Super Human

by Dave Asprey

  12.Lilach Gavish et al., “Low Level Laser Irradiation Stimulates Mitochondrial Membrane Potential and Disperses Subnuclear Promyelocytic Leukemia Protein,” Lasers in Surgery and Medicine 35, no. 5 (December 2004): 369–76, https://doi.org/10.1002/lsm.20108.

  13.Pinar Avci et al., “Low-Level Laser (Light) Therapy (LLLT) in Skin: Stimulating, Healing, Restoring,” Seminars in Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery 32, no.1 (2013): 41–52, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24049929.

  14.Shang-Ru Tsai et al., “Low-Level Light Therapy Potentiates NPe6-Mediated Photodynamic Therapy in a Human Osteosarcoma Cell Line via Increased ATP,” Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy 12, no. 1 (March 2015): 123–30, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pdpdt.2014.10.009.

  15.Ulrike H. Mitchell and Gary L. Mack, “Low-Level Laser Treatment with Near-Infrared Light Increases Venous Nitric Oxide Levels Acutely: A Single-Blind, Randomized Clinical Trial of Efficacy,” American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 92, no. 2 (February 2013): 151–56, https://doi.org/10.1097/PHM.0b013e318269d70a.

  16.Ferraresi, Hamblin, and Parizotto, “Low-Level Laser (Light) Therapy.”

  17.Fernando José de Lima, Fabiano Timbó Barbosa, and Célio Fernando de Sousa-Rodrigues, “Use Alone or in Combination of Red and Infrared Laser in Skin Wounds,” Journal of Lasers in Medical Sciences 5, no. 2 (2014): 51–57, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4291816/.

  18.Ivayla I. Geneva, “Photobiomodulation for the Treatment of Retinal Diseases: A Review,” International Journal of Ophthalmology 9, no.1 (January 2016): 145–52, https://doi.org/10.18240/ijo.2016.01.24.

  19.Stephen J. Genuis et al., “Blood, Urine, and Sweat (BUS) Study: Monitoring and Elimination of Bioaccumulated Toxic Elements,” Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 61, no. 2 (August 2011): 344–57, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-010-9611-5.

  20.Hisashi Naito et al., “Heat Stress Attenuates Skeletal Muscle Atrophy in Hindlimb-Unweighted Rats,” Journal of Applied Physiology 88, no. 1 (January 2000): 359–63, https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.2000.88.1.359.

  21.Robert A. Weiss et al., “Clinical Experience with Light-Emitting Diode (LED) Photomodulation,” Dermatologic Surgery 31, no. 9, pt. 2 (September 2005): 1199–205, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16176771.

  22.Robert A. Weiss et al., “Clinical Trial of a Novel Non-Thermal LED Array for Reversal of Photoaging: Clinical, Histologic, and Surface Profilometric Results,” Lasers in Surgery and Medicine 36, no. 2 (February 2005): 85–91, https://doi.org/10.1002/lsm.20107.

  23.Tina S. Alster and Rungsima Wanitphakdeedecha, “Improvement of Postfractional Laser Erythema with Light-Emitting Diode Photomodulation,” Dermatologic Surgery 35, no. 5 (May 2009): 813–15, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1524-4725.2009.01137.x.

  24.M. Maitland DeLand et al., “Treatment of Radiation-Induced Dermatitis with Light-Emitting Diode (LED) Photomodulation,” Lasers in Surgery and Medicine 39, no. 2 (February 2007): 164–68, https://doi.org/10.1002/lsm.20455.

  25.Disclosure: I founded TrueLight, so I may be biased, and the studies referenced above used different equipment, so they do not apply to TrueLight.

  26.Sirous Momenzadeh et al., “The Intravenous Laser Blood Irradiation in Chronic Pain and Fibromyalgia,” Journal of Lasers in Medical Sciences 6, no. 1 (2015): 6–9, https://doi.org/10.22037/2010.v6i1.7800.

  27.Vladimir A. Mikhaylov, “The Use of Intravenous Laser Blood Irradiation (ILBI) at 630–640 nm to Prevent Vascular Diseases and to Increase Life Expectancy,” Laser Therapy 24, no. 1 (March 31, 2015): 15–26, https://doi.org/10.5978/islsm.15-OR-02.

  CHAPTER 6: TURN YOUR BRAIN BACK ON

  1.Sue McGreevey, “Brain Checkpoint,” Harvard Medical School News and Research, October 25, 2018, https://hms.harvard.edu/news/brain-checkpoint.

  2.Brian Giunta et al., “Inflammaging as a Prodrome to Alzheimer’s Disease,” Journal of Neuroinflammation 5 (2008): 51, https://doi.org/10.1186/1742-2094-5-51.

  3.Paul A. Lapchak, “Transcranial Near-Infrared Laser Therapy Applied to Promote Clinical Recovery in Acute and Chronic Neurodegenerative Diseases,” Expert Review of Medical Devices 9, no. 1 (January 2012): 71–83, https://doi.org/10.1586/erd.11.64.

  4.Margaret T. T. Wong-Riley et al., “Photobiomodulation Directly Benefits Primary Neurons Functionally Inactivated by Toxins,” Journal of Biological Chemistry 280, no. 6 (February 11, 2005): 4761–71, https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M409650200.

  5.Javad T. Hashmi et al., “Role of Low-Level Laser Therapy in Neurorehabilitation,” PM&R 2, no. 12, Supplement 2 (December 2010): S292–S305, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmrj.2010.10.013.

  6.Michael R. Hamblin, “Shining Light on the Head: Photobiomodulation for Brain Disorders,” BBA Clinical 6 (October 1, 2016): 113–24, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbacli.2016.09.002.

  7.Anne Trafton, “Unique Visual Stimulation May Be New Treatment for Alzheimer’s,” MIT News, December 7, 2016, http://news.mit.edu/2016/visual-stimulation-treatment-alzheimer-1207.

  8.Anita E. Saltmarche et al., “Significant Improvement in Cognition in Mild to Moderately Severe Dementia Cases Treated with Transcranial Plus Intranasal Photobiomodulation: Case Series Report,” Journal of Photomedicine and Laser Surgery 35, no. 8 (August 2017): 432–41, https://doi.org/10.1089/pho.2016.4227.

  9.Roger J. Mullins et al., “Insulin Resistance as a Link Between Amyloid-Beta and Tau Pathologies in Alzheimer’s Disease,” Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience 9 (May 3, 2017): 118, https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2017.00118.

  10.Patrick Poucheret et al., “Vanadium and Diabetes,” Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry 188, no. 1–2 (November 1998): 73–80, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006820522587.

  11.Henry C. Lukaski, “Lessons from Micronutrient Studies in Patients with Glucose Intolerance and Diabetes Mellitus: Chromium and Vanadium,” U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, November 8, 2000, https://ods.od.nih.gov/pubs/conferences/lukaski_abstract.html.

  12.Kimberly P. Kinzig, Mary Ann Honors, and Sara L. Hargrave, “Insulin Sensitivity and Glucose Tolerance Are Altered by Maintenance on a Ketogenic Diet,” Endocrinology 151, no. 7 (July 2010): 3105–14, https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2010-0175.

  13.John C. Newman and Eric Verdin, “Ketone Bodies as Signaling Metabolites,” Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism 25, no. 1 (January 2014): 42–52, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tem.2013.09.002.

  14.Suzanne Craft et al., “Intranasal Insulin Therapy for Alzheimer Disease and Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Pilot Clinical Trial,” Archives of Neurology 69, no. 1 (January 2012): 29–38, https://doi.org/10.1001/archneurol.2011.233.

  15.Jill K. Morris and Jeffrey M. Burns, “Insulin: An Emerging Treatment for Alzheimer’s Disease Dementia?,” Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports 12, no. 5 (October 2012): 520–27, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11910-012-0297-0.

  16.Uta Keil et al., “Piracetam Improves Mitochondrial Dysfunction Following Oxidative Stress,” British Journal of Pharmacology 147, no. 2 (January 2006): 199–208, https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjp.0706459.

  17.Shelley J. Allen, Judy J. Watson, and David Dawbarn, “The Neurotrophins and Their Role in Alzheimer’s Disease,” Current Neuropharmacology 9, no. 4 (December 2011): 559–73, https://doi.org/10.2174/157015911798376190.

  18.Isao Ito et al., “Allosteric Potentiation of Quisqualate Receptors by a Nootropic Drug Aniracetam,” Journal of Physiology 424 (May 1990): 533–43, https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1990.sp018081.

  19.Richard J. Knapp et al., “Antidepressant Activity of Memory-Enhancing Drugs in the Reduction of Submissive Behavior Model,” European Journal of Pharmacology 440, no. 1 (April 5, 2002): 27–35, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0014-2999(02)01338-9.

  20.Alu Savchenko, N. S. Zakharova, and I. N. Stepanov, “[The Phenotropil Treatment of the Consquences of Brain Organic Lesions],” [Article in Russian] Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 105, no. 12 (2005): 22–26, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16447562.

  21.“Modfinil,” Drugs and Me, http://www.ox.ac.uk/news/2015–08–
20-review-%E2%80%98smart-drug%E2%80%99-shows-modafinil-does-enhance-cognition.

  22.Paul Newhouse et al., “Intravenous Nicotine in Alzheimer’s Disease: A Pilot Study,” Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 95, no. 2 (1988): 171–75, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00174504.

  23.Paul Newhouse et al., “Nicotine Treatment of Mild Cognitive Impairment: A 6-Month Double-Blind Pilot Clinical Trial,” Neurology 78, no. 2 (January 10, 2012): 91–101, https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0b013e31823efcbb.

  24.W. Linert et al., “In Vitro and In Vivo Studies Investigating Possible Antioxidant Actions of Nicotine: Relevance to Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s Diseases,” Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1454, no. 2 (July 7, 1999): 143–52, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0925-4439(99)00029-0.

  25.Toshiharu Nagatsu and Makoto Sawada, “Molecular Mechanism of the Relation of Monoamine Oxidase B and Its Inhibitors to Parkinson’s Disease: Possible Implications of Glial Cells,” Journal of Neural Transmission. Supplementum 71 (2006): 53–65, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17447416; Cristina Missale et al., “Dopamine Receptors: From Structure to Function,” Physiological Reviews 78, no. 1 (January 1998): 189–225, https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.1998.78.1.189.

  26.Claudia Binda et al., “Crystal Structures of Monoamine Oxidase B in Complex with Four Inhibitors of the N-Propargylaminoindan Class,” Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 47, no. 7 (2004): 1767–74, https://doi.org/10.1021/jm031087c.

  27.M. Jyothi Kumar and Julie K. Andersen, “Perspectives on MAO-B in Aging and Neurological Disease: Where Do We Go from Here?,” Molecular Neurobiology 30, no. 1 (August 2004): 77–89, https://doi.org/10.1385/MN:30:1:077; Josep Saura et al., “Biphasic and Region-Specific MAO-B Response to Aging in Normal Human Brain,” Neurobiology of Aging 18, no. 5 (September–October 1997): 497–507, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9390776.

  28.E. H. Heinonen and R. Lammintausta, “A Review of the Pharmacology of Selegiline,” Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. Supplementum 136 (1991): 44–59, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0404.1991.tb05020.x.

  29.Leslie Citrome, Joseph F. Goldberg, and Kimberly Blanchard Portland, “Placing Transdermal Selegiline for Major Depressive Disorder into Clinical Context: Number Needed to Treat, Number Needed to Harm, and Likelihood to Be Helped or Harmed,” Journal of Affective Disorders 151, no. 2 (November 2013): 409–17, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2013.06.027.

  30.Carolina M. Maier and Pak H. Chan, “Role of Superoxide Dismutases in Oxidative Damage and Neurodegenerative Disorders,” Neuroscientist 8, no. 4 (August 2002): 323–34, https://doi.org/10.1177/107385840200800408.

  31.Norton W. Milgram et al., “Maintenance on L-Deprenyl Prolongs Life in Aged Male Rats,” Life Sciences 47, no. 5 (1990): 415–20, https://doi.org/10.1016/0024-3205(90)90299-7; Kenichi Kitani et al., “(-)Deprenyl Increases the Life Span as Well as Activities of Superoxide Dismutase and Catalase but Not of Glutathione Peroxidase in Selective Brain Regions in Fischer Rats,” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 717 (June 30, 1994): 60–71, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1994.tb12073.x.

  32.Joseph Knoll, “The Striatal Dopamine Dependency of Life Span in Male Rats. Longevity Study with (-)Deprenyl,” Mechanisms of Ageing and Development 46, no. 1–3 (December 1988): 237–62, https://doi.org/10.1016/0047-6374(88)90128-5.

  33.Joseph Knoll, “The Striatal Dopamine Dependency.”

  34.Giovanni Ghirlanda et al., “Evidence of Plasma CoQ10-Lowering Effect by HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study,” Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 33, no. 3 (1993): 226–29, https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1552-4604.1993.tb03948.x.

  35.Sausan Jaber and Brian M. Polster, “Idebenone and Neuroprotection: Antioxidant, Pro-Oxidant, or Electron Carrier?,” Journal of Bioenergetics and Biomembranes 47, no. 1–2 (2014): 111–8, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10863-014-9571-y.

  36.X. J. Liu and W. T. Wu, “Effects of Ligustrazine, Tanshinone II A, Ubiquinone, and Idebenone on Mouse Water Maze Performance,” Zhongguo Yao Li Xue Bao 20, no. 11 (November 1999): 987–90, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11270979.

  37.K. Murase et al., “Stimulation of Nerve Growth Factor Synthesis/Secretion in Mouse Astroglial Cells by Coenzymes,” Biochemistry and Molecular Biology International 30, no. 4 (July 1993): 615–21, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8401318.

  38.Natsumi Noji et al., “Simple and Sensitive Method for Pyrroloquinoline Quinone (PQQ) Analysis in Various Foods Using Liquid Chromatography/Electrospray-Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry,” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 55, no. 18 (September 5, 2007): 7258–63, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf070483r.

  39.K. A. Bauerly et al., “Pyrroloquinoline Quinone Nutritional Status Alters Lysine Metabolism and Modulates Mitochondrial DNA Content in the Mouse and Rat,” Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1760, no. 11 (November 2006): 1741–48, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbagen.2006.07.009.

  40.Calliandra B. Harris et al., “Dietary Pyrroloquinoline Quinone (PQQ) Alters Indicators of Inflammation and Mitochondrial-Related Metabolism in Human Subjects,” The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry 24, no. 12 (December 2013): 2076–84, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnutbio.2013.07.008.

  41.K. Bauerly et al., “Altering Pyrroloquinoline Quinone Nutritional Status Modulates Mitochondrial, Lipid, and Energy Metabolism in Rats,” PLoS One 6, no. 7 (2011): e21779, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0021779.

  42.Kana Nunome et al., “Pyrroloquinoline Quinone Prevents Oxidative Stress-Induced Neuronal Death Probably Through Changes in Oxidative Status of DJ-1,” Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 31, no. 7 (July 2008): 1321–26, https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.31.1321.

  43.Francene M. Steinberg, M. Eric Gershwin, and Robert B. Rucker, “Dietary Pyrroloquinoline Quinone: Growth and Immune Response in BALB/c Mice,” The Journal of Nutrition 124, no. 5 (May 1994): 744–53, https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/124.5.744.

  44.Kei Ohwada et al., “Pyrroloquinoline Quinone (PQQ) Prevents Cognitive Deficit Caused by Oxidative Stress in Rats,” Journal of Clinical Biochemistry and Nutrition 42, no. 1 (January 2008): 29–34, https://doi.org/10.3164/jcbn.2008005.

  45.Bo-qing Zhu et al., “Pyrroloquinoline Quinone (PQQ) Decreases Myocardial Infarct Size and Improves Cardiac Function in Rat Models of Ischemia and Ischemia/Reperfusion,” Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy 18, no. 6 (November 2004): 421–31, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10557-004-6219-x.

  46.Pere Puigserver, “Tissue-Specific Regulation of Metabolic Pathways Through the Transcriptional Coactivator PGC1-alpha,” International Journal of Obesity 29, Supplement 1 (March 2005): S5–S9, https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0802905.

  47.Chanoch Miodownik et al., “Serum Levels of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor and Cortisol to Sufate of Dehydroepiandrosterone Molar Ratio Associated with Clinical Response to L-Theanine as Augumentation of Antipsychotic Therapy in Schizophrenia and Schizoaffective Disorder Patients,” Clinical Neuropharmacology 34, no. 4 (July–August 2011): 155–60, https://doi.org/10.1097/WNF.0b013e318220d8c6.

  48.Kenta Kimura et al., “L-Theanine Reduces Psychological and Physiological Stress Responses,” Biological Psychology 74, no. 1 (January 2007): 39–45, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2006.06.006.

  49.Anna Christina Nobre, Anling Rao, and Gail N. Owen, “L-Theanine, a Natural Constituent in Tea, and Its Effect on Mental State,” Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition 17, Supplement 1 (2008): 167–68, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18296328.

  50.Crystal F. Haskell et al., “The Effects of L-Theanine, Caffeine and Their Combination on Cognition and Mood,” Biological Psychology 77, no. 2 (February 2008): 113–22, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2007.09.008.

  51.Puei-Lene Lai et al., “Neurotrophic Properties of the Lion’s Mane Medicinal Mushroom, Hericium erinaceus (Higher Basidiomycetes) from Malaysia,” International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms 15, no. 6 (2013): 539–54, https://doi.org/10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v15.i6.30.

  52.Leigh Hopper, “Curcumin Improves Memory and Mood, New UCLA Study Says,” UCLA Newsroom, January 22, 2018, http://newsr
oom.ucla.edu/releases/curcumin-improves-memory-and-mood-new-ucla-study-says.

  53.Annu Khajuria, N. Thusu, and U. Zutshi, “Piperine Modulates Permeability Characteristics of Intestine by Inducing Alterations in Membrane Dynamics: Influence on Brush Border Membrane Fluidity, Ultrastructure and Enzyme Kinetics,” Pytomedicine 9, no. 3 (April 2002): 224–31, https://doi.org/10.1078/0944-7113-00114.

  54.Guy-Armel Bounda and Yu Feng, “Review of Clinical Studies of Polygonum multiflorum Thunb. and Its Isolated Bioactive Compounds,” Pharmacognosy Research 7, no. 3 (July–September 2015): 225–36, https://doi.org/10.4103/0974-8490.157957.

  55.Hye Jin Park, Nannan Zhang, and Dong Ki Park, “Topical Application of Polygonum multiflorum Extract Induces Hair Growth of Resting Hair Follicles Through Upregulating Shh and β-Catenin Expression in C57BL/6 Mice,” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 135, no. 2 (May 17, 2011): 369–75, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2011.03.028; Ya Nan Sun et al., “Promotion Effect of Constituents from the Root of Polygonum multiflorum on Hair Growth,” Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters 23, no. 17 (September 1, 2013): 4801–05, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.06.098.

  CHAPTER 7: METAL BASHING

  1.Tchounwou et al., “Heavy Metal.”

  2.Monisha Jaishankar et al., “Toxicity, Mechanism and Health Effects of Some Heavy Metals,” Interdisciplinary Toxicology 7, no. 2 (June 2014): 60–72, https://doi.org/10.2478/intox-2014-0009.

  3.“Lead Poisoning and Health,” World Health Organization (WHO), August 23, 2018, http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/lead-poisoning-and-health.

  4.Bruce P. Lanphear et al., “Low-Level Lead Exposure and Mortality in US Adults: A Population-Based Cohort Study,” The Lancet: Public Health 3, no. 4 (April 1, 2018): PE177–E184, https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(18)30025-2.

  5.Petra Cvjetko, Ivan Cvjetko, and Mirjana Pavlica, “Thallium Toxicity in Humans,” Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 61, no. 1 (March 2010): 111–19, https://doi.org/10.2478/10004-1254-61-2010-1976.