by Will Durant
Bicuriges, 471*
Black (Euxine) Sea (anc. Pontus Euxinus), 112, 157, 194, 217, 232, 256-257, 275, 291, 329, 418, 480, 483, 516, 517, 518, 520, 528, 629, 630
Black Stone of Pessinus, 513
Blandina, Gallic Christian martyr (?-177), 649
Blissful Groves, 241
Blossius, Caius, Greek philosopher (fl. 2nd century B.C..), 113, 516
Blue Glass Vase, 347
Boadicea or Boudicca, Queen of the Iceni in Britain (?-6i), 476
Boccaccio, Giovanni, Italian novelist (1313-1375). 258
Boeotia, 310, 483
Bohemia, 406, 431, 432
Boii, 49
Boileau-Despréaux, Nicolas, French poet, satirist, and critic (1636-1711), 249*
Boissier, Marie Louis Gaston, French historian, critic, and archaeologist (1823-1908), 441
Bolingbroke, Henry Saint-John, Viscount, English statesman and political writer (1678-1751), 553
Bologna (anc. Felsina, later Bononia), 5, 11, 78, 455
Bona Dea, 59, (feast of) 65, 172
books, 158, 234, 267, 269, 333, 346
bookshops, 234, 342
Bordeaux (anc. Burdigala), 324, 470, 473
Borghese Gladiator, 453
Borysthenes (Dnieper), 521
Boscoreale, 346, 459
Bosporus, kingdom of, 219, 413, 629
Bosporus (strait), 483, 518-519
Bossuet, Jacques Bénigne, French Bishop of Meaux, and pulpit orator (1627-1704), 662, 663
Boston Museum, 259
Bostra (Basra), 508, 535, 602
Botticelli, Sandro (Alessandro Filipepi), Italian painter (1447?-1510), 354
Boulogne (anc. Gesoriacum), 324, 653
bourgeoisie, 88, 89, 116, 171, 286, 343, 633
Bourges, see Avaricum
boxing, in Etruria, 7;
in Rome, 90, 99, 377, 382
Boy, 351
Brahman, 610
Brahmans, 526, 536, 608
Brahmanism, 537
Bramante, Donato d’Agnolo, Italian architect and painter (1444-1514), 661
bread, see grain
Brenner Pass, 454, 480
Brevity of Life, On the (Seneca), 302
bridges, 17, 77, 176, 266-267, 324, 326, 336, 410, 411, 455, 470, 473, 474, 627, 671
Briseis, 354
Britain, 40, 176, 234, 270-271, 288, 291, 302, 322, 324, 326, 327, 329, 366, 413, 417, 428, 470, 471, 472, 475-477, 479, 602, 620, 622, 633, 638, 641, 651, 669
Britanni, 475
Britannicus, son cf Claudius and Messalina (42-55), 273-275
British Empire, 406
British Museum, 347, 350, 351
Britons, 176
Bronze, Age of, 471
bronzework, 9-10, 18, 82, 227, 346, 349-351, 359, 420, 443, 457, 459-460, 469, 510
brothels, see prostitution
Brothers Pettius, banking firm, 332
Brumalia, 512
Brundisium (Brindisi), 78, 97, 125, 170, 173, 183, 184, 200, 205, 239, 244, 325, 326, 410, 455, 602
Bruttians, 35, 37, 51
Bruttium, 53
Brutus, Decimus Junius, commander (?-43 B.C..), 177, 197, 200, 201
Brutus, Lucius Junius (fl. 6th century B.C..), consul, 16, 17, 196, 197
Brutus, Marcus Junius, politician (85-42 B.C..), 130, 161, 185-186, 189, 194, 196-204, 211, 244, 426, 448, 482, 484, 513, 583
Brutus (in Martial), 318
Bubastis, 498
Budapest, 480
Buddhism, 537, 559
building materials, 356-357, 420, 477, 533, 635
building trades, 322
Bulgaria, 480
bullfights, in Etruria, 6;
in Crete and Thes-saly, 384;
in Rome, 385
bureaucracy, 191, 215, 220, 270-271, 275, 409, 416, 448, 498, 640, 642-645, 665, 668
Burgundy, 473
Burrus, prefect of the Praetorian Guard (fl. ist century), 273, 275, 276
Bury, John Bagnell, Irish historian (1861-1927), 273*
business, see trade
buttress, 635, 661
Byblus, 39, 534
Byron, George Gordon, sixth Baron, English poet (1788-1824), 249*
Byrsa, 41, 465
Byzantine Empire, 419, 641
Byzantinism, 641
C
Cabala, 538
Cabillonum (Chalon-sur-Saône), 474
Cádiz, see Gades
Cadmea, 483
Caecilius (in Octavius, by Minucius Felix), 611
Caecilius Statius, comic dramatist (?-168 B.C..), 101
Caelian hill, 12*, 340, 361
Caelius, Marcus Caius Rufus, orator (fl. 1st century B.C..), 135, 155, 184, 188-189
Caenis, mistress of Vespasian (ist century), 288
Caepiones, Roman family, 76
Caere (Cervetri), 7, 8, 10, 11, 121
Caesar, Caius Julius, Roman general, statesman, and historian (100-44 B.C..), 3, 23, 27, 31, 34, 48, 66, 70, 73, 102, 116, 118, 119, 123, 128, 129, 133, 134, 136, 139, 140, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 155, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 165, 166, 167-202, 204, 205, 208, 211, 212, 213, 219, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 231, 235, 242, 256, 260, 270, 271, 283, 291, 293, 296, 303, 312, 319, 323, 324, 326, 329, 330, 335, 340, 341, 346, 349, 350, 354, 356, 360, 361, 364, 365, 372, 383, 385, 386, 391, 392, 400, 412, 414, 419, 431, 448, 456, 457, 462, 465, 466, 469, 471-476, 482, 487, 500, 508, 514, 516, 523, 528, 557*, 562, 638, 641, 654
Caesarea (Kaisaria), 508, 534, 535, 544, 577, 586, 615, 662
Caesarea (Cherchel), 466
Caesarean birth, 167
Caesarea Philippi, or Paneas (Banias), 545, 569
Caesarion, Egyptian prince, son of Cleopatra 47-30 B.C..), 188, 189, 195, 206, 208
Caesarodunum (Tours), 474
Caesars, the, 175, 362, 460, 593
Caesonia, fourth wife of Caligula (?-41 A.D.), 266, 268
Caiaphas, Jewish high priest (fl. 18-36), 571
Cairo, 350
Caius Caesar, grandson of Augustus (?-4 A.D.), 230-231, 473
Calagurris (Calahorra), 313
Caledonia, see Scotland calendar, Roman, 66-67, 75, 193;
Julian, 193;
Druidic, 472
Calidus, Quintus, politician (fl. 1st century B.C..), 129
Caligula (Caius Caesar Germanicus), Roman emperor (12-41), 264-268, 269, 270, 273, 279, 293, 300, 301, 304, 344, 345, 365*, 378, 380, 384, 388, 390, 434, 456, 466, 482, 500, 501, 543
Callimachus, Greek grammarian and poet (320-?—240-? B.C..), 155, 158, 636
Callistus, Roman Pope (reigned 217-222), 617-618
Callistus, secretary of Claudius (fl. 1st century), 270
Calpurnia, last wife of Caesar (1st century B.C..), 172, 189, 195, 197, 198
Calpurnia, third wife of Pliny the Younger (1st-2nd centuries), 440
Calvin, John, French Protestant reformer at Geneva (1509-1564), 592
Calvus, Licinius, poet (fl. 1st century B.C..), 146, 161, 174
cameos, 346
Camillus, Marcus Furius, general and patrician leader (?-365 B.C..), 24, 36, 68, 120
Campagna di Roma, 320, 631, 666
Campania, 11, 18, 37, 62, 74, 77, 171, 213, 231, 265, 303, 326, 328, 339, 346, 455-456, 608
Campus Martius, see Field of Mars Camulodunum (Colchester), 476, 477
Canaan, 567
canals, 77, 410, 464, 499, 500, 631
Canary Islands, 308
Candia, 247
Cannae (battle of, 216 B.C..), 34, 50-51, 70, 71, 86, 93, 164
Cannus, musician (fl. 1st century), 381
canonization, 226
canon law, 406, 619
Canopus (Abukir on site of), 500
Cantii, 476
Canuleius, Caius, tribune (fl. 445 B.C..), 24
Canusium (Canosa), 51
Capernaum, 563
capital, 90, 323, 333, 633, 668
Capitol, 36, 52, 60, 82, 83, 169, 198, 206, 263, 280, 291, 358, 388, 419, 443
Capitol
, in Washington, 421
Capitolias, 535
Capitoline, 12*, 13, 36, 61, 81, 82, 316, 340, 341, 358
Capitoline games, 291, 381
Capitoline Museum, 349, 351, 443
Cappadocia, 140, 147, 188, 357, 366, 418, 462, 490, 496, 513, 517, 520, 523, 524, 528, 578, 629, 630
Capri (anc. Capreae), 263, 265, 344, 456
Captivi (Plautus), 100
Capua, 11, 37, 51, 52, 78, 116, 137, 138, 181, 194, 322, 346, 457, 546
Caracalla (Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Bassianus Caracallus), Roman emperor (188-217), 331, 375, 621-623, 632, 633, 634, 635
Caracalla, Baths of, 375, 627, 635
Caractacus, king of the Silures in Britain (fl. ist century), 271
Carales (Cagliari), 464
Career Tullianum, 404
Care of the Hair, On the (Domitian), 289
Caria, 513, 514, 518
carmen saeculare, 225, 248, 380
Carneades, Greek philosopher and orator (213-129 B.C..), 95-96, 489, 497
Carnutes, 471*
Carpathian Mountains, 431
Carrara, 10, 357, 454
Carrhae (Harran), 131, 178, 529, 623
Carrinas Secundus, rhetorician (fl. 1st century A.D.), 267
Carteia (Algeciras), 470
Carthage, 25, 34, 38, 39-54, 57, 70, 76, 77, 80, 82, 85, 86, 87, 88, 91, 101, 105-108, 116, 117, 118, 192, 194, 240, 269, 326, 332, 418, 454, 465, 466, 467, 468, 469, 472, 482, 546, 603, 612, 613, 617, 633, 649, 650, 671
Carthage, Council of, 618
Casanova de Seingalt, Giovanni Jacopo, Italian adventurer (1725-1798), 487
Casinum, 461
Caspian Sea, 528
Cassius, Avidius, general and rebel (fl. 2nd century), 428, 431
Cassius, Spurius, consul (?-486 B.C..), 23
Cassius Longinus, Caius, general and conspirator (?-42 B.C..), 168, 186, 194, 196-204, 211, 448
Cassius Longinus Varus, Caius, governor (fl. ist century B.C..), 137
Cassivelaunus, British chief (fl. 1st century B.C..), 176
Castel Gandolfo, 11
Castor, 35, 62
Castor and Pollux, Temple of, 268, 358, 359
castration, see emasculation
catacombs, 601
Catana (Catania), 66, 464
Catechetical School, 613, 614
Catholicae Ecclesiae Unitate, De (St. Cyprian), 618
Catiline (Lucius Sergius Catilina), conspirator (108?-62 B.C..), 126, 142-144, 147, 168, 169, 170, 172, 184, 189, 202, 395
Catiline (Sallust), 160
Cato, Marcus Porcius (the Elder), general and patriot (234-149 B.C..), 4, 68, 69, 70, 73, 87, 88-90, 91, 92, 93, 95, 96, 97, 102-105, 106-108, 136, 160, 238, 312, 315, 370, 396, 399, 415, 454, 456, 618
Cato, Marcus Porcius, son of Cato Uticensis (?-42 B.C..), 190, 203
Cato Uticensis, Marcus Porcius (the Younger), philosopher and patriot (95-46 B.C..), 56, 75, 108, 131, 133, 134, 135-136, 144-145, 168, 171, 173, 174, 180, 181, 183, 186, 189-190, 195, 196, 203, 282, 296, 426
Catoptrica (Hero), 504
cattle raising, 104, 131, 238, 319-321, 455, 464, 478, 483, 513
Catullus, Caius Valerius, poet (87-54 B.C..), 69, 102, 135, 154, 155-158, 174, 225, 235
Catulus, Quintus Lutatius, aristocratic leader (fl. 1st century B.C..), 145, 146
Caucasus, 329, 448, 517, 528
Caudine Forks (battle of, 321 B.C..), 37
Caunus, 518
Celer, architect (fl. 1st century), 345
Celer, Asinius, epicure (fl. 1st century), 376
celibacy, 132, 134, 222-224, 237, 250, 363, 524, 526, 537, 566, 598;
clerical, 660*
Cellini, Benvenuto, Italian artist (1500-1571), 9, 349
Celsus, general of Trajan (?-118), 414
Celsus, Antichristian philosopher (fl. 2nd century), 559, 596, 606-607, 615, 616, 647
Celsus, Aurelius Cornelius, writer on science (fl. 1st century), 295, 308, 313
Celtiberians, 87
Celtic languages, 73, 477
Celts, 36, 49, 118-120, 126, 174-177, 235, 468, 471, 472, 475, 477
cena, 70
Cenabum (Orleans), 177, 474
Cena Trimalchionis, 297-298
censors, 24, 28, 29, 191, 214-215, 270, 272, 286, 290
censorship, 74, 99, 229, 300
census, 193, 214, 333, 463, 558
central heating, 343, 344, 477, 671
Centum Cellae (Civita Vecchia), 410, 461
ceramics, Etruscan, 9;
Carthaginian, 42;
Roman, 77, 322-323, 336, 346-347, 454, 473, 474, 477, 498
Cerberus, 389
Ceres, 59, 62, 84, 164, 381
Cervantes Saavedra, Miguel de, Spanish novelist (1547-1616), 637
Cethegus, Caius Cornelius, conspirator (?-64 B.C..), 143-144
Cévennes mountains (anc. Cebenna), 176
Ceylon, 329, 406
Chaerea, Caius Cassius, tribune of Praetorian Guard (?-4i A.D.), 268
Chaeremon, Greek Stoic philosopher (fl. 1st century), 274
Chaeronea, 124, 483, 484
Chalcedon (Kadiköi), 133, 629
Chalcis, 73, 483
Chaldaic, 537
Chaldea, 64
Châlons-sur-Marne, 638, 670
Champollion, Jean François, French Egyptologist (1790-1832), 5
Chance, 349
Chariclea, 636-637
chariot races, in Etruria, 7;
in Rome, 265, 267, 274, 278-279, 377, 382-383, 447, 465
charity, 71
Charmion, Egyptian handmaiden of Cleopatra (?-3o B.C..), 208
Charmis of Marseilles, physician in Rome (fl. 1st century), 313
charms, 60, 64, 388
Charon, 387, 496-497
Charondas, Sicilian lawgiver (ca. 500 B.C..), 32
Chartres, 471*
Charybdis, 602
Chasidim, 536-537
Chastity, 349
Châtelet, Marquis du, Florent-Claude (1695-?), 135
Chatti, 291, 428, 429, 431
Chaucer, Geoffrey, English poet (1340?-1400), 258
Chephren, 350
chess, 375
Chester (anc. Deva or Devana Castra), 477
Chichester (anc. Cissaceaster), 477
Chimera, 9
China, 134, 329, 529, 669
Chinese Wall, 669
Chiusi (anc. Clusium q.v.), 9
Chloe, 247
Christ, 72, 75, 154, 160, 235, 281, 347*, 390, 449, 466, 475, 493-494, 502, 509, 510, 527, 529, 535, 537, 541*, 550-619, 626, 646-664, 667
Christianity, 63, 65, 95, 165, 307, 335, 358, 404, 405, 406, 465, 467-468, 489, 490, 493-494, 497, 510, 520, 523, 524, 527, 538, 549, 550-619, 621, 625, 626, 628, 635, 637, 646-664, 667-668, 671-672
Christians, 281, 292, 308, 365, 366, 386, 416, 423, 442, 447, 507, 529, 554-619, 626, 646-664, 665
Chrysoloras, Manuel, reviver of Greek in Italy (1355?-1415), 96
Chrysopolis (Scutari), 655
Chrysostom, Saint John, Greek father of the Church (347?-407), 494
Church, early, 557, 558, 575, 577, 588, 591-595, 596-619, 646-664, 668
Church, Roman Catholic, 475, 554, 592, 617-619, 671-672
churches, 662, 663
Cicero, Marcus Tullius, orator and man of letters (106-43 B.C..), 11, 13, 14, 32, 68, 70, 73, 82, 95, 96-97, 98, 102, 108, 115, 118, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 135, 136, 140-145, 146, 154, 160, 161-166, 167, 168, 169, 171, 172-174, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 185, 188, 189, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 108, 201, 202, 212, 216, 228, 258, 307, 308, 313, 315, 324, 325, 356, 365, 368, 378, 379, 387, 391, 393, 398, 403, 405, 415, 439, 453, 454, 456, 457, 462, 463, 464, 489, 510, 513, 514, 516, 557, 572, 587, 612, 662, 671
Cicero, Quintus Tullius, governor, brother of M. Tullius Cicero (ca. 102-43 B.C..), 143*, 173
Cilicia, 129, 139, 140, 167, 180, 196, 203, 204, 205, 378, 413, 500, 505, 513, 579, 629, 630
Cimbri, 118-120, 472
&nbs
p; Cinara, 247
Cincian law (204 B.C..), 32, 132, 402
Cincinnatus, Lucius Quinctius, dictator (519?-439? B.C..), 31
Cineas, Greek philosopher (fl. 280 B.C..), 28, 37
Cinna, Helvius, poet (?-44 B.C..), 155
Cinna, Lucius Cornelius, dictator (?-84 B.C..), 123-125, 167, 519
circumcision, 530, 546, 548, 559, 577, 580, 582-583, 585, 586, 587, 625
circuses, see games
Circus Flaminius, 82, 340, 360
Circus Maximus, 18, 82, 280, 360-361, 382-383, 625
Ciris, 270
Cirta (Constantine), 105, 466
citizenship, Roman, 25-27, 58, 99, 100, 114, 115, 116, 118, 121, 122, 126, 182, 193-194, 216, 235, 270-271, 283, 394-395, 398, 460, 462, 473, 476, 546, 586, 591, 622-623
city-states, in Etruria, 6;
in Greece, 6, 86, 482;
in Latium, 11;
Rome, 35, 81, 212;
Tarentum, 455;
in the Roman Empire, 460-461
Civilis, Julius, Batavian rebel leader (fl. 71), 473
Civil War in Rome, 122-126, 168, 169, 177, 180-208, 211, 220, 225, 252, 283-286, 293-294, 296, 301, 514, 644
civitates, 324
clan (gens), 56, 69
clan council, in the early Republic, 57
clan name (nomen,) 56-57
Clarissa Harlowe (Richardson), 637
classicism, 249, 258, 302, 338-339, 381, 442, 635
class war, in Greece, 86, 87, 482;
in Rome, 23-24, 38, 47, 51, 77, 108, 111-208, 242, 632, 633, 656, 665, 668, 669
Claudia, first wife of Augustus (fl. 1st century B.C..), 229
Claudia or Clodia, Vestal Virgin (3rd century B.C..), 94
Claudian Aqueduct, 270, 340
Claudii, Roman clan, 21, 35, 155, 172, 205, 259, 364
Claudius I (Tiberius Claudius Drusus Nero Germanicus), Roman emperor (10 B.C..-A.D. 54), 216, 267, 268-275, 293, 295, 301, 302, 312, 322, 326, 336, 350, 365*, 371, 383, 384, 390, 397, 402, 410, 419, 434, 456, 466, 473, 476, 501, 543, 554
Claudius II (Marcus Aurelius Claudius Gothi-cus), Roman emperor (214-270), 630, 638
Claudius, Caius, naval commander (fl. 3rd century), 44
Claudius Caecus, Appius, politician and writer (fl. 312 B.C..), 29, 32, 37, 77-78, 81
Claudius Regillensis Sabinus, Appius, lawmaker (fl. 450 B.C..), 23-24, 29, 72
Cleander, Praetorian prefect (?-190), 447-448
Cleanthes, Greek Stoic philosopher (300?-220? B.C..), 584*
Cleisthenes, Athenian statesman (fl. 510 B.C..), 15
Clemency, On (Seneca), 302
Clemens, Flavius, relative of Domitian (?-05), 292
Clement I, or Clemens Romanus, Roman Pope (30?-100?), 588, 617
Clement of Alexandria (Titus Flavius Clemens) Christian father and writer (150?-220?), 558, 610-611, 613, 614, 616