceedings against the Templars in the British Isles, ed. and trans. H. Nicholson (Farnham 2011).

  25. Tyerman, How to Plan a Crusade, esp. pp. 274–92. For Sanudo’s book, see the translation by P. Lock, The Book of the Secrets of the Faithful of the Cross (Farnham 2011).

  26. S. Throop, ‘Mirrored Images: The Passion and the First Crusade in a Fourteenth-Century Parisian Illuminated Manuscript’, Journal of Medieval History, 41 (2015), 184–207.

  27. P. D. A. Harvey, Medieval Maps of the Holy Land (London 2012), esp. chaps 9–12.

  28. Guillaume de Nangis, Gesta Sancti Ludovici, Recueil des historiens des Gaules et de la France, ed. M. Bouquet et al. (Paris 1738–1876), vol. XX, pp. 444–5.

  29. Marino Sanudo Torsello, The Book of the Secrets of the Faithful of the Cross, trans. Lock, esp. pp. 20, 25, 392–8 for the use of the map grid in the text; Harvey, Medieval Maps of the Holy Land, p. 107 n. 1 and pp. 107–27.

  30. In general, Tyerman, How to Plan a Crusade, pp. 91, 276–82 and plates 1, 2, 23–7, 29.

  31. C. Tyerman, ‘Philip VI and the Recovery of the Holy Land’, English Historical Review (1985), 25–52.

  32. Thomas Walsingham, Historia Anglicana, ed. H. T. Riley (London 1863–4), vol. I, pp. 301–2.

  33. P. W. Edbury, ‘The Crusading Policy of King Peter I of Cyprus 1359–69’, The Eastern Mediterranean Lands in the Period of the Crusades, ed. P. M. Holt (Warminster 1977), pp. 90–105; idem, The Kingdom of Cyprus and the Crusades 1191–1374 (Cambridge 1991), pp. 141–79.

  34. C. Tyerman, The Debate on the Crusades (Manchester 2011), esp. chap. 2.

  35. Tyerman, ‘New Wine in Old Skins?’, pp. 274–80.

  36. L. H. Loomis, ‘Secular Dramatics in the Royal Palace, Paris, 1378, 1389, and Chaucer’s “Tregetours”’, Speculum, 33 (1958), 242–55; cf. D. A. Bullough, ‘Games People Played: Drama and Ritual as Propaganda in Medieval Europe’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 5th ser., xxiv (1974), 97–122.

  37. Le Songe du Vieil Pèlerin, ed. G. W. Coopland (Cambridge 1969), vol. II, p. 318.

  11 THE OTTOMANS

  1. Quoted in C. Tyerman, God’s War: A New History of the Crusades (London 2006), p. 837 and n. 24 for refs.

  2. K. Setton, The Papacy and the Levant (Philadelphia 1976), vol. I, p. 245.

  3. Tyerman, God’s War, p. 846.

  4. N. Oikonomides, ‘Byzantium between East and West’, Byzantium and the West, ed. J. Howard-Johnstone (Amsterdam 1988), pp. 326–7 and n. 17.

  5. Setton, Papacy and the Levant, vol. I, pp. 329–41 and refs.

  6. J. J. N. Palmer, England, France and Christendom (London 1972), esp. pp. 180–210.

  7. Setton, Papacy and the Levant, vol. I, pp. 341–69; A. S. Atiya,. The Crusade of Nicopolis (London 1934); N. Housley, The Later Crusades (Oxford 1992), pp. 76–81.

  8. Quoted in N. Bishaha, ‘Pope Pius II and the Crusade’, Crusading in the Fifteenth Century, ed. N. Housley (Basingstoke 2004), p. 40.

  9. J. Paviot, Les Ducs de Bourgogne, la croisade et l’Orient (Paris 2003); B. Weber, Lutter contre les Turcs: Les formes nouvelles de la croisade pontificale au xve siècle (Rome 2013).

  10. Setton, Papacy and the Levant, vol. II, p. 235.

  11. N. Housley, ‘Giovanni da Capistrano and the Crusade of 1456’, and J. M. Bak, ‘Hungary and Crusading in the Fifteenth Century’, Crusading in the Fifteenth Century, ed. Housley, pp. 94–127.

&
nbsp; 12. Cardinal Bessarion’s instructions to preachers in Venice in August 1463, Documents of the Later Crusades 1274–1580 (Basingstoke 1996), pp. 147–54.

  13. M. Mallet, The Borgias (London 1969), p. 92.

  14. S. K. Stantchev, Spiritual Rationality: Papal Embargo as Cultural Practice (Oxford 2014), p. 171 and n. 40.

  15. N. Nowakowska, ‘Poland and the Crusade’, Crusading in the Fifteeenth Century, ed. Housley, p. 139.

  16. Setton, Papacy and the Levant, vol. III, p. 486.

  17. P. McCluskey, ‘“Les ennemis du nom Chrestien”: Echoes of the Crusade in Louis XIV’s France’, French History, 29 (2015), 46–61; G. Poumarède, Pouir finir avec la croisade (Paris 2004).

  12 NEW CHALLENGES AND THE END OF CRUSADING

  1. C.-M. de Witte, ‘Les bulles pontificales et l’expansion Portugaise’, Revue d’histoire ecclésiastique, xlviii (1953), 699–718; xlix (1954), 438–61.

  2. J. Muldoon, Popes, Lawyers and Infidels (Liverpool 1979), esp. pp. 119–31; in general, C. R. Boxer, The Portuguese Seaborne Empire 1415–1825 (London 1969). F. Fernández-Armesto, Before Columbus: Exploration and Colonisation from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic 1229–1492 (London 1987); P. E. Russell, Henry the Navigator (Oxford 1984).

  3. B. Weber, ‘Nouveau mot ou nouvelle réalité? Le terme cruciata et son utilisation dans les textes pontificaux’, La papauté et les croisades, Crusades: Subsidia, vol. 3, ed. M. Balard (Farnham 2011), pp. 11–25. On indulgences, N. Housley, ‘Indulgences for Crusading 1417–1517’, Promissory Notes on the Treasury of Merits: Indulgences in Later Medieval Europe, ed. R. Swanson (Leiden 2006), pp. 277–307.

  4. J. Paviot, Les ducs de Bourgogne, la croisade et l’Orient (Paris 2003); idem, ‘Burgundy and the Crusade’, Crusading in the Fifteenth Century, ed. N. Housley (Basingstoke 2004), pp. 70–80; R. J. Walsh, ‘Charles the Bold and the Crusade’, Journal of Medieval History, iii (1977), 53–87.

  5. Voyage d’outremer de Bertrandon de la Broquière, ed. C. Schefer (Paris 1892), pp. 1–262.

  6. Paviot, ‘Burgundy and the Crusade’, p. 79.

  7. Paviot, Ducs de Bourgogne, p. 238.

  8. N. Housley, Crusading and the Ottoman Threat: 1453–1505 (Oxford 2012), pp. 174–210; C. J. Tyerman, England and the Crusades (Chicago 1988), pp. 315–17.