by Will Durant
in Rome, 51, 64, 65, 94, 149;
in Gaul, 472;
in Germany, 479;
in Antioch, 512
Hume, David, Scottish philosopher and historian (1711-1776), 494, 609
humiliores, 332, 644
Hungary, 406
Huns, 480, 669, 670
hunting, 96, 321, 408, 414, 415, 423, 425, 428, 430, 446-447, 478, 529, 531, 622, 630
hydrotherapy, 312-313
Hymettus, 322
hymns, 73, 82, 226, 588, 601, 638
Hypsus, Peri (Longinus), see Sublime, On the Hymn to Zeus (Cleanthes), 584*
Hyrcanus II, King of Judea (?-30 B.C..), 530-531, 534
I
Iamblichus, Syrian Neoplatonic philosopher in Alexandria (?-333?), 635, 636
Iazyges, 429, 431
Iberia, in Asia, 413
Iberians, 468, 472, 475
Icarus, 256, 385
Iconium (Konia), 513, 582
Ides of March, 197
Idumea, 530, 535
ientaculum, 70
Ignatius, Saint, called Theophorus, Bishop of Antioch (?-107?), 588, 611, 648
Iliad, 240, 241, 516
Ilium, see Troy
illuminated manuscripts, 662
Illyria, 47, 51, 52, 200, 217, 454, 628, 638
Illyricum, 639
Imagines (Varro), 159
immigration into Rome, under the Republic, 81, 94, 95, 121, 126, 179;
under the Principate, 221, 364-366
immortality, 527;
Cicero on, 165;
Caesar on, 170;
Virgil on, 242;
Horace and, 250;
Seneca on, 305;
in religion, 429;
Tacitus on, 435-436;
Marcus Aurelius on, 446;
Plutarch on, 485;
Jews on, 536, 575;
Christian, 592, 595, 599, 602, 603, 656, 657;
Plotinus on, 610
imperator, 191, 213, 268, 350
imperialism, Roman, 54, 85, 90, 105, 107, 175, 242, 252, 261, 409-410, 414
impressionism (art), 339, 353, 355
Inacha, 247
incest, 172, 266, 274, 290, 495, 623
Incitatus, 267
Incrustation (First) Style (painting), 353
indeterminacy, principle of, 151*
India, 134, 325, 326, 329, 337, 338, 346, 413, 499, 500, 508, 512, 514, 521, 526
Indian Ocean, 325, 413, 499
Indians, 600* Indica (Arrian), 520
Indies, 503
Indo-European languages, 73
Indo-Europeans, 36, 60, 528
Indus, 413
Industrial Revolution, 477
industry, Etruscan, 6;
Carthaginian, 40;
under Rome, 77-81, 88, 190, 310, 321-323, 328, 330, 332-334, 336-337, 342, 370, 448, 455, 456, 457, 463, 473, 477, 482, 498-499, 510, 529, 631-633, 641-642, 644, 668, 671
infanticide, in Greece, 42;
in Rome, 56, 222, 363-364, 396, 434, 666;
forbidden among Jews and Christians, 546, 598
Inferno (Dante), 8
inflation, 211, 330-331, 632-633
informers, see Delatores
Ingenuus, ruler of eastern provinces (fl. 258), 629
inheritance, 57, (taxes) 58, 222-224, 245, 267, 301, 363, 396, 397, 399, 438, 479, (tax), 622, 657
initiation, 524-525, 606
Innocenza, 351
In Pisonem (Cicero), 161
“In Praise of Nero” (Lucan), 296
Inquisition, 649
insanity, 312
inscriptions, Etruscan, 5;
Roman, 73, 271, 293;
Pompeian, 458;
Italian, 461
Institutes (Justinian), 406
Institutiones (Gaius), 392
Institutio Oratoria (Quintilian), 314-315
insulae, 341-342
interest, 79, 88, 129-130, 131, 169, 170, 184, 192, 211, 212, 219, 302, 310, 331-332, 336, 627, 657
intermarriage, of Phoenicians with natives, 39;
in Rome, 221-224, 395
international law, 48
interregnum, 30
Intricate (Fourth) Style (painting), 353
invention, 287-288, 323, 328*, 503-504
Ionia, 86, 125, 132, 133, 158, 204, 513, 514, 523, 594, 629, 630, 636
Ionian Sea, 206
Ionic order (architecture), 338, 355, 357
Iphigenia, 149, 353
Iranians, 471, 516, 529
Ireland, 36, 73, 471, 472
Irenaeus, St., Greek Bishop of Lyons (130?-202?), 556, 611-612, 616, 617
Iris, Egyptian handmaiden of Cleopatra (?-30 B.C..), 208
Iron, Age of, 236
irrigation, Etruscan, 6;
Roman, 320, 464, 631, 665
Isaeus, Greek rhetorician in Rome (end of 1st century), 368
Isaiah, 540, 541, 560-561, 567, 574
Isiac cult, see Isis Isis, 193, 266, 358, 390, 447, 467-468, 523-524, 525, 526, 527, 596, 606, 635
Isis, Temple of, 291, 358, 369, 390
Islam, 606
Isocrates, Athenian orator and rhetorician (436-338 B.C..), 103, 166
Israel, see Jews
Isthmian games, 85, 283, 486-487
Istria, 73, 455
Istrus, 480
Italian, 73, 295
Italica (Sevilla la Vieja), 414, 470
Italus, King of the Sicels, 4
Italy, 3-5;
city-states, 6;
art, 10;
Roman conquest, 34-38;
Second Punic War, 49-52, 54;
soil, 76-77;
trade, 78;
population, 81;
music, 82;
northern boundary, 87;
farming, 104, 111;
Celtic attack, 119, 472;
Social War, 122;
slave revolt, 137-138;
troops in, 172;
saved by Caesar, 177-178;
supports Caesar, 182;
chaotic state in 45 B.C.., 190;
citizenship, 193;
Augustus in, 205-206;
exhaustion, 211-212;
agriculture, 237, 319-321;
industry, 323;
trade, 328-330;
lack of grain, 336;
water of, 356;
law, 404-406;
plague in, 429;
in the 2nd century, 448-449;
under the Principate, 453-461;
religion, 522-523, 542;
barbarian invasions, 629, 638;
economic and political condition under the monarchy, 632, 666-669
Ithaca, 241
Iucundus, Lucius Caecilius, Pompeian auctioneer, 459-460
lulus, see Ascanius
ius civile, 393-404, 405
ius gentium, 393, 404-406
Ixion, 352
J
Jairas, father of girl awakened by Christ (1st century), 563
James, Christ’s brother, 558
James, son of Alphaeus, called the Just, apostle (?-62), 555, 577, 583, 597
James, son of Zebedee, apostle (?-41?), 563, 577, 592
James, The General Epistle of, 600, 616
James I, King of England (1566-1625), 555
Jamnia, 535, 547-548
Janiculum, 12, 340
Janus, 58-59, 61, 67, 82, 358
Janus, Temple of, 211, 285, 358
Japan, 295, 374, 421
javelin, 308
Jeremiah, Hebrew prophet, 567
Jericho, 535
Jerome, Saint (Hieronymus, Sophronius Eusebius), Latin father of the Church (340?-420), 154, 392, 578, 596, 612, 614
Jerusalem, 288, 349, 358, 365, 404, 419, 508, 530, 531, 532, 535, 537, 538, 542-549, 558, 559, 562, 569-571, 574, 576, 577, 579, 581-583, 585, 586, 587, 602, 603, 616, 650, 663
Jerusalem, Temple of, 268, 349, 365, 530-531, 533, 536, 537, 538, 539, 542-545, 548, 560, 568, 570-571, 574, 575, 577, 583, 586, 599, 603
&n
bsp; Jerusalem Delivered (Tasso), 637
Jesus, see Christ
Jesus, Life of (Renan), 554
Jesus, Life of (Strauss), 553
jewelry, in Etruria, 6;
in Carthage, 41, 42;
under Rome, 70, 89, 132, 134, 193, 215, 223, 273, 328-329, 345, 346, 373, 429, 465, 471, 489, 529, 578, 596, 624-625, 640
Jewish Commonwealth, Second, 530
Jews, 41, 65, 66, 192, 193, 199, 225, 288, 292, 365-366, 390, 394, 407, 413, 419, 421, 423, 438, 487, 500-502, 507, 512, 525, 529-549, 554, 556, 559, 563-595, 598, 601, 614, 626, 646
Job, 540
Jocasta, 623
Johanan ben Zakkai, Jewish rabbi (fl. 1st century), 547
John, St., apostle and evangelist, 555, 556, 559, 561-562, 563, 571-572, 575*, 577, 592-595, 611, 648
John, The Epistles of, 557, 575*, 592;
First, 575
John, The Gospel of St., 502, 553, 559, 561-562, 565, 570, 571-572, 575*, 592-595, 603
John the Baptist, 558, 560-561, 562, 563, 564, 568, 569, 570
John the Elder, early Christian, 555
joint-stock companies, 79-80, 323
Joppe or Joppa (Jaffa), 508, 535, 577
Jordan, 535, 560, 577
Joseph, Christ’s brother, 558
Joseph, husband of Mary, mother of Christ, 559
Josephus, Flavius, Jewish historian (37-95?), 325, 498, 500, 531, 536, 537, 538, 543, 544-545, 546, 554, 558, 560
Joshua, son of Sirach, 539
Jotopata, 544
Jove, see Jupiter Juba I, King of Numidia (?-46 B.C..), 189, 466
Juba II, King of Numidia and historian (?-ca. 19 A.D.), 42, 466
Judah, Jewish Patriarch (fl. ca. 200), 547
Judaism, 63, 366, 501-502, 529, 549, 575-595, 597-599, 601, 602, 604-605, 606, 614, 625, 626
Judas, Christ’s brother, 558
Judas the Gaulonite, Jewish rebel leader (fl. beginning of 1st century), 543
Judas Iscariot (of Kerioth) apostle, 563-564, 571
Judea, 140, 203, 204, 268, 281, 283, 285, 390, 508, 530-549, 557, 558, 560, 569, 570, 577, 618
Judgment, Last, 243, 542, 553, 559, 560, 563, 567, 593-594, 595, 597, 599, 603, 607, 612
Jugurtha, King of Numidia (?-104 B.C..), 118-119, 404
Jugurthine War, 118-119
Jugurthine War (Sallust), 160
Julia, sister of Caesar (1st century B.C..), 200
Julia, daughter of Caesar and fourth wife of Pompey (?-54 B.C..), 134, 171, 179
Julia, daughter of Augustus (?-14 A.D.), 220, 229-232, 235, 257, 259, 262, 263*, 265
Julia, granddaughter of Augustus (1st century A.D.), 232, 235
Julia, daughter of Germanicus (1st century), 301
Julian (Flavius Claudius Julianus), called the Apostate, Roman emperor (331-363), 18, 474, 635
Julian Aqueduct, 220
Julian Laws, of Caesar, 171-173;
of Augustus, 223-224, 230, 235, 255, 256, 290
Julianus, see Didius Julian
Julianus, Salvius, jurist (fl. 2nd century), 392, 394, 416
Julii, Roman clan, 21, 167
Julio-Claudian dynasty, 211-285, 286, 289, 293, 349
Jullian, Camille, French historian (1850-1933), 475
Juno, 61, 67, 81, 82, 83, 349, 358;
of Veil, 62
Juno Moneta, Temple of, 358
Jupiter (Jove), 61, 63, 67, 81, 82, 83, 93, 100, 144, 151, 167, 242, 256, 268, 284, 306, 317, 349, 350, 357-358, 388, 389, 419, 458, 496, 548, 625, 626, 640;
Jupiter Optimus Maximus, 358;
Jupiter Pluvius, 61;
Jupiter Stator, 358;
Jupiter Tonans, 61, 357;
planet, 309
Jupiter, Temple of, 92, 341
Jupiter, Temple of (Pompeii), 459
Jupiter Heliopolitanus, Temple of, 511
Jupiter, Juno, and Minerva, Temple of, 81, 83, 287, 289, 290, 358
Jupiter Stator, Temple of, 358
Jupiter Tonans, Temple of, 61, 357
juries, 114, 116-117, 121, 126, 178, 192, 403
jurisprudence, see law
Justice, see Astraea
Justin, Christian martyr (?-108), 611
Justin Martyr (Justinus Flavius), Church father in Palestine (100?-166), 592, 611
Justinian I the Great (Flavius Anicius Jus-tinianus), Byzantine emperor (483-565), 392, 393, 394, 399, 406, 409, 416, 605, 634
Juvenal (Decimus Junius Juvenalis), satirical poet (ca. 60-ca. 140), 67, 73, 234, 272, 295, 312, 314, 319, 325, 332, 334, 341, 343, 363, 364, 365, 366, 367, 369, 370, 371, 372-373, 376, 381, 387, 388, 389, 402, 433, 436, 437-439, 440, 453, 466, 546, 612, 671
Karlsburg, 633
Keats, John, English poet (1795-1821), 147, 157
Kent, 476
Kerasous, or Cerasus (Kerasun), 320
Kerch, see Panticapaeum
Kerch, Strait of, 517
Kingdom of Heaven, 538, 540-542, 557, 559, 560, 562, 564-570, 575, 582, 593, 594-595, 596, 597, 602, 603-604, 605, 617
Klausner, Joseph, Jewish scholar (b. 1874), 557*
“knucklebones,” 354
Krishna, 553
Kuban River, 517
L
labarum, 654
Labeo, Antistius, jurist (?-42 B.C. .), 203, 391-392
Labienius, Quintus, general (?-39 B.C..), 205
Labienus, Titus, politician and soldier (?-45 B.C..), 182, 186, 189, 205
Lactantius Firmianus, Lucius Caelius, father of the Latin church, in Africa (260?-325?), 578, 643, 651, 654, 662
Lady of Elche, The, 469
Laelius Sapiens, Caius (ca. 186-? B.C..), 96-97, 101, 102, 107, 114
Laenas, Caius Popilius, consul and ambassador (fl. 172-168 B.C..), 107
Laetus, Praetorian prefect (fl. reign of Commodus), 448
Lais (Greek Anthology), 510
Lake Garda, see Garda, Lago di
Lake Regillus, Battle of (496 B.C..), ...
Lalage, 247
Lambaesis (Lambèse), 466
Lamia, Lucius Aelius, consul and patron (fl. 1st century B.C.. and 1st century A.D.), 233
Lampridius, Aelius, Latin historian (fl. early 4th century), 624, 634
land distribution, in Greece, 86;
in Rome, 47, 87, 113-117, 119, 120, 121, 126, 128, 136, 171, 174, 184, 192-193, 213, 218, 287, 319, 336, 407, 465, 627, 631*
landownership, 57, 76-77, 90, 111-118, 192, 213, 219, 319-320, 333, 336, 483, 631, 644, 657
landscape, see painting
language, Etruscan, 5, 17;
Celtic, 36;
Carthaginian, 41;
Latin, 17, 38, 72-73
Lanuvium (Civita Lavinia), 35, 371, 423
Laocoon, 345
Laodicea (Latakia), 512, 513, 516
lararium, 343
Lares, 7, 58, 69, 226
lares compitales, 81
Larissa, 186
Larius, Lacus, see
Lake Como Lasa (or Mean), Etruscan goddess, 7
Last Supper, 555
La Tène iron culture, 471, 472
Lateran Museum, 350
latifundia, 77, 104, 105, 107, 111-114, 118, 130, 190, 297, 319, 336, 411, 464, 465, 473, 498, 631, 668
Latin, 72-74, 97, 98, 101, 102, 103-104, 156, 158-162, 164, 166, 167, 177, 233, 258, 259, 295, 304, 312, 313, 319, 365, 393, 410, 415, 441, 442, 443, 455, 469, 474, 476, 477, 507, 514, 517, 572, 612, 619, 630, 661, 671
Latina, Via, 77
Latin Language, On the (Varro), 159
Latin League, 35, 37, 38
Latins, 5, 11, 21, 35, 36, 39, 241
Latinus, 240-241
Latium, 11, 12, 14, 18, 21, 35, 37, 43, 51, 61, 200, 240-241, 344, 437, 453, 666
laurel, 83, 191
Laurentum, 344, 440
Laureolus, robber, crucified (1st century), 385
Lavinia, 12, 241
Law, see Torah
law, under the Republic, 22-33, 57, 67, 70, 71, 72, 73, 79, 83, 89, 99, 104-105, 1
13-118, 126, 133, 138, 139-140, 144, 171-173, 174, 176, 179, 182, 189, 191-194, 198;
Cicero on, 165-166;
under the Principate, 213-217, 219, 221-225, 230-231, 250, 261, 262, 264, 269, 270-271, 293, 312, 323, 324, 331-332, 335, 338, 340, 341, 364, 369, 391-406, 416, 418, 420, 424, 427-428, 443, 448, 465, 473, 474, 477, 481, 488, 510, 619, 646;
under the monarchy, 633-634, 642-652, 656-657, 661;
of Rome, 670
law, practice of, 141, 160, 316, 317, 466, (Ovid’s) 254, (Seneca’s) 301, 401-403, (Juvenal’s) 437, (Pliny’s) 439-441, (Apuleius’) 467-468, (Lucian’s) 495, (Tertullian’s) 612, (L. Septimius Severus’) 621
Law of the Nations, see ius gentium
Laws (Cicero), see Legibus, De
lays, 73
Lebanon (Libanus), 329
Lebanon (anc. Libanus) Mountains, 511
lectures, 135, 443, 465, 483-485, 488-490, 495, 505, 511, 514, 521-522, 635
legates, 216
legend, in Livy, 251, 256, 308
Legibus, De (Cicero), 141, 163*
Leicester (anc. Ratae Coritanorum), 477
Leiden (anc. Lugdunum Batavorum), 324
leisure, 235
Lemures, 59-60;
Feast of, 65
Lentuli, Roman family, 76
Lentulus, Gnaeus, senator (fl. 1st century), 332
Lentulus Batiates, trainer of gladiators (fl. 1st century B.C..), 137
Lentulus Crus, Lucius Cornelius, consul (?-48 B.C..), 181, 183, 185
Lentulus Sura, Publius Cornelius, conspirator (?-63 B.C..), 129, 143-144, 202
Leochares, Athenian sculptor (fl. 4th century B.C..), 349
Leonardo, see Vinci, Leonardo da
Lepidus, Marcus Aemilius, consul (?-216 B.C..), 382
Lepidus, Marcus Aemilius, triumvir (?-13 B.C..), 201, 203, 225
Leptis Magna (Lebda), 39, 105, 465
Leptis Minor, 40, 465
Lesbia, 135, 155-157
Lesbos, 253
Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim, German critic and dramatist (1729-1781), 100, 553
letters, Cornelia’s, 113;
Cicero’s, 162-163, 165, 195;
Marcus Aurelius’, 425, 430;
Pliny the Younger’s, 440-441;
Fronto’s, 442
Leucas (It. Santa Maura), 139
Leuce Come, 508
Leviticus, 539, 567
lex talionis, 32, 398
Liber, 62, 65-66
Libera, 65-66
Liberalia, 66
Libra, 298
libraries, in Carthage, 42;
in Athens, 418;
under Rome, 96, 131, 132, 159, 219, 234, 343, 459, 635, 662
libraries, public, 159, 193, 219, 234, 257, 291, 358, 360, 376, 411, 421, 440, 461, 466, 515, 627
Libya, 43, 46, 48, 413, 500
Licinian laws, 24, 114
Licinianus, son of Licinius and nephew of Constantine I (?-326), 663-664
Licinius (Caius Flavius Valerius Licinianus Licinius), Roman emperor (?-325), 653-655, 656, 659, 663