defector and deserters xxiii, 106, 139–47
disaffection 225
humanity of individual soldiers 120, 142–3, 146
Kachin oppression 84, 85, 86, 87, 89–94, 95–7
Karen oppression 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 55–8, 71, 73, 77, 78–9, 80–1, 140, 144, 193, 196, 219–20
Karenni oppression 58–61
Kokang offensive 101, 102
Mon oppression 67
Natmauk occupation 158
pay and conditions 139–40, 143
provision in ‘104 principles’ 205
Rohingya oppression 131, 132
Russian assistance 146
Shan oppression xxxi, 62, 64–5, 68
Saffron Revolution attacks on monks 174–5, 177–8, 179–82
soldiers’ desire for democracy 144–6
Tamwe Township atrocity 183
see also child soldiers; Na Ka Sa
Burma Campaign UK 43, 73
Burma Independence Army (BIA) 4
Burma Lawyers’ Council 32
Burma Lifeline 11
Burma Media Association 158
Burma Partnership 48
Burma Relief Centre 11
Burma Socialist Programme Party (BSPP) 15, 24, 30, 32
Burma VJ 185–6
Burmanisation 114–15, 124
Burmans xviii, xix, xx, xxix, 10, 134, 197
relationship with non-Burmans xxx, 4, 48, 52, 62–3, 127, 144, 226
repopulation of northern Arakan 130–1
Burmese Women’s Union 48
Bush, George W. 68–9, 194
Bush, Laura xx, 194
Cameron, David 69, 194
Carlin, John 135–6
Carson, Laura 107, 108
censorship board 186–7
Chamberlain, Neville 195
Charm Tong 68–70, 194
Cheery Zahau 113, 114, 125
child soldiers xvii, xviii, xxix, 122, 140–2, 144
Chin people xix, xxviii, 17, 78, 104–26, 134, 214, 220
anger towards following Burma Army rumours 23–4
‘cultural’ genocide 114–15
educational disadvantage 104–5, 122
fighting alongside Allies 4
forced labour 112–13
health care crisis 118–19
history 105–6
human rights activists 119–23
in Malaysia 123–5
Mautam (bamboo plague) famine xxii, 115–18
‘OB’ alcohol 113
and the Panglong Agreement 3
rape 113
religious persecution 104, 108–12, 124
Chin Famine Emergency Relief Committee 116
Chin Human Rights Organization (CHRO) 110, 115, 117–18, 122, 123
Chin National Front (CNF) 123, 125
ceasefire deals xx, 126
Chin National League for Democracy (CNLD) 41
Chin National Party (CNP) 213
Chin National Union 24
Chin State 104–5, 108–23, 163, 213
China 4, 86, 98, 99, 101, 102, 103, 191, 216, 222
China–Burma border xviii, xix, xxi, 73, 85, 88, 101
Chit Myaing 87
Cho Cho Kyaw Nyein 213
Christian Solidarity Worldwide (CSW) 116
Christianity 105, 107, 108, 113
Christians xviii, 4, 6, 8, 30, 54–5, 77, 78, 86, 87, 89, 106, 119, 197
disenfranchisement of pastors 209
persecution 94–6, 104, 107–12, 114, 124
Churchill, Winston 5
Citizenship Act (1982) 135
civil society 201–2
Clements, Alan 36
Clinton, Hillary xx, 219
CNN 135, 201
communism xxv, 63
allegations against Aung San Suu Kyi 34–5
Communist Party of Burma (CPB) 34, 101
communist uprisings xix, 6, 34
Coveney, Simon 141, 221
Cox, Baroness 116
crimes against humanity xxi, 83, 219
Cyclone Nargis xxii, 110, 152, 158, 160–1, 189–203, 208
da Silva, Errol 134–5
De Brito y Nicote, Philip 106
de Klerk, F. W. 222
de Tocqueville, Alexis 204
democracy
Aung San Suu Kyi’s hopes 216, 228
challenges 226
confusion over current status xxv–xxvi
as forbidden word 113
and the new constitution 210
real possibility 218
road map 204–5, 211
sceptics 216
soldiers’ desire for 144–6
struggle for xxix
democracy movement 42, 44, 96, 140
‘alphabet soup’ xxx
dismissal of communism charges 35
effect of Shwedagon speech 30
election (2010) dilemma 211
emergence xx, 27, 28
and ethnic peoples xviii, xxx, 54, 132–3, 138
Proposal for National Reconciliation 211
role of Army defectors and deserters 146–7
democracy period (1948–1958) xix, 5–6, 74, 134
Democratic Alliance of Burma (DAB) 82
Democratic Karen Buddhist Army (DKBA) 50, 54, 55, 184, 210
Democratic Karen Buddhist Organization (DKBO) 54
Democratic Party for a New Society (DPNS) 34, 213
Democratic Voice of Burma (DVB) xxvii, 43, 145, 158, 185, 187, 199
Depayin incident 47, 204
dog kennel cells 157, 163, 170
Doh Say 81
Dohbama Asiayone 3
Dorman-Smith, Sir Reginald 2
drugs trade 100, 101, 147
Dun, General Smith 6
Dylan, Bob 172, 178
EarthRights International 70–1
East, E. H. 107
East Timor 222, 223–4, 225, 226
Eastern Europe 222, 225, 226
economic collapse 13, 18, 19, 22–3
economic sanctions 216, 219
Egypt xxxi, 217, 223, 225
88 Generation Student Movement xxviii, 149–50, 151, 173, 215, 226
Eine Khaing Oo 200–1
elections
(1960) xix, 8
(1990) xx, 34, 40, 152
(2010) xviii–xix, xx, xxiii, xxv, 47, 145, 211, 212–13
Eliya (‘Mad Dog’) 79–81
Emergency Assistance Team (EAT) 192, 196–7
environmental degradation 70, 97
Ethnic Nationalities Council (ENC) 211
ethnic peoples xviii, xix–xx, xxi, xxvi, xxx, 48
alliance with democracy movement 54
border force guard proposals 210–11
ceasefire deals xx, xxiii, 60–1, 63, 66, 67, 83, 84–5, 88, 93–4, 97, 101–2, 103
disenfranchisement 212
election (2010) dilemma 211
leaders’ meeting with U Nu 9
limited access to the draft constitution 207
and the National Convention 205, 206
Ne Win’s hostility 9, 11, 12, 62, 87, 134
and the new constitution 210
perceived as colonial stooges 4
political alliance 214
rising concern for 226–7
unity initiatives 82–3
see also Panglong Agreement; specific ethnicities
ethnic rights xviii, xx, 9, 66, 227
Eubank, David 77, 79, 80–1, 82
Euro-Burma Office 138
European Parliament 141
exiled Burmese media xxvii, 185, 187
extortion 129–30, 199
faith 224
Faulder, Dominic 35, 40
federalism/federal democracy xvii, xx, xxx, 6, 9, 10, 52, 62, 82, 83, 87, 101, 103, 226–7
Fenn, Sir Nicholas 2, 6, 9, 12, 13, 14, 18
Fenn, Susan 8–9
Fernandes, Father Francisco Maria 223–4
Fink, Christina xxx, 1, 8
Force 136 53
forced labour xviii, xxix, 58–9, 65, 67, 68, 71, 85, 94, 97, 108, 112, 117, 119, 153
Forum for Democracy in Burma 211
Free Burma Rangers 56, 57, 77–82, 193
Gaddafi, Colonel Muammar 217, 223
Gandhi Hall Declaration 41
Gates, Robert 194
Gayoom, Maumoon Abdul 222, 224
General Council of Burmese Associations (GCBA) 3
Generation Wave 227
Glory Day of Prayer for Burma 77
gold mining 97
Goldwyn, Rachel 168
Gorbachev, Mikhail 222
Gordon Walker, Patrick 12
Gore-Booth, Lord 5, 8, 12, 13
Gore-Booth, Patricia 6
Group that Buries the Dead, The 200
Gun Maw, General 85
Gunhtang Gam Shawng, Major General 101
Gunness, Christopher 25
Gusmão, Xanana 225, 226
Habibie, B. J. 222
Hague, William 69, 73, 219
Hanson, Ola 86
Hardin, Andrew 153–4
Harn Yawnghwe 9–11, 62–3
Havel, Václav xx, 225
Hay Kywe 159
health and health care 75–6, 118–22
Heyn, Andrew 212
HIV/AIDS 100, 164, 111
Hla Hla Win 158
Htein Lin 153
human minesweepers xviii, xxx
human rights xxix, xxx, 44, 52, 68, 73, 74, 141
human rights organisations xviii, 123, 219
human rights violations xxiv, xxviii, 66, 67, 70, 78, 85, 142, 145, 147, 188, 211, 218, 220
Human Rights Watch 83, 113, 141, 163, 200, 201, 207
human trafficking 98–9, 135
Humanitarian Aid Relief Trust (HART) 116
independence (1948) xix, 1–2, 3, 5–6, 53, 58, 134
India 27, 42–3, 86, 105, 115, 120, 123, 191, 222
India-Burma border xix, xxi, 112, 116, 118, 119, 121, 125, 212–13, 220, 221
Indian population of Burma 13
Indonesia 222, 224, 225
Inle Lake xxiii, 10, 65
Insein Prison 17, 40, 47, 148, 149, 155, 160–1, 162, 164, 170, 211
Institute for Political Analysis and Documentation (IPAD) 207, 209
internally displaced peoples (IDPs) xxiii, xxxi, 49, 55, 57, 63–4, 75, 83, 85, 86, 87, 219, 228
disenfranchisement 209
International Center for Transitional Justice 210
International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) 155, 201
international community xxix, 85
call for pressure and support xxxi, 65–6, 73, 145, 185, 225, 226, 228
and the Chin famine 116
and Cyclone Nargis xxii, 191, 193–5, 197–8
effects of pressure 218–19
politicians and individuals 219–22
and release of political prisoners 149
and Rohingya ‘boat people’ 135, 136
International Rescue Committee (IRC) 166
Internet 158, 223
interrogation centres 162–3, 170
Inya Lake xxii, 19, 20, 47, 179, 211
Irrawaddy Delta xix, 35–6
Cyclone Nargis 189–203, 208
Irrawaddy Division 38, 42, 184
Irrawaddy magazine 171, 185, 201
Islam, Nurul 137–8
Islamic extremism 136–8
Jackson, John 43–4
Japanese invasion and occupation 1, 2, 3–5, 52
John Paul II xxv
Johnson, Bernice Koehler 62
Judson, Adoniram and Ann 106
Ka Hsaw Wa 70
Kachin people xix, 10, 78, 84–103, 134, 206, 211, 227
and drug trafficking 100
fighting alongside Allies 4, 86–7
forced labour 94
human rights activists 85–6
human trafficking 98–9
land confiscation 96–8
oppression and abuse xx, xxviii, 83, 84–5, 86, 87–98, 102
and the Panglong Agreement 3, 87
rape 88–93
regime offensives 83, 85, 87, –98, 102
religious persecution 94–6
revolt against U Nu 8
Kachin Development Networking Group (KDNG) 93
Kachin Independence Army (KIA) 87, 88, 93–4, 100–1, 102, 123, 139
Kachin Independence Organisation (KIO) 86, 87, 88, 97, 100–1, 102–3, 141, 206, 211
ceasefire deals xx, 84–5, 88, 93–4, 100–1, 103
Kachin State xxviii, 84–103, 110, 112, 123, 139, 209, 227
Karen people xvii–iii, xix, xx, xxi, xxv, xxvii, 6, 49–58, 123, 134, 140–1, 189, 214, 228
boycott of Panglong Agreement 3
British betrayal 52–3
fighting alongside Allies 4, 52, 53
human rights activists 70–7
‘Operations Storm’ 196
oppression and abuse xxii, 49–52, 55–8, 71, 73, 77, 78–9, 80–1, 140, 144, 193, 196– 7, 219–20
Karen Human Rights Group 56, 70, 141
Karen National Liberation Army (KNLA) 54, 57, 211
Karen National Union (formerly KNDO) xvii, xviii, 6, 7, 48, 52, 53–5, 71, 83, 103, 189, 210
ceasefire deals xx, 83
factions xviii, 54–5
Karen (KNU/KNLA) Peace Council 211
Karen State xxii, 49–51, 55–7, 71, 72, 75, 76, 80, 144, 193, 219–10
Karenni people xix, xx, xxi, 58–62, 78, 134, 189
fighting alongside Allies 4
oppression and abuse 58–62
and the Panglong Agreement 3
Karenni National Organisation (KNO) 58
Karenni National Progressive Party (KNPP) 58, 81
ceasefire deals 60–1
Karenni State 58–62, 81, 142
Karim, Abdul 133
karma 37
Kawn Kiao Intanlang, Prince
Kawthoolei 49, 57
Kengtung Palace, demolition 65
Khemin Da 174
Khin Maung 133
Khin Maung Myint, Captain 109
Khin Nyunt, General 41, 95, 204–5
Khin Ohmar 19, 20–2, 25–6, 27, 31, 32, 33, 47–8,
Khin Tun 116, 198–9
Khin Yi, Major General 177
Khine (Cyclone Nargis survivor) 199
Khoo Thwe, Pascal 83
Khun Htun Oo 152
Khun Myat 88
Khun Sa 63
Khun Saing 15, 16, 17–18, 164–6, 167, 168
Kin Oung 2, 7
King, Martin Luther 49, 127, 137
Kinnock, Glenys 220
Ko Htay Kywe xxviii, 33, 150
Ko Jimmy xxviii, 149, 150, 153, 154, 173
Ko Ko Gyi xxviii, 149, 150–1, 173
Ko Mya Aye xxviii, 150, 173
Ko Pyone Cho 173
Kokang xix, 206
military offensive 101, 102
Kouchner, Bernard 194
Kya Doe, General 6
Kyaiktiyo (‘Golden Rock’) xxiii
Kyaw Hasan 216
Kyaw Kyaw Thein 201
Kyaw Nyunt 35
Kyaw Zaw 7, 34
Kyaw Zeya 140
labour camps 162, 163–4
land confiscation 85, 96–8
Lao-tzu xxxii
Latheef, Jennifer 224
‘Laughing Buddha’ hijacking 42–3
Least Developed Nation status 18
Ler Per Her settlement 49–52
Lewa, Chris 123, 129, 136
Lian Sakhong 24, 31, 105, 106, 107, 108
Lian Uk 41–2
Libya xxvi, xix, 217, 223
Lintner, Bertil xix, 20, 24, 26, 27, 31, 32, 40, 136, 137
Loo Nee, Sydney 53
Luce, Gordon 13
Lum Dau, James 87
Mackay, James 157, 187–8
Mae La refugee camp 52, 71
Mae Sot xvii, 75, 178, 182–3
Mae Tao Clinic 75
Mae Tha Raw Hta A
greement 82
Maggin monastery 180, 187
Maha Dhamma Raja, King 106
Malaysia 123–5, 128, 135, 182, 183, 224
Maldives 226
Mandalay xxiii, 1, 40, 45, 141, 160, 165, 174
Manerplaw 54, 55, 71, 123
Manerplaw Agreement 82
Marshall, Andrew 201–2
Maung, Cynthia (Dr Cynthia) 75–7
Maung Maung 26
Mawdsley, James 168–9
Meah, Asheraf 131–2
media 186–7
Médicins Sans Frontières 100, 132
Mie Mie 154–5
military intelligence 22, 31, 33, 34, 37, 45, 154, 167, 181
and author’s deportation xxiv–xxviii
military regime (SPDC, SLORC) xviii–xix
‘104 principles’ for the constitution’ 205–6
alms boycott 175
Army criticisms of 144–5
assassination of Padoh Mahn Sha xvii, xviii
attacks and harassment of Aung San Suu
Kyi 34, 35–6, 45, 46–7
attacks on exiled media 187
Aung San Suu Kyi’s desire for dialogue and reconciliation xxxii, 40, 45, 211
and the balance of evil xxx
beginning xix, 8
ceasefire deals with ethnic groups xx, xxiii, 60–1, 63, 66, 67, 83, 84–5, 88, 93–4, 97, 101–2, 103
Chin oppression 104, 108–15
as common enemy xxix
divide and rule tactic xxix, xxx, 54, 55, 88, 132, 217
and the drugs trade 100, 101, 147
ethnic ‘border guard force’ proposals 100–1, 102, 210–11
fascist mentality 104
formation of State Law and Order Council (SLORC) 32
‘Four Cuts’ policy 87
generosity of opponents 150
harassment of Charm Tong 69
harassment of political prisoner’s families 151
hatred of Dr Cynthia 77
Kachin oppression xx, xxviii, 83, 84–5, 86, 87–98
Karen oppression xxii, 49–52, 55–8, 71, 73, 77, 78–9, 80–1, 140, 144, 193, 196–7, 219–20
Karenni oppression 58–62
image re-make (1996) 44
image re-make (2010) 214
likened to psychiatric patient xxvii
Mon oppression 67
and the National Convention 205–7
persecution of Indian population 13
pledge to recognise ethnic rights 66
public hatred for 185
Rakhine oppression 138
religious discrimination 94–6, 108–12, 124
removal of fuel subsidies 173
re-named State Peace and Development Council (SPDC) 44
reneging on pre-election promises (1990) xx, 40–1
response to Cyclone Nargis xxii, 152, 190–202
response to protests (1962) 14
response to protests (1974) 15, 17
response to protests (1976) 17
response to protests (1996) 43–4
response to protests (1988) xx, xxi–xxii, 19, 20–1, 24, 25–6, 28, 31, 32, 35, 38
response to Saffron revolution xxii–xxii, 142–3, 144–5, 173–4, 174–5, 176, 177–82, 185, 188
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