Chasing the Moon
Page 37
“A propaganda ploy” Sharon Weinberger, Imagineers of War: The Untold History of DARPA, the Pentagon Agency that Changed the World (New York: Knopf, 2017), p. 56.
When Real: Dwayne Day, “You’ve Come a Long Way, Baby!” The Space Review (July 15, 2013).
“We have talked about” “Anecdote of the Week,” Independent Press-Telegram, Long Beach, CA (August 16, 1964).
“Serious, sober, dedicated, and balanced” Neufeld, Von Braun, p. 338.
By progressing in steps Buckbee, interview with Robert Stone.
British filmmaker J. Lee Thompson Steve Chibnall, J. Lee Thompson (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2013), p. 250.
Eisenhower answered without any hesitation Herbert F. York, Arms and the Physicist (Woodbury, NY: American Institute of Physics Press, 1997), p. 147.
CHAPTER THREE: THE NEW FRONTIER
Arthur C. Clarke saw the photographs Neil McAleer, Odyssey: The Authorized Biography of Arthur C. Clarke (London: Gollancz, 1992), p. 168.
“If somebody can” Hugh Sidey, “Pioneers in Love with the Frontier,” Time (February 10, 1986).
His science adviser, MIT professor Mark Erickson, Into the Unknown Together: The DOD, NASA, and Early Spaceflight (Montgomery, AL: Air University Press, 2005), p. 205.
John Kennedy once spoke Newton Minow, interview with the authors (May 12, 2015); Newton Minow: An American Story, documentary film by Mike Leonard and Mary Kay Wall (2015).
On his first day Minow, interview with the authors; Newton Minow, Leonard and Wall.
“If we are going”: John W. Finney, “Space Rocket Lag Decried in House,” NYT (April 18, 1961).
The Pulitzer Prize–winning Hanson W. Baldwin, “Flaw in Space Policy,” NYT (April 17, 1961).
On the other hand, the moon James E. Webb, interview with David DeVorkin, Allan Needell, and Joseph Tatarewicz (April 12, 1985); Glennan-Webb-Seamans Project Interviews 1985–1990, NASM.
On the third and final day Webb, interview with DeVorkin, Needell, and Tatarewicz.
Leaving the meeting Webb, interview with DeVorkin, Needell, and Tatarewicz; The Other Side of the Moon, BBC Two television documentary (July 20, 1979).
“I want you to know” Webb, interview with DeVorkin, Needell, and Tatarewicz; The Other Side of the Moon.
“If they kill one” ACC in Odyssey, p. 168.
White House press secretary Pierre Salinger Paul Haney, interview with Sandra Johnson, NASA Johnson Space Center Oral History Project (January 20, 2003).
MOSCOW, April 30 (UPI) NYT (May 1, 1961).
“The Redstone got away” CBS News (May 5, 1961).
“Come in and watch this!” John Logsdon, “John F. Kennedy and the Right Stuff,” Quest 20, no. 2 (2013).
The three television networks “30 Million Watch Man-in-Space Shot,” Broadcasting (May 8, 1961): pp 9–10.
While waiting outside the Oval Office Minow, interview with the authors.
“Number-one television performer” John F. Kennedy, “Address at the 39th Annual Convention of the National Association of Broadcasters” (May 8, 1961).
“The Gettysburg Address of Broadcasting” Bob Garfield, On the Media, WNYC (June 28, 2017).
Kennedy was exercising a leadership initiative John Logsdon, interview with the authors (May 11, 2015).
He delivered his speech “Kennedy Must Convince Public of Value of Moon Shot Project,” American Institute of Public Opinion press release, Princeton, NJ, based on a national poll of 1,447 adults (May 31, 1961). Kennedy’s approval rating was 77 percent based on polls conducted between May 4–9, 1961.
“I’m not sure” Robert Gilruth, interview with David DeVorkin and John Mauer (March 2, 1987), Glennan-Webb-Seamans Project Interviews 1985–1990, NASM.
“He was a young man” Robert Gilruth, interview with Martin Collins and David DeVorkin (October 2, 1986), Glennan-Webb-Seamans Project Interviews 1985–1990, NASM.
“Back in the solar ball park” Harold M. Schmeck, Jr., “Experts Outline U.S. Space Plans,” NYT (May 27, 1961).
“When television viewers” Newton Minow, Newton Minow, Leonard and Wall.
“Why don’t we” Edward R. Murrow, letter to James Webb, John F. Kennedy Library microfilm file of USIA director’s file (September 21, 1961).
When he returned from the summit Sergei Khrushchev, interview with Robert Stone (February 25, 2015).
General Dynamics enticed engineers General Dynamics advertisement, Aviation Week and Space Technology (August 14, 1961).
However, he surprised his colleagues Michael J. Neufeld, “Von Braun and the Lunar-Orbit Rendezvous Decision: Finding a Way to Go to the Moon,” Acta Astronautica. 63, no. 1–4 (2008).
Days before the launch, Glenn’s flight Bernard Stengren, “Delays in Glenn Flight Proving Costly for Television and Radio,” NYT (February 17, 1962).
CBS assembled a semi-permanent structure Alfred Robert Hogan, “Televising the Space Age: A Descriptive Chronology of CBS News Special Coverage of Space Exploration from 1957 to 2003” (master’s thesis, University of Maryland, 2005), p. 85.
“If Glenn were only” Charles Bartlett, interview with Fred Holborn, John F. Kennedy Library, “Charles Bartlett Oral History Interview” (January 6, 1965).
“We have by this time” NBC News Special Report, “American in Orbit” (February 20, 1962).
Arthur C. Clarke delivered a paper McAleer, Odyssey, p. 172.
“The plain facts of electronic life” Telstar broadcast (July 23, 1962).
Kennedy looked across the crowd Minow, interview with the authors.
The university’s board of trustees Richard Paul and Steven Moss, We Could Not Fail (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2015), pp. 77–80.
“The first colored man” Edward R. Murrow memo to the president (April 28, 1962), quoted in A. M. Sperber, Murrow: His Life and Times (New York: Freundlich, 1986), p. 657.
Dwight encountered a letter Ed Dwight, interview with Robert Stone (October 19, 2015).
If he was successful J. Alfred Phelps, They Had a Dream: The Story of African-American Astronauts (Novato, CA: Presidio, 1994), p. 7.
Yeager had assembled his entire staff Dwight, interview with Robert Stone.
“caught in a buzz saw” General Chuck Yeager and Leo Janos, Yeager: An Autobiography (New York; Bantam Books, 1985), p. 342.
“A twenty-nine-year-old” NBC News (March 31, 1963), NBC Universal Archive, clip no. 5112432714.
Comedian Dick Gregory NBC News footage of Los Angeles rally (May 26, 1963), NBC Universal Archives, clip no. 5113378507; Gregory at St. John’s Baptist Church in Birmingham, AL (May 20, 1963), recording and transcript at http://americanradioworks.publicradio.org/features/blackspeech/dgregory.html.
“Well, you got an astronaut” Dwight, interview with Robert Stone.
At the top of the hour “15 New Astronaut Trainees to Be Selected,” news release, NASA Manned Spacecraft Center, MSC-63-095 (June 5, 1963).
Anders was astounded Bill Anders, interview with the authors (May 13, 2015).
Dr. Charles Lang Paul and Moss, We Could Not Fail, pp. 94–95.
“There are no racial barriers” Charles L. Sanders, “The Troubles of ‘Astronaut’ Edward Dwight,” Ebony (June 1965).
NASA had established two small African Sunny Tsiao, “Read You Loud and Clear!” The Story of NASA’s Spaceflight Tracking and Data Network (Washington: NASA, 2008), p. 125.
“All that counts” “Negro Astronaut Says No Racial Barriers in Space,” Eureka Humboldt Standard (April 8, 1963).
In an attempt to mollify Dwight, interview with Robert Stone.
The accounts never mentioned John Charles, “A Hidden Figure in Plain Sight,” The Space Review (June 12, 2017).
As part of their tra
ining Andrew Chaikin, A Man on the Moon: The Voyages of the Apollo Astronauts (New York: Viking, 1994), pp. 611–612.
He was confident Dwight, interview with Robert Stone.
“Without qualification” Phelps, They Had a Dream, p.21; UPI wire story (June 3, 1965).
“Why are these people” Anders, interview with the authors.
“Was there a Negro boy” Audio recording of NASA press conference (October 18, 1963), NASM, Michael Kapp Collection.
Reinforced-concrete family bomb shelter Michael J. Neufeld, Von Braun: Dreamer of Space, Engineer of War (New York: Knopf, 2007), p. 382.
Newton Minow hastily departed Newton Minow, Leonard and Wall.
In Minow’s estimation Minow, interview with the authors.
Before addressing the General Assembly Dodd L. Harvey and Linda C. Ciccoritti, U.S.-Soviet Cooperation in Space (Washington: Center for Advanced International Studies, University of Miami, 1974), p. 122.
Life magazine was forced: “How We Can Join In a Moon Trip,” Life (October 11, 1963).
Arizona Senator Barry Goldwater “Goldwater Can’t See Russ Trust,” San Mateo Times (September 21, 1963).
Privately, Nikita Khrushchev discussed Sergei Khrushchev, interview with Robert Stone.
Accounts of his mood Logsdon, “John F Kennedy and the Right Stuff,” Quest.
“Last Saturday at Cape Canaveral” John F. Kennedy, remarks at the dedication of the Aerospace Medical Health Center, San Antonio, TX (November 21, 1963).
He caught Florida senator Spessard Holland Lyndon Johnson telephone call to Spessard Holland (November 27, 1963), audio recording, Lyndon Johnson Library, tape K6311.03, PNO 32.
“We’re getting ready” Lyndon Johnson telephone call to C. Farris Bryant (November 27, 1963), audio recording, Lyndon Johnson Library, tape K6311.03, PNO 34.
Ensuring that no NASA money Public Law 88-215, 88th Congress, 1st session (December 19,1963).
CHAPTER FOUR: WELCOME TO THE SPACE AGE
In his brief speech “Talk of the Town,” The New Yorker (September 26, 1964), p. 38; James Webb, “Remarks on the Dedication of the Hall of Science” (September 9, 1964), http://www.nywf64.com/spacpark10.shtml.
He was an astute observer W. Henry Lambright, Powering Apollo: James E. Webb of NASA (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins, 1995), p. 27.
“Do something!” “Shouts Mar Johnson’s Talk at Pavilion,” NYT (April 23, 1964).
“A brilliant woman” James Webb, interview with Martin Collins (October 15, 1985), Glennan-Webb-Seamans Project Interviews 1985–1990, NASM.
“Planned disequilibrium” W. Henry Lambright, “Leading NASA in Space Exploration: James E. Webb, Apollo, and Today,” in Leadership and Discovery, eds. George R. Goethals and J. Thomas Wren (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009).
Von Braun communicated Roger Launius, “Comments on a Very Effective Communications System: Marshall Space Flight Center’s Monday Notes,” Roger Launius’s Blog (February 28, 2011), https://launiusr.wordpress.com/2011/02/28/comments-on-a-very-effective-communications-system-marshall-space-flight-center%E2%80%99s-monday-notes/.
“How [can] anything” James E. Webb, interview with T. H. Baker (April 29, 1969), Lyndon Baines Johnson Library Oral History Collection.
“Our people [have] to” James E. Webb, interview with Martin Collins and Allan Needell (November 4, 1985), Glennan-Webb-Seamans Project Interviews 1985–1990, NASM.
“Webb’s got all the money” Lambright, Powering Apollo, pp. 112–113.
“We’re not getting any fancy jets” Robert C. Seamans, Jr., Aiming at Targets (Washington: NASA History Office, 1996), p. 101.
Recovery aircraft had picked up Loyd S. Swenson, Jr., James M. Grimwood, and Charles C. Alexander, This New Ocean: A History of Project Mercury (Washington: NASA History Office, 1998), pp. 446–460.
“I accept your offer” Billy Watkins, Apollo Moon Missions: The Unsung Heroes (Westport, CT: Praeger, 2006), p. 55.
‘I’ll tell you one goddamned thing’ Brian Duff, interview with John Mauer (April 24, 1989), Glennan-Webb-Seamans Project Interviews 1985–1990, NASM.
“The best PR man” Duff, interview with Mauer (May 1, 1989), Glennan-Webb-Seamans Project Interviews 1985–1990, NASM.
In one such instance Jim Hicks, “Hardest Rendezvous of All—On the Ground,” Life (October 1, 1965): pp. 113–116.
“We’re not the Soviets” Watkins, Apollo Moon Missions, p. 52.
During one internal presentation Duff, interview with Mauer (April 24, 1989), Glennan-Webb-Seamans Project Interviews 1985–1990, NASM.
“It would be better” Gerard J. Degroot, Dark Side of the Moon: The Magnificent Madness of the American Lunar Quest (New York: NYU Press, 2006), pp. 183–184. Marooned wasn’t produced for another five years, by which time the story had been revised to follow the plight of a later Apollo Applications mission, in the early 1970s. When the film finally went before the cameras, NASA did provide some technical assistance.
He once joked that Lange’s art David Larson, “Harry Lange,” Guardian (July 7, 2008).
Kubrick sent a note Tom Turner, letter to Stanley Kubrick with handwritten reply from Kubrick (January 17, 1965), in David Meerman Scott and Richard Jurek, Marketing the Moon (Cambridge: MIT Press, 2014), p. 14.
Opinion polls at the time Roger D. Launius, “Public Opinion Polls and Perceptions of U.S. Human Spaceflight,” Space Policy 19, no 3 (August 2003): pp. 163–175.
The former astronaut observed Robert Dallek, “Johnson, Project Apollo, and the Politics of Space Program Planning,” in Spaceflight and the Myth of Presidential Leadership, eds.Roger D. Launius and Howard E. McCurdy (Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1997), p. 75.
A leading Democratic House member “Boggs Says Goldwater Would Peril Space Race,” NYT (August 2, 1964).
“The shackles of Earth” Lyndon Johnson, “The New World of Space,” speech delivered in Seattle, WA (May 10, 1962), Proceedings of the Second National Conference on the Peaceful Uses of Space (Washington: NASA, 1962), pp. 29–30.
Novelist James Salter James Salter, Burning the Days: Recollection (New York: Random House, 1997), pp. 59, 268.
“The Christopher Columbuses of the twentieth century” Lady Bird Johnson, A White House Diary (Austin: University of Texas, 2007), p. 288.
“Men who have worked together” Lady Bird Johnson, Diary, p. 298.
On the front cover A Guide to Careers in Aero-Space Technology (Washington: NASA, 1966).
They attended the dedication “Astronauts Among 1,000 Who See Dedication of U-M Space Center,” Ann Arbor News (June 15, 1965).
Johnson complained to Webb Lambright, “Leading NASA in Space Exploration,” in Leadership and Discovery, eds. Goethals and Wren, p. 86.
Webb found himself Duff, interview with Mauer (April 24, 1989), Glennan-Webb-Seamans Project Interviews 1985–1990, NASM; Richard Paul and Steven Moss, We Could Not Fail (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2015), pp. 203–205.
A ruthless and dangerous demagogue Paul and Moss, We Could Not Fail, p. 214.
In his speech, von Braun Ben A. Franklin, “Wallace Is Given a NASA Warning; He Is Told on ‘Truth’ Tour to Liberalize His Policies,” NYT (June 9, 1965).
In a profile Ben A. Franklin, “Von Braun Fights Alabama Racism; Scientist Warns State U.S. Might Close Space Center,” NYT (June 14, 1965).
Dwight responded with a public statement Gladwin Hill, “Negro Pilot Finds Bias in Air Force; But Absolves NASA on Being Dropped as Astronaut,” NYT (June 3, 1965).
“I have no idea” Ed Dwight, interview/press conference with ABC News (June 3, 1965), 16mm news film, number A14059.
“Now I understand” Ed Dwight, interview with Robert Stone (October 19, 2015).
“U.S.-Soviet box score” “U.S.
-Soviet Box Score on Astronauts’ Flights,” NYT (July 21, 1966).
The world learned his name “The Secret Scientist,” NYT (January 20, 1966).
He couldn’t forget Barton C. Hacker and James M. Grimwood, On the Shoulders of Titans: A History of Project Gemini (Washington: NASA, 1977), p. 318.
“One of the year’s best” Allen Rich, “TV Week,” Independent Star-News, Pasadena, CA (March 27, 1966).
Network switchboards registered “TV Fans Protest Canceling of Shows for Gemini Report,” NYT (March 17, 1966).
“Too long, boring” Ernie Kreilino, “A Closer Look,” Van Nuys Valley News (May 3, 1966), p. 35.
Armstrong appeared depressed James R. Hansen, First Man: The Life of Neil A. Armstrong (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2005), p. 265.
One of his earliest memories Barack Obama, “America Will Take the Giant Leap to Mars,” CNN.com (October 11, 2016), https://www.cnn.com/2016/10/11/opinions/america-will-take-giant-leap-to-mars-barack-obama/index.html.
Some reporters were convinced Mark Bloom, interview with Robert Stone (March 25, 2015).
“One of the largest sacred cows” Dale L. Cressman, “Fighting for Access: ABC’s 1965–66 Feud with NASA,” American Journalism 24, no. 3 (2007).
Jules Bergman believed “Are Newsmen Hampered?” Broadcasting (April 18, 1966): p. 56.
Something of a rude awakening Lambright, Powering Apollo, p. 140; Donald Janson, “Webb Backs Cost of Space Program,” NYT (December 6, 1966).
What irked Lehrer Andrew Robinson, “Tom Lehrer at 90: A Life of Scientific Satire,” Nature 556, no. 7699 (April 5, 2018): pp. 27–28.
Arthur C. Clarke provides ACC, Astounding Days (London: Gollancz, 1989), p. 162.
In private they joked Bloom, interview with Robert Stone.
In a public interview Evert Clark, “NASA Chief Urges Space Planning Now for Post-Moon Era,” NYT (May 30, 1966).
Rented a large pool Tom Jones, “Where NASA Learned to Spacewalk,” Air & Space (September 2014).