by Will Durant
Licinius Calvus (Stolo), Caius, tribune and consul (fl. 376-361 B.C..), 24
Liege, 176
Life of the Roman People (Varro), 160
lighthouses, 325
Ligurians, 4, 35, 468
limes, 417, 480, 627
Limonum (Limoges), 473
Lindum (Lincoln), 477
Linus, Bishop of Rome (fl. 1st century), 617
Lisbon, see Olisipo literary criticism, 315, 513, 633, 636
Literature, Etruscan, 5;
Greek, 95-96, 104, 123, 259, 630;
under the early Republic, 5, 73-75, 97-105, 108, 113, 123;
under the Revolution, 144-146, 174, 178;
under the Principate, 215, 225, 233-258, 259, 263, 287, 291, 293, 295-319, 367-368, 408, 415, 433-446, 456, 464, 467-468, 477, 483-486, 490-497, 509-510, 539-542, 555-595, 603, 606-616, 618, 620, 621;
under the monarchy, 621, 625, 629, 635-638, 661, 662-663;
of Rome, 671
Liternum (Patria), 92, 347
Lives of Illustrious Men (Suetonius), 442
Lives of the Sophists (Philostratus), 635
Livia, third wife of Augustus (1st century B.C.. and 1st century A.D.), 205, 223, 229-232, 262, 264, 268, 286, 299, 348, 350, 354
Livia Orestilla, wife of Caligula (1st century A.D.), 266
Livias, 508
Livilla, daughter of Antonia and wife of Drusus (?-31 A.D.), 264, 268
Livius Andronicus, earliest Roman poet (fl. 240 B.C..), 74
Livy (TitusLivius), historian (59 B.C..-A.D. 17), 13, 14, 15, 21, 36*, 48, 53, 60, 72, 89, 94, 112, 225, 233, 250-252, 434, 636, 671
Lixus, 39
Locri, 35, 37, 51
Logia (sayings of Christ), 556
logic, 164, 425
Logos, 501-502, 540, 541, 556, 589, 594-595, 604, 615, 658
Loire (anc. Liger), 470
Loisy, Alfred Firmin, French Orientalist and Biblical scholar (1857-1940), 554
Lollia Paulina, wife of Caligula (1st century A.D.), 266, 273, 373
Lollius, governor of Britain (fl. 2nd century), 476
Lombards, 431
Lombardy, 670
London (anc. Londinium), 324, 476, 477, 523-524
Longinus, Caius Cassius, jurist (fl. 1st century), 282
Longinus, Dionysius Cassius, Greek philosopher and critic (213?-272), 630, 636
Longinus, Lucius Cassius, governor of Syria (?-42 B.C.), 531
Longobardi, see Lombards
Longus, Greek sophist and novelist (fl. 3rd century), 516, 637
lotteries, 219, 624
Louis XIV, King of France (1638-1715), 258
Lourdes, 563
Louvre, 348*
love feast, see agape
Luca (Lucca), 175
Lucan (Marcus Annaeus Lucanus), poet (39-65), 282, 295, 296, 316, 319, 408, 435, 470
Lucanians, 35, 37, 51, 519
Lucanus, Publius Terentius, senator (2nd century B.C.), 101
Lucian, Greek satirical author (120?-200?), 60, 84, 299, 304, 312, 428, 487, 489, 494-497, 513, 597, 636
Lucifer, 241, 289
Lucilius, Caius, satirist (180-103 B.C.), 73, 97, 245, 437, 509
Lucilius Junior, governor and Epicurean (fl. 1st century), 304, 306
Lucilla, daughter of Marcus Aurelius (2nd century), 426
Lucilla, sister of Marcus Aurelius (2nd century), 447
Lucina, 60, 236
Lucius (in Apuleius’ Golden Ass), 467-468
Lucius Caesar, grandson of Augustus (?-2 A.D.), 230-231, 473
Lucretia, wife of Collatinus (6th century B.C..), 16, 23
Lucretia (in Martial), 318
Lucretius Carus, Titus, poet (99?-55? B.C..), 61, 73, 95, 98, 102, 146-154, 155, 164, 225, 234-235, 238, 241, 243, 245, 258, 296, 308, 388, 637, 667, 671
Lucrinus, Lacus, 220
Lucullus, Lucius Licinius, general and patron (?-57? B.C..), 129, 130, 132, 138, 139, 140, 171, 211, 265, 272, 322, 342, 353, 373, 508, 519
Lucullus, Lucius Licinius, proconsul (fl. 2nd century B.C..), 87
ludi (games), 74, 377-378, 381-387;
ludi iu-venales, 277;
ludi saeculares, 225-226, 248, 387;
ludi scenici, 74, 377-378
Ludovisi Battle Sarcophagus, 635
Ludovisi Juno, 349
Lugdunum (Lyons), 234, 269, 271, 283, 324, 332, 470, 473, 474, 504, 611, 649
Luke, St., evangelist (fl. 1st century), 553, 555-574, 575*, 583, 590
Luke, The Gospel of St., 555-574, 575*, 583, 605
Luna (Luni), 322, 357, 454
Lupanaria, see prostitution
Lupercalia, 63, 65, 195-196, 388
Luperci (Brotherhood of the Wolf), 63, 65, 388
Lusitania (Portugal), 87, 277, 311, 322, 470, 671
lustrum, 29, 63
Lutetia, see Paris
Luther, Martin, leader of German Reformation (1483-1546), 592
luxury, under the Republic, 54, 70-71, 88-89, 92, 97, 103, 128, 132, 136, 160, 185, 186, 204;
under the Principate, 211, 213, 219, 223, 224, 232, 248, 251, 256, 297, 303, 305, 308, 311, 328-330, 331, 333, 337, 342, 364, 373-377, 438, 456, 465, 474, 478, 522, 608, 666, 667
Lycaonia, 513
Lyce, 247
Lyceum, Aristotle’s, 421, 489-490
Lycia, 203, 218
Lyciscus, 369
Lycopolis, 608
Lycurgus, Spartan lawgiver (9th century B.C..), 32, 226
Lydda, 548
Lydia, 5, 6*, 9, 125, 513, 514-515, 523
Lydia (Horace), 247
Lyons, see Lugdunum
lyre, 379-381
lyric poetry, 82, 155-158, 244-250, 252-254, 278, 315-318, 379, 509-510, 637-638
Lysias, Athenian orator (450?-380? B.C..), 95
Lystra, 513, 582, 583
M
Ma, 147, 523
Maccabee, Judas, Jewish patriot (fl. 167 B.C.), 542
Maccabee, Simon, King of Judea (fl. 142 B.C.), 530
Maccabees, see Hasmoneans
Macedon or Macedonia, 51, 52, 85-87, 88, 90, 91, 94, 96, 136, 200, 203, 212, 216, 482, 483, 519, 583, 585, 623, 630, 633
Macedonian Wars, 85-87, 482
Macellum, 342
machinery, 323, 356
Macrina, Caelia, millionaire (2nd century), 411
Macrinus (Marcus Opellius Severus Macrinus), Roman emperor (164?-218), 529, 623-624
Madaura (Medaura), 466, 467
Madeira, 40, 308
Madonna della Febbre, La (Our Lady of the Fever), 75
Maeander (Menderez), 514
Maecenas, Caius Cilnius, statesman and patron (?-8 B.C..), 212, 215, 219, 224, 225, 234, 237, 239, 244, 246, 250, 253, 280, 454
Maelius, Spurius, politician (?-439 B.C..), 23
Maesa, Julia, sister of Julia Domna (?-222), 623-626
Maggiore, Lago (anc. Lacus Verbanus), 4, 454
Magi, 525, 526, 529, 559, 606, 608
magic, 60, 64, 75, 94, 308, 311-312, 388, 415, 419, 466-467, 485, 507, 512, 525-526, 537-538, 559, 656
Magna Mater (Great Mother), 94, 147, 381, 390, 523, 595, 672; see also Cybele
Magnesia (Manissa), battle in 190 B.C.., 55, 86, 208, 514
Magnificat, 558
Mago, Carthaginian general, brother of Hannibal (fl. end of 3rd century B.C..), 47
Mago, Carthaginian writer in agriculture, 40, 42, 464
Maia, 60, 67
maiestate, lex lulia de, 262, 264, 269, 279, 416, 591
Maimonides, Spanish Jewish rabbi and philosopher (1135-1204), 548
Mainz (anc. Magontiacum), 291, 324, 627, 633
Maison Carrée, 357, 473
Malaga (anc. Malaca), 469, 470
malaria, 193, 311, 312, 326*, 631, 666
Malchus, Tyrian dyeing firm, 331
Mallonia, critic of Tiberius, and suicide (1st century), 371
Mallus, 95
Malta, 40, 587
Mamaea, Julia, daughter of Julia Maesa and
mother of Alexander Severus (?-235), 623-627
Mamertines, 43-44
Mammon, 340, 597
Manes, 59
Man, Isle of (anc. Monapia or Monarina), 476, 477
Manchester (anc. Mancumium), 477
Mani of Ctesiphon, Persian mystic (215-273), 605-606
Mania, 7
Manicheism, 606
manifest destiny, 43
Manilian Law, 140
Manilius, senator (fl. 2nd century B.C.), 103
Manilius, Caius, Roman tribune (fl. 66 B.C.), 140
Manlii, Roman clan, 21
Manlius, Lucius, conspirator (fl. 1st century B.C.), 144, 157
Manlius, Marcus, general (?-384 B.C.), 23
manners, 70-72, 90, 101, 102, 108, 134-135, 234-235, 286, 310, 316, 335
mansio, 324
mansions, 88, 92, 132, 133, 160, 162, 190, 195, 202, 213, 223, 245*, 290, 297, 326, 327, 328, 339, 340, 343-345, 351, 355, 362, 373-374, 421, 453, 456, 508, 635
Mantua, 3, 8, 11, 235, 454
Mantus, 7
manumission, see emancipation
manuscripts, 280, 662
maps, 220, 308
Marathon, battle in 490 B.C., 208, 442, 641
Marcellinus, Roman Pope (reigned 296-304), 652
Marcellus, Marcus Claudius, consul and conqueror of Syracuse (268?-208 B.C.), 50, 52, 82, 92
Marcellus, Marcus Claudius, son-in-law of Augustus (43-23 B.C.), 219, 230, 239, 357
Marcellus, Marcus Claudius, consul (?-46 B.C.), 181, 195
Marcellus, Varius, father of Elagabalus (fl. 2nd century), 623
Marcellus, For (Cicero), 195
Marceotis, Lake, 525
Marcia, wife of Cato, the Younger and Hortensius (fl. 1st century B.C.), 136
Marcia, daughter of Cremutius Cordus (1st century), 301
Marcia, Christian mistress of Commodus (2nd century), 447-448
Marcian Aqueduct, 220, 340
Marcion, Gnostic of Sinope (fl. 2nd century), 604-605, 616
Marcomanni, 346, 429, 431, 432, 606, 627, 629
Marcomannic Wars, 428-432, 443, 505
Marcus, Gallic Gnostic (fl. 2nd century), 604
Mariaba, 508
Mariamne, wife of Herod the Great (fl. end of 1st century B.C.), 534
Marinus of Alexandria, famous surgeon (fl. 1st and 2nd centuries), 505
Maritime Alps, 474
Marius, Caius, general and consul (157-86 B.C.), 3, 26, 27, 116, 118-120, 122-126, 128, 144, 146, 160, 167, 169, 391, 453
Marius, Caius, consul, son of preceding (109?-82 B.C.), 125
Mark, St., evangelist (fl. 1st century), 553, 555-574, 576
Mark, The Gospel of St., 555-574, 576
markets, 78, 342
Marquardt, Joachim, German antiquarian (1812-1882), 364
marriage, in Etruria, 7;
under the Republic, 57, 67, 68-69, 132, 134, 204;
under the Principate, 222-224, 262, 266, 301, 363-364, 369-371, 396, 397, 438, 441, 443, 599, 605;
under the monarchy, 656, 666;
ancient concept of, 240, 369-370;
St. Paul and the Church on, 590, 598, 600, 647
Mars, 12, 59, 61, 63, 65, 66-67, 82, 193, 211, 346, 353, 388, 479; Ultor (the Avenger), 358
Mars (planet), 309
Mars Ultor, Temple of, 358, 383
Marseilles (anc. Massalia), 43, 49, 119, 180, 184, 231, 313, 326, 470, 474, 504, 654
Marsians, 270
Marsyas, 298
Martial (Marcus Valerius Martialis), Latin epigrammatist (40?-102?), 158, 234, 289, 290, 291, 295, 296, 312, 315-318, 319, 341, 342, 366, 369, 370, 371, 381, 385, 389, 398, 403, 408, 437, 441
Mary, mother of Christ, 527, 558-559, 560, 572
Mary, aunt of Christ, 572-573
Mary Magdalene, cured by Christ (1st century), 563, 572-573, 577
Masada, 544
Masinissa, King of Numidia (238-148 B.C.), 53, 105-106, 107, 118, 166, 464
Mass, Catholic, 578-579, 595, 599, 602, 603
Massalia, see Marseilles
Materia Medica (Dioscorides), 505
Mater Matuta, Temple of
materialism, in Lucretius, 146-154;
in Seneca, 304
mathematics, 414, 488, 503-504, 507
Mathematiké Syntaxis (Ptolemy), 502-503
Matho,.Libyan rebel leader (fl. 241-237 B.C.), 46
Matius, citizen and friend of Caesar (fl. 1st century B.C.), 191, 195
Matthas, Dutch biblical scholar, 554
Matthew, St., evangelist and apostle, 553, 555-574
Matthew, The Gospel of St., 555-574, 613
Mauretania (Morocco), 268, 413, 417, 466
Mauretania Caesariensis, 466
Mauretania Tingitana, 466
Mauri, see Moors
Mausoleum of Hadrian (Castel Sant’ Angelo), 4, 422
Maxentius (Marcus Aurelius Valerius Maxentius), Roman emperor (reigned 306-312), 653-654, 656, 661
Maximian (Marcus Aurelius Valerius Maxi-mianus Herculius), Roman emperor (240?-310), 635, 640, 644, 651, 653-654, 663
Maximilla, Montanist heretic (2nd century), 605
Maximinus (Caius Julius Verus Maximinus “Thrax”), Roman emperor (i72?-238), 627-628
Maximinus Daza, Roman emperor (reigned 308-314), 653-654
Maximus Tyrius, Greek philosopher (fl. 2nd century), 426
Maximus and Vibo, banking firm, 332
measures, 78
Mechanica (Hero), 504
Medea, 256, 353, 385
Medea (painting), 354
Medea (Ovid), 255
Medea (Seneca), 307
Media, 413
Medicamina Faciei Feminineae, De (Ovid), 255
Medici, Lorenzo de’, Florentine poet, patron, and scholar (1448-1492), 131
Medicina, De (Celsus), 313
medicine, in Etruria, 6;
under Rome, 75-76, 104, 135, 227, 308, 310, 311-313, 324, 368, 414, 465, 467, 488, 504-507, 510, 512, 514, 515, 516, 517, 661, 671
Mediolanum, see Milan
Meditations (Marcus Aurelius), 425-426, 430, 431, 442, 443-446, 449
Mediterranean, 3, 6, 18, 25, 29, 34, 38, 39, 40, 43, 54, 76, 78, 80, 81, 85, 105, 107, 112, 139, 169, 170, 177, 187, 188, 212, 218, 221, 241, 251, 266, 310, 320, 324, 325, 328, 337, 339, 355, 367, 419, 453, 462, 464, 465, 466, 468, 469, 470, 474, 484, 498, 499, 500, 508, 512, 513, 518, 523-524, 527, 535-536, 545, 547, 596, 602, 670
mediums of exchange;
in Etruria, 6, 17;
in Carthage, 40, 46;
under Rome, 17, 78-79, 184, 192, 205, 218, 287*, 330-332, 336, 448, 632, 641, 643, 668
Megalesia (Feast of the Great Goddess), 94
Megara, 239, 300, 487
Meir, Jewish rabbi (fl. 2nd century), 547
Mela, Lucius Annaeus, father of Lucan and brother of Seneca (?-65), 282
Mela, Pomponius, geographer (fl. 1st century), 308
Meleager, Greek epigrammatist (fl. 1st century B.C.), 509-510
Melkart, 42, 45, 465
Memmius, Caius, statesman (?-100 B.C.), 120
Memmius, Caius Gemellus, politician and man of letters (fl. first century B.C.), 148, 155, 157
memoirs, 123, 159, 275
Memoirs (Agrippina the Younger), 275
Memoirs (Sulla), 123
Memphis, 498
Menaechmi (Plautus), 100
Menander, Greek comic dramatist (342-291 B.C.), 99, 100, 102, 513
Menippus, Syrian Cynic philosopher (fl. 60 B.C.), 297, 509
Menippus (in Lucian), 495, 497
Mephitis, 75
mercenaries, 43, 46, 48, 53, 106, 207, 429, 517, 624, 669, 670
Mercury, 62, 63, 93, 342, 387, 473, 479, 601
Mesopotamia, 342, 349, 413, 414, 428, 528, 530, 548, 608, 622, 627, 629, 630, 641
Messala, Marcus Valerius, consul (fl. 1st century B.C.), 129
Messala, Marcus Valerius Corvinus, general and patron (fl. 1st century B.C.), 221, 233-234,
252-253
Messalina, Valeria, wife of Claudius (?-48), 272-273, 302
Messana (Messina), 44, 464
Messene, 329, 413
Messiah, 226, 243, 538, 540-542, 548, 554, 558*, 559, 560, 564-57o, 577, 581, 582, 585, 588-589, 591, 593, 595, 603, 604, 605
metallurgy, 77, 322-323, 328, 469, 479
Metamorphose on Libri XI (Apuleius), see Golden Ass
Metamorphoses (Ovid), 256, 257, 258
metaphysics, 95, 147, 154, 164, 196, 300, 304, 591, 613
Metapontum, 35, 51
Metaurus (Metauro) River (battle of, 207 B.C.), 53
Metellus, Lucius Caecilius, politician (fl. 1st century B.C.), 183
Metellus Celer, Caius Caecilius, husband of Clodia (fl. 1st century B.C.), 135
Metellus Macedonicus, Quintus Caecilius, general (fl. 1st century B.C.), 134
Metellus Numidicus, Quintus Caecilius (fl. 109-99 B.C.), 119
Metellus Pius, Caecilius (?-63 B.C.), general, 137
Metellus Pius Scipio, Quintus Caecilius, general (? -46 B.C.), 186, 189, 194
meteorology, 308
Metrodora, Alexandrian woman physician (fl. 1st century), 505
Metrodorus, Greek Epicurean philosopher (? -277 B.C.), 133
Metronax, philosopher (fl. 1st century), 303
Metropolitan Museum of Art, 347, 351
Mexico, 469, 600*
Michael, Archangel, 593
Michelangelo (Buonarroti), Italian artist (1475-15 64), 4, 356, 443, 635
Middle Ages, 178, 243, 249*, 258, 307, 308, 310, 311, 312, 313, 503, 507, 592, 633, 644, 661, 672
mid wives, 312
migrations, Celtic, 118; into towns, 190
Milan (anc. Mediolanum), 236, 454, 629, 635, 640, 644, 653, 654
Milan, Edict of, 654, 657, 658
Miles Glorio sus (Plautus), 100
Milesian Tales, 297, 514, 636
Miletus, 168, 312, 329, 513-514, 546
military science, 327-328
millefiori, 347
Mill, John Stuart, English philosopher (1806-1873), 609
Millenarium Aureum, 340-341
millennium, see Kingdom of Heaven
Milo, Pyrrhus’ general, 38
Milo Papinianus, Titus Annius, politician (?-48 B.C.), 169, 173, 180, 184, 188, 189
Milton, John, English poet (1608-1674), 243, 671
mimes, 378, 389, 430
Minas de Rio Tinto, 469
Mincio (anc. Mincius), 235
Minerva, 61, 81, 83, 311, 358; Pallas Minerva, 61; see also Pallas Athene
Minerva, Temple of, 74
Minervina, first wife of Constantine I (fl. 4th century), 663
mining, Etruscan, 6;
Carthaginian (in Spain), 40, 47, 469;
Roman (in Spain), 54, 346, 469;