by Will Durant
Aqua Virgo Aqueduct, 327*
aqueducts, 81, 92, 103, 220, 270, 326-328, 340, 343, 356, 410, 411, 418-419, 464, 470, 474, 509, 627
Aquila, called Ponticus, Greek-Jewish translator of the Old Testament (fl. 117-138), 614
Aquileia (Aquileja), 322, 324, 347, 429, 455, 628
Aquilia, lex, 312
Aquilius, Manius, general (?-88 B.C..), 121, 518
Aquincum, 480, see also Budapest
Aquinum, 437, 453
Aquis Urbis Romae, De (Frontinus), 328
Aquitania (Gallia Aquitanica), 472, 473
Aquyrion, 664
Arabia, 204, 217, 325, 329, 337, 346, 366, 419, 507-508, 546, 581, 602, 630
Arabia Deserta, 508
Arabia Felix (Yemen), 508
Arabia Petrea, 413, 508
Arabic, 504, 507
Arabs, 464, 470, 500, 503, 504, 507, 508, 529, 634
Aramaic, 508, 512, 529, 535, 556, 572
Ara Pacis Augustae, 225, 229, 346, 348, 349
Aratus of Soli, Greek didactic poet (315-245 B.C..), 238, 308, 584*
Arausio (Orange), 118, 119, 474
Arcadia, 101
Arcadius, Roman emperor in the East (?-408), 412
Arcesilaus, Greek sculptor in Rome (fl. 1st century B.C..), 342, 349
arch, 92, 327, 339, 340, 348, 349, 355-361, 443, 454, 455, 466*, 470, 473, 474, 511, 529, 623, 635, 662, 671
Archagathus the Peloponnesian (Carnifex), physician (fl. 219 B.C..), 75-76
Archelaus, King of the Jews (reigned 4 B.C.-A.D. 6), 535, 542-543
Archias, Aulus Licinius, Greek poet in Rome (ca. 120-? B.C..), 141, 163
Archilochus, Greek lyric poet (714?-676 B.C..), 158, 244, 246, 247
Archimedes, Greek mathematician and scientist (287?-212 B.C..), 72, 77, 503, 634
Architectural (Second) Style (painting), 353
architecture, Etruscan, 8-9, 18;
Carthaginian, 40-41, 42;
Byzantine, 421;
Parthian, 529;
under Rome, 18, 75, 81, 92-93, 133, 281, 287, 338-354 Passim, 355-362, 410, 411-413, 418-421, 442-443, (Pompeian) 458-459, 464, 465, 477, 511, 514, 515, 516, 532-533, 631, 633, 635, 661-662, 669, 671
Architecture, On (Vitruvius), 356
Archon, Peri (Origen), 614
archon basileus, 13
Ardashir I (or Artaxerxes), King of Persia (reigned 227-240), 530, 627
Ardea, 10, 16, 35
Arellius, painter (fl. end of 1st century B.C..), 352
Areopagus (Hill of Mars), 487, 584
Arescon, hermaphrodite mentioned by Pliny, 310
Aretas IV, King of Saba (9 B.C..-A.D. 40), 508
Arethusa, 256
Areus, Greek philosopher in Rome (fl. reign of Augustus), 299
Arezzo (anc. Arretium, q.v.), 9
Argentoratum (Strasbourg), 480, 633
Argiletum, The, 234
Argonautica (Apollonius of Rhodes), 241
Argos, 139, 310, 487, 630
Ariadne, 157, 256, 352
Aricia, 35, 61
Aries, 298
Ariminum (Rimini), 11, 78, 182, 455
Ariovistus, German chief (fl. 1st century B.C..), 174-175
Aristarchus of Samos, Greek astronomer (fl. 280-264 B.C..), 502
Aristides, Greek writer of romance (fl. 2nd century B.C..), 636
Aristides, Publius Aelius, surnamed Theodorus, Greek rhetorician (117-187), 328, 424, 515, 516
Aristippus, Greek philosopher (435?-356? B.C..), 494
Aristobulus II, King of Judea (reigned 67-63 B.C..), 530
Aristobulus, grandson of Hyrcanus II (1st century B.C..), 532, 534
Aristobulus, son of Herod the Great (?-6 B.C..), 534
aristocracy, in Etruria, 6, 17;
in Carthage, 40-43, 46;
under Rome, 16-17, 21-31, 34, 64, 69, 70, 76, 77, 81, 82, 85, 88, 90, 91, 92, 93, 95, 98, 103, 104, 111-208, 212, 215-216, 222, 234, 243, 251-252, 258, 260, 267, 270, 271, 279, 282, 286-287, 292, 296, 297, 313, 319, 332, 335, 348, 351, 363-364, 372, 373, 384, 409, 433, 434-435, 440, 441, 446, 449, 460, 622, 626, 628, 633, 641, 644, 670;
Cicero on, 165
Aristonicus, pretender to throne of Pergamum (?-129 B.C..), 516
Aristophanes, Greek comic dramatist (448?-380? B.C..), 74, 99
Aristotelian (Peripatetic) philosophy, 95, 432, 489-490
Aristotle, Greek philosopher (384-322 B.C..), 4, 25, 42, 79, 123, 302, 308, 311, 421, 490, 497, 506, 507, 610, 611
arithmetic, 72, 75
Arithmetica (Diophantus of Alexandria), 634
Arius, Greek priest of Alexandria, and founder of Arianism (280?-336), 658-660, 662, 663
Ark of the Covenant, 533
Arles (anc. Arelate or Arelas), 192, 474, 658
Arles, Council of, 658
Armageddon, 593
Armenia, 132, 179, 206, 217, 231, 275, 280, 320, 366, 413, 414, 517, 528, 602, 629, 630;
Lesser, 188
Arminius, chief of German tribe of Cherusci (18 B.C..-A.D. 19), 218
army, of Pyrrhus, 38;
of Carthage, 43, 46, 48, 50-51, 53, 106;
under the Republic, 33-34, 46, 49, 50-51, 53, 80, 87, 116, 118-120, 126, 178-179;
under the Principate, 216-217, 220, 232, 260, 268, 269, 271, 284-285, 292, 293-294, 330, 336, 340, 417, 429, 620-621;
under the monarchy, 621-622, 626, 628-629, 632, 633, 638-639, 641, 661, 669, 670
Arnus (Arno), 454
Arpinum (Arpino), 118, 141, 162, 453
Arretium (Arezzo), 6, 77, 322, 328, 346, 454
Arrian (Flavius Arrianus), Greek historian and philosopher (100?-170?), 418, 490, 520
Arsaces, King of Parthia (fl. ca. 248 B.C..), 528
Arsacids, 528-529, 622
Ars Amatoria (Ovid), 255
Arsinoë, 499
art, Etruscan, 5, 8-11, 18, 149, 339, 350, 359, 443;
Campanian, 37;
Greek, 92-93, 95-96, 338-339, 349, 351-361;
German, 479;
Byzantine, 512, 529;
Parthian, 529;
Christian, 601;
under the Republic, 18, 77, 92-93, 95, 102, 108, 123, 125, 132;
under the Principate, 215, 225, 233-234, 269, 277-279, 280, 291, 310, 338-362, 376, 415, 421, 442-443, 456, 459-460, 461, 511-512;
under the monarchy, 621, 629, 630, 632, 634-635, 661;
of Rome, 671, 672
Artabanus IV, King of Parthia (?-227), 529, 530
Artaxata, 528
Artemis, 63, 514, 515, 585
Artemis, Festival of, 515
Artemis, Temple of (Ephesus), 515, 518, 585, 630
Artemis, Temple of (Magnesia), 514
Artes Liberales, 342
Artibus, De (Celsus), 313
artisans, see craftsmen
“Art of Poetry, The” (Horace), see Ad Pisones
Art Poétique, L (Boileau), 249*
Arval Brotherhood, 59, 66, 73, 388
Ascalon, 508
Ascanius (Iulus), 167, 240-241
asceticism, 303, 426, 445, 490, 497, 502, 525-526, 527, 537-538, 560, 562, 577, 580, 605, 606, 607-609, 613, 615, 657, 658, 667
Asclepiades of Prusa, Greek physician in Rome (fl. 1st century B.C..), 312, 507
Asclepieum of Pergamum, 516, 518
Asclepius, see Aesculapius
Ascyltos, 297
Ashoka, Indian ruler and religious teacher (reigned 273-232 B.C..), 559*
Ashur (city), 529
Asia, 40, 60, 86, 88, 89, 91, 92, 94, 112, 117, 124, 134, 139, 140, 147, 157, 167, 171, 207, 211, 225, 226, 308, 324, 347, 355, 359, 366, 389, 392, 412, 423, 431, 433, 483, 508, 514, 516, 517, 518, 519, 524, 526, 540, 578, 590, 592, 606, 630, 640, 649*, 655, 659, 669
Asia Minor, 5, 8, 116, 130, 187, 216, 262, 320, 329, 364, 381, 418, 429, 431, 483, 513-516, 518, 520, 522, 578, 583, 585, 588, 592, 602-603, 605, 617, 627, 629, 632, 633, 640
“Asianic” style, 161, 169
Asiatic style, 361
Asiaticus, freedman of Vitellius (fl. 1st century), 285
Asisium (Assisi), 455
Aspasia of Miletus, consort of Pericles (470?-410 B.C..), 187, 487
Aspendus, 513
assassination as a political method, 260
Assembly, Centurial, 23-30, 33, 34, 44, 50, 52, 85, 91-92, 107, 116-117, 119, 139-140, 200, 232, 260, 265, 269, 393
Assembly, Curial, 25-26, 393, 395
Assembly, Tribal, 24, 26-28, 30, 34, 47, 91, 113-115, 121-122, 123, 126, 145, 171, 173, 179, 180, 181, 188, 191, 201, 213, 223, 232, 260, 340, 393
Assyria, 413, 414, 511
Astarte, 41
Astraea, 237*; see also Virgin
astrology, 75, 147, 164, 231, 259, 278, 292, 308, 311, 388, 415, 425, 435, 503, 512, 514, 525, 559, 621
astronomy, 75, 307-308, 309, 367-368, 472, 488, 502-503, 514
Asturae (Astura), 162
Atalanta, 256
Atargatis (dea Syria), 390, 522
Atella (Aversa), 237
Athanasius, St., Greek father of the Church (296?-373), 660, 663
atheism, in Lucretius, 147-154; 388, 485, 490, 497, 522
Athenaeum, 415
Athenaeus of Naucratis, Greek grammarian (fl. 3rd century), 325, 334, 635-636
Athenagoras, Greek philosopher (fl. 168), 611
Athene, see Pallas Athene
Athenion, leader of slave rebellion (?-101 B.C..), 121
Athenodorus Cananites of Tarsus, Greek Stoic philosopher (fl. ist century B.C..), 228
Athens, 13, 40, 68, 79, 87, 95, 96, 98, 99, 100, 104, 123, 124, 131, 141, 186, 203, 205, 207, 228, 234, 239, 244, 254, 300, 325, 349, 368, 389, 418, 428, 431, 432, 462, 465, 466, 482, 483, 484, 486, 487-490, 495, 504, 514, 515, 519, 520, 534, 546, 579, 583-584, 585, 604*, 621, 630, 661
athletics, in Etruria, 7;
under Rome, 72, 223, 277-279, 314, 340, 351, 360, 375, 377, 382, 430, 438, 510, 532, 625
Atlantic Ocean, 175, 217, 252, 307, 325, 326, 466, 470, 475, 514, 521
Atlas Mountains, 464
Atman, see soul
atomic philosophy, of Lucretius, 150-154; 164
Atreus, 293
atrium, 343-344
Atrium Vestae, 359, 635
Attalids, 516
Attalus, King of Perganum (reigned 241-197 B.C..), 94
Attalus III Philometor, King of Pergamum (reigned 138-133 B.C..), 114, 516
Attalus, Gallic Christian martyr (?-177), 649
Attalus, Stoic philosopher (fl. 1st century), 301
Attianus, Caelius, guardian of Hadrian (fl. end of 1st century), 414
Attica, 4, 487
Attic Nights (Aulus Gellius), 442
Attic style (art), 348, 349, 361, 635
“Attic” style (literature), 161
Atticus, Titus Pomponius, scholar and philosopher (109-32 B.C..), 130, 131-132, 159, 163, 169, 189, 202
Atticus Herodes, Tiberius Claudius, Greek rhetorician and millionaire (104?-180), 487, 515
Attila, King of the Huns (4o6?-453), 670
Attis, 94, 385, 523, 553, 588, 598
“Atys” (Catullus), 157
Aude (anc. Atax), 470
Auditoria, 312
Augsburg (anc. Augusta Vindelicorum), 324, 480
augury, 63-64, 93, 388, 435, 651
Augustales, 226
Augustalia, 649
Augustan Age, 188, 211-258, 271, 295, 297, 338, 361, 454, 533
Augusta Rauricorum (Augst), 480
Augusta Taurinorum, see Turin
Augusta Trevirorum (Trèves), 474, 635, 640
Augusta Vindelicorum, see Augsburg
Augustine, Saint, Bishop of Hippo and father of the Church (354-430), 42, 60, 307, 465, 493, 494, 603, 606, 611
Augustonemetum (Clermont-Ferrand), 473
Augustus (Caius Julius Caesar Octavianus), Roman emperor (63 B.C..-14 A.D.), iii, 121, 128, 154, 159, 199-258, 259, 260, 262, 265, 266, 269, 270, 273, 274, 285, 286, 288, 290, 294, 299, 308, 309, 312, 319, 323, 325, 326*, 331, 335, 338, 340, 341, 344, 345, 346, 347, 348, 350, 352, 356, 357, 358, 360, 363, 365*, 381, 383, 387, 388, 391, 394, 396, 397, 398, 407, 410, 411, 413, 414, 417, 419, 432, 434, 454, 455, 460, 464, 465, 469, 472, 473, 474, 478, 482, 487, 499, 508, 511, 514, 516, 528, 530, 531, 532, 543, 558, 640, 645, 663, 664
Aulis, 149
Aulularia (Plautus), 100
aurea mediocritas, 245-246, 249
Aurelia, mother of Caesar (2nd and 1st centuries B.C..), 167
Aurelian (Lucius Domitius Aurelianus), Roman emperor (212?-275), 606, 628, 632, 638-639, 640, 642, 654, 664, 665
Aurelian Way, 78
Aurelius, Marcus (Marcus Annius Aurelius Antoninus), Roman emperor and philosopher (121-180), 13, 28, 97, 108, 159, 299, 322, 329, 330, 331, 335, 346, 349, 396, 398, 412, 422, 423, 424, 425-432, 442, 443-446, 447, 448-449, 460, 465, 469, 478, 480, 489, 490, 492, 495, 505, 507, 606, 611, 622, 627, 631*, 633, 645, 649, 650, 662, 665, 666
Aurelius, Severus, brother of Marcus Aurelius (fl. 2nd century), 426
Aurelius, Column of, 412, 443
Aurelius Imperator, 443
aureus, 192
Aurignacian man, 470-471
Aurora, 241, 255
Austria, 471
Austria-Hungary, 480
autobiography, Hadrian’s, 415
Autun (anc. Augustodunum), 175, 474
Auvergne, 176
Avare, L’ (Molière), 100
Avaricum (Bourses), 177, 471*, 473
Aventine, 12*, 74, 81, 117, 339-340, 360
Avernus, Lacus (Lake Averno), 220, 240, 456
Avignon (anc. Avenio), 417, 474
Aviola, Marcus Acilius, consul (fl. 1st century B.C..), 311
Aziz, 390
B
Baal (Bel), 45, 390, 511, 606, 623-625, 639;
Baal-Haman, 41, 42, 47;
Baal-Moloch, 41
Baalbek, see Heliopolis
Babylonia or Babylon, 7, 9, 88, 133, 308, 322, 374, 538, 540, 546, 549, 588
Babylon, whore of, 593
Babylonian Captivity, 545
Bacchae (Euripides), 178, 529
Baachanalia, 94
Bacchantes, 204
Bacchus, 94, 164, 347, 354, 511; see also Dionysus
bachelors, 68, 224, 237, 250, 363
Bacon, Francis, Baron Verulam, Viscount St. Albans, English philosopher and statesman (1561-1626), 304
Baedeker, Karl, German publisher of guidebooks (1801-1859), 324
Baetica (Andalusia), 216, 470
Bagradas (Medjerda) River, 39, 464-465
Baiae (Baja), 133, 135, 185, 266, 370, 377, 422, 456
Balbinus (Decimus Caelius Balbinus), Roman emperor (?-238), 628
Balbus, Lucius Cornelius, consul (fl. 1st century B.C..), 191, 192, 195, 333, 340, 360
Balbus and Ollius, banking firm, 331
Balearic Islands, 40, 42, 470
Balkans, 431, 483, 519, 630, 638, 669
ballet, 378-379, 487
Baltic Sea, 478
Balzac, Honoré de, French novelist (1799-1850), 412
banking, 79-80, 88, 111, 130, 169, 323, 331-332, 336, 499, 514, 515, 536, 671
bankruptcy, 58, 79, 111, 192, 331-332, 396
baptism, 558, 560, 577, 598, 600, 618, 649, 658, 664
barbarian invasions, 174-178, 188, 294, 406, 424, 428-429, 431, 448-449, 480-481, 507, 627-633, 638-639, 644, 650, 665-670
Barcino (Barcelona), 470
Bar Cocheba, Simeon, Jewish rebel leader (?-135), 542, 548, 549
Bardesanes, Syrian heretic (fl. 200), 604
Barnabas, Joses, apostle, 582-583, 590, 603
Basilica Aemilia, 92
Basilica Julia, 267
Basilica Porcia, 92
basilicas, 92-93, 130, 219, 340, 345, 355, 362, 465, 466, 476, 477, 480, 511, 601, 618-619, 661-662, 671
Basilica Ulpia, 411
Basilides, Alexandrian heretic (fl. 117), 604
Bassa, 317
Batanea, 535
baths, public, Carthaginian, 40, 465;
Roman, 81, 219, 220, 277, 289, 290-291, 317, 327, 343, 355, 356-357, 359-360, 362, 363, 374-376, 412, 418, 440, 459, 460-461, 465, 466, 473, 474, 476, 477, 480, 509, 511, 512, 515, 548, 623, 627, 635, 661
Bathyllus of Alexandria, artist in pantomime (fl. end of 1st century B.C..), 378
Baucalis, 658
Baucis, 256
Bauer, Bruno, German theologian (1809-1882), 554
Baur, Ferdinand Christian, German Protestant theologian (1792-1860), 553-554
beards, 415, 471, 529
Beaumarchais, de (Pierre Auguste Caron), French dramatist (1732-1799), 101
Beauvais (anc. Caesaromagus), 471*, 474
Beersheba, 535
Beethoven, Ludwig van, German composer (1770-1827), 381
Behistun inscription, 528
Belgae, 175
Belgica, see Gaul, Belgic
Belgium, 36, 329
Belgrade (anc. Singidunum), 480
Bellerophon, 10
Bellona, 62, 447
Bellovaci, 471*
Beloch, Karl Julius, German historian in Italy (1854-1929), 333, 364
Benacus, Lacus, see Garda, Lago di
Benedicta, 426
Benefits, On (Seneca), 302
Beneventum (Benevento), 37, 38, 78, 410, 440, 455
Ben-Giora, Simon, Jewish hero (fl. 1st century), 404
Berenice, Jewish queen (28?-?), 288
Berenice (Benghazi), 499
Berkeley, George, Bishop of Cloyne, Irish philosopher (1685-1753), 310
Berlin, 350
Beroea (Aleppo), 512
Beroea (Verria), 583, 585
Berytus (Beirut), 510, 511, 534, 545
Bethar, 548
Bethlehem, 535, 558, 663
Bethsaïda, 535
betrothal, 68, 369, 374
Bible, 539-542, 553, 555, 578, 598, 599, 606, 613*, 614, 615, 616, 618, 658
bibliotheca, 343, 344
Bibliotheca Ulpiana, 635
Bibracte (near Autun), 175
Bibulus, Marcus Calpurnius, politician (?-48 B.C..), 171-172, 196
Bilbilis (Bámbola), 316, 318
biography, 160, 269, 433-434, 442, 483-484, 635, 662-663
birth control, 56, 88, 90, 132, 134, 158, 193, 211, 222-225, 232, 286, 363-364, 438, 483, 487, 505, 606, 666
bisexuality, 132, (Caesar’s) 168, (Antony’s) 199, 246, 253, (Domitian’s) 290, (Martial’s) 317-318, (Horace’s) 369, (Commodus’) 447, (Meleager’s) 509, (Greek Anthology) 510
Bithynia, 55, 120, 140, 155, 157, 167, 170, 216, 276, 366, 441, 516, 518-519, 521, 578, 630, 636, 653, 659;
Bithynia-Pontus, 520