by Will Durant
Parliament, Houses of, 635
Parma, 11, 455
Parmenides of Elea, Greek* philosopher (fl. 6th century B.C.), 455
Paros, 322, 411
Parousia (Second Appearance), 591, 603-604
Parseeism, see Zoroastrianism
Parthenius, Roman freedman (fl. 1st century), 316
Parthenon, 328, 348, 359
Parthia, 131, 178-179, 181, 194, 197, 205-206, 217, 253, 275, 322, 329, 337, 350*, 366, 390, 412-413, 414, 428, 448, 508, 512, 513, 528-530, 531, 546, 622, 623, 641
Pasiphaë, 284, 352, 385
Pasiteles, Greek artist in Rome (fl. 60-30 B.C.), 349
Passover, Feast of the, 542, 559, 570-571, 579, 588*
pastoral poetry, 235, 236
Patavium, see Padua
paterfamilias, see father
pater patriae, 221
Patmos, 592
Patrae (Patras), 125, 325, 486, 546
patricians, see aristocracy
patriotism, 67, 72, 74, 85, 242, 251-252, 300, 650, 668
Patroclus, 381
patronage, 233-234, 316-317, 333, 335, 339, 374, 415, 423, 621, 661
patronus, 22
Paul, St. (Saul), apostle to the Gentiles (10?-64?), 271, 282, 325, 404, 470, 492, 513, 515, 554-556, 559, 568*, 570*, 571, 573, 575, 576, 578, 579-592, 604, 605, 646
Paul, Epistles of St., 553, 555, 579, 585, 587-591, 592, 605
Paul of Samosata, Syrian heretic (fl. 2nd century), 605
Paul the Hermit, Egyptian Christian monk (fl. 3rd and 4th centuries), 657
Paul-Louis, 642
Paul and Virginia (Saint-Pierre), 637
Paulina, Pompeia, wife of Seneca (1st century), 301, 306-307, 371
Paulinus, Caius Suetonius, governor and general (fl. 1st century), 271, 476
Paulus, Heinrich Eberhard Gottlob, German Protestant theologian (1761-1851), 553
Paulus, Julius, jurist (fl. 2nd and 3rd centuries), 392, 621, 634
Paulus, Lucius Aemilius, consul and general (?-216 B.C.), 50, 86, 92
Paulus Macedonicus, Lucius Aemilius, general (229-160 B.C.), 86, 92, 96, 101
Pauly, August, German classical philologist (1796-1845), 504*
Pausanias, Greek traveler and topographer (fl. 2nd century), 324
Pausanias, Greek sophist (fl. 2nd century), 506
Pavia (anc. Ticinum), 49
Pax, 287, 348
Pax Augusta, 232
Pax Romana, 194, 217, 218, 232, 325, 424, 473, 631, 670
Peace, Goddess of, see Pax
Peace, Temple of, 358
Pedanius Secundus, prefect (fl. 1st century), 366, 397
pederasty, 158, 282, 369, 398, 408
Pedius, Quintus, painter (fl. reign of Augustus), 352
Pedum (Gallicano), 252
Peel Sir Robert, English statesman (1788-1850), 324
Peisistratus, Athenian tyrant (605-527 B.C..) 418
Peleus, 157
“Peleus and Thetis” (Catullus), 157
Pelicitas, 342
Pella, 483, 530, 577
Peloponnesian War, 383
Peloponnesus, 322, 454, 486, 497
penalties, legal, 403-404
penance, 600, 652
Penates, 7, 58, 69
Penelope, 256
Pennsylvania Station (in New York), 360*
Pentateuch, 535, 547
Pentecost, 543, 579, 585
Pentelicus, 487
Pentheus, 178, 531
Pera, Brutus, aristocrat (?-264 B.C.), 382
Peraea, 535, 560
Peregrinus, Greek Cynic philosopher (?-165), 489
Perennis, Praetorian Prefect (?-185), 447
perfumes, in Carthage, 41;
under Rome, 132, 134, 144, 266, 286, 298, 328-329, 337, 342, 345, 376, 377, 438, 498
Perga (Murtana), 582
Pergamum (Bergama), 86, 94, 95, 114, 312, 334, 348, 418, 430, 504, 505, 515, 516, 518, 534, 592
Pergamum, library of, 635
Periclean Age, 258, 351, 370, 418, 522
Pericles, Athenian statesman (495?-429 B.C.), 214, 428, 442
Perinthus, 483
Peripatetic, see Aristotelian
Periplus of the Erythrean Sea, 326
peristylium, 343, 345
Perpenna (or Perperna) Vento, Marcus, general (?-72 B.C.), 137
Perpetua, Carthaginian Christian martyr (?-203), 649
Perpetual Edict, see Praetorian Perpetual Edict
Persephone, 525;
Temple of, 516
Perseus, last King of Macedon (reigned 178-168 B.C.), 86, 88, 96
Perseus (mythology), 256
Perseus and Andromeda, 349
Persia, 77, 92*, 212, 320, 323, 329, 500, 524, 526, 528-530, 540, 595, 605, 608, 623, 627, 628, 629, 638, 639, 641, 644, 650, 653
Persian Gulf, 413
Persiles y Sigismunda (Cervantes), 637
Persius Flaccus, Aulus, satirical poet (34-62), 437
Pertinax (Publius Helvius Pertinax), Roman emperor (?-193), 333, 620, 633, 665, 668
Peru, 409, 600*
Perusia (Perugia), 6, 205, 454
perversion, see abortion, birth control, bi-sexuality, homosexuality, incest, pederasty
Pervigilium Veneris, 637-638
Pessinus, 94, 513
Peter, St., also called Simon or Simon Peter, apostle (?-64?), 404, 555, 557, 563, 569, 575-579, 581-582, 583, 587, 590, 591-592, 604, 617, 618, 646
Peter, The First Epistle General of, 575, 577-578
Petra* 508, 602
Petrarch (Francesco Petrarca), Italian poet (1304-1374), 307
Petronia, lex, 397
Petronius Arbiter, Gaius, author (?-66), 60, 247*, 276, 282, 295, 296-299, 312, 317, 319, 333, 336, 347, 363, 368, 401, 435, 466, 636, 637
Phaedo (Plato), 190
Phaedra, 256
Phaëthon, 256
Phainomena (Aratus), 584*
phallic worship, 60, 66, 458
Phanuel, 542
Phaon, freedman (fl. 1st century), 283
Pharaohs, 5, 226, 266, 507
Pharisees, 530, 532, 536-539, 545, 547, 562, 566, 567-570, 576, 579-580, 586
Pharnaces, King of Pontus (?-47 B.C.), 188, 519
Pharos, 188, 207
Pharsalia (Lucan), 296
Pharsalus (Pharsala), battle in 48 B.C., 185-186, 189, 208
Pheidias, Greek sculptor (ca. 490-432 B.C.), 96, 338, 354, 412, 442, 459, 486, 522
Philadelphia, 508, 535
Phile, municipal officer of Priene (fl. 1st century B.C.), 514
Philemon, Greek comic dramatist (361-263 B.C.), 99
Philemon, The Epistle of Paul to, 587*
Philemon (mythology), 256
Philip II, King of Macedon (382-336 B.C..), 483
Philip V, King of Macedon (220-179 B.C.), 51, 85, 86
Philip, Asiarch (fl. 155), 648
Philip, King of the Jews (fl. 1st century), 535
Philip the Arab (Marcus Julius Philippus “Arabs”), Roman emperor (reigned 244-249), 628
Philippi, battle in 42 B.C., 203, 221, 358, 546, 583, 585
Philippians, The Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the, 587*, 591
“Philippics,” Cicero’s, 201, 202
Philippopolis, 483
Philo Judaeus, Jewish Hellenistic philosopher (ca. 20 B.C..-ca. 54 A.D.), 424, 500, 546, 589, 594-595, 604, 611, 614, 658
Philodemus of Gadara, Epicurean philosopher and poet (fl. 1st century .B.C.), 510
Philosophus Platonicus, 467
philosophy, 93, 95-97, 102, 104, 108, 113, 133, 135, 136, 141, 144, 146-154, 163-166, 168, 190, 196, 200, 203, 205, 231, 233, 244, 250, 251, 259, 267, 269, 274, 286, 292, 295-296, 297-298, 209-307, 308, 310, 314, 324, 356, 367-368, 370, 373, 376, 388-389, 392, 393, 406, 415, 417, 421, 424, 425-428, 431, 432, 435, 438, 441, 443, 449, 465, 467, 485-497, 500-502, 505-506, 509, 512, 513, 514, 515, 521-522, 584, 594-595, 604, 607-615, 620, 621, 629, 630, 633, 635-636, 661, 671;
L
ucretius’, 146-154;
Cicero’s, 163-166;
Horace’s, 248-250;
Ovid’s, 256;
Pliny’s, 310-311;
Marcus Aurelius’, 425, 431, 443-446;
Plutarch’s, 485-486;
Epictetus’, 490-494;
Sextus Empiricus’, 494-495;
Lucian’s, 495-497;
Plotinus’, 607-611
Philostratus, Flavius, Greek rhetorician and biographer (fl. first half of 3rd century), 488, 504, 513, 515, 526, 621
Phoceans, 7
Phoebe, servant of Julia (1st century B.C.), 231
Phoebus, see Apollo
Phoenicia, 39, 41, 48, 105, 204, 240, 465, 468, 488, 500, 505, 510-511, 546, 621
Phormio (Terence), 101
Phrygia, 94, 133, 147, 366, 472, 490, 513, 523, 528, 583, 595, 605, 649
Phyllis, 247
Physeos, Peri, 148
physical characteristics, of Etruscans, 6;
of Romans, 69-70, 349-351, 372, 415
Physicians, see medicine
physics, 504
Picenum, 182
Pictones, 471*
Pierson, Dutch biblical scholar, 554
piety (pietas), 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 64, 67, 148, 149, 162, 238-242, 250, 251, 265, 357, 366, 371, 390, 423, 425, 444, 447, 467, 484, 492-494, 497, 526, 530, 537, 599, 625, 663
Pilate, Pontius, Procurator of Judea (fl. first half of 1st century), 281, 571-573
Pillars of Hercules, 40
pinacotheca, 343
Pincian hill, 132, 340
piracy, 43, 47, 78, 112, 139-140, 167-168, 170, 211, 219, 275, 325, 632
Piraeus, 630
Pisa (anc. Pisae), 78, 454
Pisa, in the Peloponnesus, 454
Pisidia, 513, 582
Piso family, 249
Piso, Caius Calpurnius, conspirator (?-65), 266, 282, 296, 306, 316, 371
Piso, Cnaeus Calpurnius, governor (?-20 A.D.), 262
Piso, Lucius Calpurnius, politician and governor (fl. 1st century B.C.), 161, 172, 174
Pistoia (anc. Pistoria), 144
Placentia (Piacenza), 47, 78, 454, 455
Place Vendee, 412
plague, 428-429, 432, 448, 638, 649, 666, 667
Plancus, Lucius Munatius, governor (fl. 1st century B.C.), 233
Plantianus, Praetorian Prefect (fl. 3rd century), 666
plastic surgery, 313
Plataea, 482, 483
Plato, Greek philosopher (427-347 B.C.), 72, 96, 136, 164, 165, 180, 196, 208, 243, 304, 389, 421, 427, 485, 489, 494, 497, 501-502, 541, 607, 608, 610, 611, 634, 658
Platonic (Academic) philosophy, 95, 432, 489, 540, 588, 608, 611, 614, 635, 658
Platonopolis, 608
Plautus, Titus Maccius, comic dramatist (ca. 254-184 B.C.), 7, 65, 70, 90, 93, 98, 99-101, 102, 234, 455
Plebeian Games, 381
plebeians, 21-31, 35, 37, 44, 80, 90, 93, 95, 98, 99, 102, 111-208, 216, 243, 252, 282, 286, 297, 332-333, 335, 339-340, 341-342, 351, 384, 438, 446
Pliny the Elder (Caius Plinius Secundus), naturalist and encyclopedist (23-79), 3, 10, 60, 269, 295, 308-311, 312, 313, 319, 320, 325, 327, 328, 337, 347, 373, 439, 453, 456, 457, 473, 507, 516
Pliny the Younger (Caius Plinius Caecilius Secundus), author and orator (61-114?), 252, 289, 295, 309, 311, 314, 315, 318, 320, 344, 368, 371, 387, 402, 409, 411, 433, 435, 437, 438, 439-441, 442, 454, 463, 520, 521, 554, 599, 648
Plotina, Pompeia, wife of Trajan (fl. 1st and 2nd centuries), 409, 414, 442
Plotinus, Egyptian Neoplatonist (203-270?), 497, 501, 514, 608-611, 614-615, 635, 658
plumbing, 343
Plutarch, Greek biographer (46?-120?), 41, 72, 85, 113, 119-120, 124, 126, 127, 137, 140, 185, 196, 197*, 304, 324, 367, 403, 424, 463, 483-486, 487, 497, 546
Pluto, 63, 84
Pneumatica (Hero), 504
Po (anc. Padus), 4, 36, 37, 49, 120, 158, 235, 250, 320, 454, 455
“Poem of Consolation to Flavius Ursus” (Statius), 335
Poetelia, lex, 400
poetry, 74-75, 82, 97-102, 135, 146-158, 159, 233-250, 252-258, 277-279, 289, 291, 295-296, 315-318, 354, 369, 370, 376, 379, 386, 388-389, 415, 422, 437-439, 440, 456, 486-487, 509-510, 621, 637-638;
Horace on, 249; see also comedy, drama, epic poetry, lyric poetry, pastoral poetry, satire, tragedy
Poggio Bracciolini, Gian Francesco, Italian scholar (1380-1459), 154
pogroms, 544, 546, 548
Poitiers (anc. Limonum), 471*
Pola, 455
Poland, 406
Polemo (Polemon), Antonius, Greek sophist and rhetorician (fl. 2nd century), 515-516
police, 216, 220, 429, 668-669
Politta, suicide in Nero’s reign (1st century), 371
Pollentia (Pollensa, Spain), 470
Pollentia (Pollenza, Italy), 322
pollice verso, 386-387
Pollio, Asinius, orator, poet, and historian (76 B.C.-A.D. 4), 159, 161, 236
Pollio, Vedius, friend of Augustus (?-15 B.C.) 376
Pollux, 35, 62
Polybius, Greek historian (204?-122? B.C.), 3, 25, 34, 36, 41, 44, 46, 51, 71, 86, 90, 93, 96, 97, 160, 251, 514, 520, 521
Polycarp, Saint, Bishop of Smyrna and martyr (69?-155), 588, 617, 648
Polycleitus, Greek sculptor (fl. 452-412 B.C.), 96, 350, 355
polygamy, in Parthia, 529;
in Judea, 534
Polygnotus, Greek painter (fl. 465 B.C.), 351 Pomona, 59
Pompeia, third wife of Caesar (1st century B.C.), 168, 172
Pompeii, 10, 35, 162, 289, 321-322, 338, 347, 352-354, 367, 370, 455, 456, 457-460, 546, 601, 634
Pompey, Sextus (Sextus Pompeius Magnus), commander (?-35 B.C.), 189, 194, 205, 219, 237
Pompey the Great (Cnaeus Pompeius Magnus), general and triumvir (106-48 B.C.), 125, 128, 129, 130, 132, 133, 134, 136, 137-140, 163, 168, 170-186, 188-190, 194-195, 197, 199, 205, 211, 212, 214, 278, 293, 296, 340, 346, 347, 349, 350, 360, 365, 373, 391, 419, 448, 482, 508, 514, 517, 519, 524, 528, 530-531, 632
Pomponii, Roman clan, 255
Pontia (Ponza), 264
pontifex maximus, 63, 388, 619, 672;
Caesar as, 147, 170, 172, 191, 193;
Augustus as, 225-227;
Hadrian as, 415;
Constantine as, 656
pontiffs, 63, 66
Pontine marshes, 193, 311*, 410, 666
Pontus, 122, 124, 132, 140, 170, 188, 216, 320, 516-519, 520, 528, 578, 603, 629
Pope, the, 11, 613, 617-619, 672
Pope, Alexander, English poet (1688-1744), 249*, 671
Popilia, Via, 78
Popilius, see Laenas, Caius Popilius
Poppaea, see Sabina, Poppaea
population, of Rome, in 560 B.C., 15;
of Carthage, 40;
of Italy south of Rubicon, 81;
of Rome, in 2nd and 1st centuries B.C., 81, 90, 126, 159, 193;
under the Principate, 221-222, 363-366, 436;
under the monarchy, 665-666;
of Italy, 461;
of Sicily, 464;
of Germany, 218;
of Egypt, 499-500;
of Syria, 510, 512;
in Asia Minor, 513, 515, 520;
of Palestine, 535
Populonia, 6
populus Romanus, 21
Porch, the, 75
Porphyry, Syrian Neoplatonist philosopher (233-304?), 608, 635, 636*
Porsena, Lars, chief magistrate of Clusium (fl. 6th century B.C.), 17, 35
Porta Capena, 340
Porta Nigra, 474
portents, see omens
Portia, wife of Brutus (1st century B.C.), 196, 197
Portia (in The Merchant of Venice), 303
Portico of Octavia, 290
Portland, third Duke of, Wm. Henry Caven-dish-Bentinck (1738-1809), 347*
Portland, sixth Duke of, Wm. John Caven-dish-Bentinck (1857-1943), 347*
Portland Vase, 347
ports,
see harbors
Portugal, see Lusitania
Portuguese (language), 73
Portus Romanus, 270, 325, 453
Poseidon, 63, 500
Poseidonia, see Paestum
Poseidonius, Greek Stoic philosopher (135?-51? B.C.), 141, 164, 308, 471, 472, 490, 503, 514, 521
post, 271, 323-324
Postumian Way, 78
Postumius, Aulus, dictator (406 B.C.), 35
Postumus, pretender in Gaul (reigned 258-267), 629, 638
Postumus (in Horace), 250
Postumus (in Juvenal), 438
Pothinus, vizier of Ptolemy XII (fl. 1st century B.C.), 186, 187
Pothinus, Bishop of Lyons (87-177), 649
Poussin, Nicolas, French painter (1594-1665), 353
praefectus urbi, 216
Praeneste (Palestrina), 11, 121, 125, 454
Praetorian Guard, 29*, 216, 263-264, 268, 269, 272-273, 275, 283-285, 286, 293, 340, 384, 407-408, 427, 620-621, 625, 628, 634, 639, 653, 669
Praetorian Perpetual Edict, 392, 416
praetors, 24, 28, 29, 32, 125, 191;
piaetorian law, 57
prandium, 70
Praxiteles, Greek sculptor (385-ca. 320 B.C.), 96, 338, 355, 459
prayer, 64, 67, 75, 311, 444, 495-496, 523, 525, 537, 547, 568, 598, 599, 650, 651, 667
predestination, 592
prefects, 216-217
Priam, 12
Priapeia, 369
Priapus, 60, 254, 354, 625
prices, 184, 331, 632, 642-643
Priene, 514
priests, 63-64, 94, 226, 268, 291-292, 348, 349, 388, 390, 425, 498-499, 522-526, 527, 531, 532, 533, 535-539, 545, 547, 567, 568, 570-571, 576, 581, 586, 588*, 596, 598, 600-601, 606, 615, 651, 656, 657, 660*, 669, 670
Prima Porta, 350, 354
princeps senatus, 214, 216, 260
Principate, the, 34, 209-621
printing, 346-347
Priscilla, Montanist heretic (2nd century), 605
Priscus, Helvidius, Stoic philosopher (fl. 1st century), 279, 282, 286, 371, 426, 441
Priscus, Marius, governor in Africa (fl. 1st and 2nd centuries), 441
Probus (Marcus Aurelius Probus), Roman emperor (reigned 276-282), 638-639, 665
proconsuls, see governors
procurators, 216-217, 271, 281
Prodicus, Greek philosopher (fl. 5th century B.C.), 486
proletariat, 77, 90, 111, 113, 116-118, 119, 130, 142-145, 180, 189-192, 287, 333, 465, 596, 622, 633, 666
Prometheus Unbound (Shelley), 635
promiscuity, in Carthage, 41;
under Rome, 54, 65, 94, 147, (Caesar’s) 168, (Julia’s) 230-231, 232, 254, 288, 290, 369, 590, 599
Propertius, Sextus, poet (49-15 B.C.), 155, 234, 235, 252, 253, 455
property, 57, 58, 68, 76-77, 113, 118, 125, 126, 130, 160, 172, 189, 205, 211, 212, 220-221, 257, 269, 370, 396, 397, 398, 399-400, 407, 479, 487, 650, 651, 654-655, 657, 658, 670