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ILLUSTRATION CREDITS
17 Erich Lessing / Art Resource, NY. Art Resource No.: ART109610.
23 British Museum. Registration no: 1813,1211.1.
32 Image courtesy of Abby Rennemeyer.
45 The Picture Art Collection / Alamy Stock Photo MMRM2A.
81 Photograph by Magnus Hjalmarsson, 2012.
89 Scala / Art Resource, NY. Art Resource No.: ART86875.
101 Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna, Austria, inv. 524. Erich Lessing / Art Resource, NY. Art Resource No.: ART35135.
116 Album / Alamy Stock Photo. Alamy Image ID: PA6B5J.
177 Kunsthistorisches Museum, Antikensammlung VII B 23, Vienna.
190 Photo by P. P. Mackey, British School at Rome Library & Archive PPM 0904.
191 Image from the British School at Rome Library & Archive JHP [PHP] 0007.
200 Douglas Boin, 2016.
INDEX
Page numbers in italics refer to illustrations.
Page numbers after 208 refer to endnotes.
Page numbers listed correspond to the print edition of this book. You can use your device’s search function to locate particular terms in the text.
Achilles, 115
Adrianopolis, Battle of (A.D. 378), 41
Adriatic Sea, 2, 125, 139, 152, 158, 161
Ad Salices, 29
Aegean Sea, 128, 178
Aemelian Road, 140
Aeneas, 38
Aeneid, The (Virgil), 38
Aeschylus, 115
Africa, xi, 4, 21, 68, 88, 153, 161, 172, 174
see also North Africa
Against Eutropius (Claudian), 128
Against Symmachus (Prudentius), 134
Agathyrsi tribe, 34
al-Andalus, 182
Alans tribe, 24, 52
Alaric, 19, 21, 26
ambition of, ix, xii, 13
in Athens, 115–21
birth family of, x–xi, 26, 31, 33–34, 35, 37
birth of, ix, 14–15, 29, 31
boyhood and adolescence of, ix, xi, 4, 13–15, 16, 31, 32, 32, 34, 37, 43, 66, 108, 110, 125
bronze sculpture of, 200, 201
Christianity embraced by, 80, 82, 83
death and burial of, ix, 138, 174–75, 184, 199, 201
food shortage caused by, 69
forces assembled by, 104, 112, 139, 141
as general of Illyricum, 124–26, 129, 137–38, 158
Gothic tribal membership of, 14
Gothic values of, 125
immigrant status of, ix, xiii, 157, 184
leadership and charisma of, ix, xi–xii, 53, 104, 119–20, 122, 125, 138
limited historical record of, x, 37
maps of, 138–39
military defeats of, 141–47
rebelliousness of, 53
Roman citizenship denied to, ix, 159
Roman fear of, 12
as a Roman soldier, ix, xi–xii, 51–56, 62–63, 66, 86, 88, 93, 94, 103–4, 121
Rome attacked by, ix, xi, xii, 1–5, 7, 10–12, 27, 66, 161, 164–72, 185–88, 193–95
tools and talents of, xi–xii
wife of, 125, 142
Alaric II, King of the Goths, 177–78, 177, 181
Alaric the Goth (Brion), 115
Alburnus Maior, 18
Alemanni tribe, 35–36
Alexander the Great, 6, 8, 31, 168
Alexandria, 48, 58
Temple of Serapis in, 72
Alps, 13, 104
al-Walid II, 181
Amazons, 31
Ambrose, Bishop, 78, 100–102, 101, 156
Ammianus Marcellinus, 42, 43, 64–66, 68–69
Angelico, Fra, 116
Anicii family, 164–65
Antichrist, 4
Antigone (Sophocles), 118
Antioch, 11, 48
Antonine Declaration, 21
Antony, Saint, 2
Apollo (Greek god), 99
Appian Road, 163, 173
Aquileia, 139
Aquilla, 75
Arabia, 52, 57, 88
Arabic language, 57, 182
Arabs, 52, 181, 182
Aramaic language, 57
Arbogast, General, 73, 93, 94
Arcadius, Emperor of Rome, 104–5, 107–8, 110–12, 120–22, 124, 125, 128, 129–30, 132–34, 137–38, 148, 150
archaeology, 18, 31, 33, 36–37, 49, 90, 115, 166, 173, 189, 195–96, 232
Argos, 117
Aristotle, 142, 145
Arius of Alexandria, 80
Armenia, 38–39, 40, 91, 127, 128
Armenians, 46, 67, 129
Asia, 4, 88, 90
central, xi, 8, 34
Roman, 40
Asia Minor, 41, 52, 108, 132
aspirin, 34
Asti, 141
astrology, 2, 34
Athanaric, Judge, 54, 180
Athaulf, 158, 161, 172, 175–76
atheism, 7
Athena (Greek goddess), 114–15
Athens, 7, 47, 48, 113–20
Acropolis in, 113, 114, 115, 116
agora in, 113
Alaric in, 115–21
Lykabetos, Mount, 113
Mouseion Hill in, 113
Parthenon in, 63, 113–17, 116, 186
Propylaea entrance to, 113
Temple of Athena in, 186
Atlantic Ocean, 176, 179
Attalus, Priscus, 160, 161, 173, 176
Attila the Hun, xi
“Atta Unsar” prayer, 85
Augustan History, The, 26
Augustine, Bishop of Hippo, 4, 167, 170–72, 182
two “cities” theory of, 171–72, 229
Augustus, Emperor of Rome, 1, 16
Aurelian, Emperor of Rome, 28
Babylon, 169
Babylonian army, 168
Baghdad, 89
Balkans, 3, 53, 110, 122
Balthi (“Bolds”) family, 31, 33
barbarians, 4, 5, 14, 60, 84, 85, 107, 126, 155, 165, 188, 199
Barcelona, 181
Bay of Biscay, 176
bears, 90
Benedict of Nursia, 180
Berig, King, 30, 31, 36
Berlin, 199
Bethlehem, 3, 4, 58
Bible, 85, 86, 116
Book of Daniel, 168–69
Book of Ezekiel, 169
Book of Kings, 81
Book of Revelation, 73, 168, 169
Codex Argenteus, 81
Gospels, 76, 127
Gothic translation of, 81, 81
Latin Vulgate translation of, 58–59
Biondo, Flavio, 183
Black Sea, 13, 15, 29
boars, 90
Bordeaux, 9, 176
Bosporus strait, 54
Breviary of Alaric II, The, 178
“bridge builder” public office, 67
Brion, Marcel, 115
British Isles, 6, 20, 23, 68
British Parliament, 65, 184
bronze, 18, 23, 103, 111, 200, 201
Bulgaria, 14
Burgundians, 176
Busento River, 175, 199, 200, 201
Butheric, 61
Buzău River, 83
Caesar, Julius, 5, 6, 11, 21, 67
Callinicum, 72
Capua, 114
Caracalla, Emperor of Rome, 20–22, 24, 156, 198
citizenship law of, 47, 60–61
legal innovations of, 21, 22, 27, 28
Carpathian Mountains, 29
Carthage, 4, 58, 68, 113, 171, 172–74, 178
Catiline conspiracy, 187
ceramics, 36–37, 48–49, 50
African red slip, 49
Černjachov, 36n
Charietto, 36, 37
China, 6, 37, 89, 90, 181
Chloe, 75
Christianity, 4, 7, 41, 42, 63, 69, 106–7
Alaric’s embrace of, 80, 82–85
Arian, 80, 82
Catholic, 80, 82
concept of heaven in, 171–72
conversion to, xii, 2, 78, 82, 84, 170
early history of, 84–85
early Roman persecution of, 76–79
first church buildings of, 75
“Good Shepherd” as symbol of, 76
Gothic, 80, 82–85
heretics pursued in, x, 72
holy objects of, 84
ideologies and convictions of, 134–35
lasting fissures in, 80
martyrdom in, 105
in Middle Ages, 85
monasteries of, 10, 109, 167
moral laws of, x
prophesies in, 79
relics of, 102
rise of, xii
Roman adoption of, 68, 71–72, 93, 107, 127, 171
sacraments of Holy Communion and Baptism in, 96, 101
scriptures of, 27–28, 58–59, 73, 76, 83
values of, 83
zealotry in, 80, 105
Chronicle (Eunapius), 109
Church History (Sozomen), 155, 197
Cicero, 72, 149
Cimmerians, 65
City of God, The (Augustine), 170, 171, 172
Claudian, 9, 12, 52–53, 111–12, 117, 125, 128–31, 135–37, 141–47, 154–55, 156, 185
Claudius, Emperor of Rome, 192
Cleopatra, Queen of Egypt, 14
Columbus, Christopher, 184
Confessions (Augustine), 170
Constantine I, Emperor of Rome, 69, 70, 75, 85, 91, 102
Constantinople, 8, 43, 53, 54, 58, 59, 68, 69, 70–71, 91, 103, 104, 105, 110, 112–14, 125, 127–28, 132–34, 137, 179
Church of the Holy Apostles in, 102
walls and gates of, 112
Coptic language, 57
Corinth, 48, 75, 113, 117
Cosenza (Cosentia), 175, 199–201, 200, 233
Council of Nicaea, 80
Crati River, 200, 201
Ctesiphon, Taq Kasra palace at, 89, 89
Dacian tribe, 14, 15, 16–17
Roman capture and enslavement of, 16, 19
Dacian Wars, 16–17, 19, 23
Daniel, Book of, 168–69
Dante Alighieri, 183
Danube River, xi, 6, 13–17, 19–20, 26, 28–30, 37, 39, 49, 50, 70–71, 93, 121, 125, 133, 148, 179, 181
changing course of, 32, 33
delta of, 31–32, 32
flora and fauna of, 32–33, 32
source of, 35
swimming in, 23–24
Danube River patrol, 52
Daphnis and Chloe, 117–18
Darius, 88
Dasius son of Verzo, 19
Decebalus, 16–17
Decius, Emperor of Rome, 28
Destruction of Ancient Rome, The (Lanciani), 194
Dichin, 35
Diocletian, Emperor of Rome, 49, 77–78
Dionysus (Roman god), 15
Dover cliffs, 31
Dura-Europus, Battle of, 164
Earth, 6, 7
Edict of Milan, 78, 129
Egypt, 46, 50, 126, 129, 160, 178, 181
deserts of, 1
pyramids in, 63
Roman, 57
“Egyptian Fable, An” (Synesius), 126
Egyptian language, 57
Egyptians, 10
El Djem, 57
Eleusinian Mysteries, 47
Eleusis, 47
England, 178
English language, 81, 115, 190
Enlightenment, 66, 80
Ephesus, 75
Epicureanism, 136
Epicurus, 136
epinikia writing genre, 94–95
Epirus, 122, 149
Eriulf, 92, 110
Ethiopia, 6, 88, 181
Ethiopians, 46
Eucherius, 144, 149, 154
Eudoxia, Empress of Rome, 150, 225
Eugenius, Flavius, 72–74, 79, 93–94, 102
Eunapius of Sardis, 13, 84, 108–10, 111, 112, 141, 185
Euphrates River, 6, 39, 88, 90
Euric, King, 176
Euripides, 30, 87, 118–19, 124, 175
Europe, 13, 68, 85, 181
eastern, 14
western, 59
Eutropius, 127–29, 138
Ezekiel, Book of, 167–68
Far East, 90
Faustina, Annia Cornificia, 192
Felix, Saint, 173
Ferdinand, King of Spain, 183
Fides (Roman goddess), 19
Flacilla, Empress of Rome, 70, 150, 225
Flaminian Road, 140, 160, 163,
Florence, 148
France, x
frankincense, 6
Franks, 46, 140, 176, 178
Fravitta, 92–93, 103, 110, 133–34
Frigidus River, Battle of the (A.D. 394), 93–94, 96–97, 100, 110
Gaetulians, 23
Gainas, 103, 110, 112, 126, 131–34, 137
Galatia, 10
Galerius, 78
Galla, Empress of Rome, 100, 175, 176
Garonne River, 176
Gaul, 6, 9, 50, 125, 140, 175, 176, 178
Gaulic Vienne, 67
Gauls, 4–5, 10, 139
Gaza, 8, 58, 114
Gazans, 49
Germania (Tacitus), 184
Germanic languages, 81, 184
Germany, 184
Getae, 15
Gibbon, Edward, 65–66, 80, 199, 216, 233
Giotto, 116
Godda, 82
Gog and Magog, 169–70
gold, 8, 51, 166
mining of, 18, 33
Gordian family, 27
Gospels, 76, 127
Gothia, 70, 80, 82, 133–34, 137
ancient borders of, 35
civil war in, 92
Huns attack on, 37, 92
landscape of,
31–33, 34
patrician families of, 31
political leaders of, 82
settlement of Goths in, 30–31, 33–34
territorial boundaries of, 37
Gothic Attack, The (Claudian), 12, 142–44
Gothic language, 81–82, 81, 157, 184
Gothiscandza, 30
Goths, 5, 29
Alaric’s leadership of, ix, xi–xii, 53, 104, 119–20, 122, 125, 138
bellicose nature of, 81, 83
ceramics of, 36–37
Christian, 80, 82–85
enslavement of, 19, 39, 142, 160
everyday family life of, 31, 34–35
golden age of, 177, 179
Greuthung tribe of, 14, 37
lasting contributions of, x
legal customs of, x
limited history of, 31
negativity associated with, ix–x, 14
origins of, 30–35
pagan, 82–83
as refugees, 37–38
resettlement in Aquitaine by, 176
in Roman army, 51–56
Roman relations with, 54
Roman separation of children from parents among, 39–40, 41
Roman trade with, 37
settlement in Roman Empire by, 84, 124–25, 132–37
sphere of influence of, 37
Terving tribe of, 14, 37, 54
traditional clothing of, 14
Grand Canyon, 31
Grassino, Paolo, 200, 201
Gratian, Emperor of Rome, 53, 69, 70, 71, 72
Greece, 50, 58, 63, 112–20, 125, 148
Greek language, 5, 7, 24, 46, 47, 48, 56–58, 76, 80, 81, 82, 95, 109, 110, 117, 174, 180
Greeks, 5, 6, 10, 33, 34
Greuthung tribe, 14, 37
Guiscard, Robert, 188, 189
Hannibal, 87
Hebe (Greek goddess), 116
Hebrew language, 57, 59
Hector, 127
Hellenism, 8, 136
Hellespont, 134
Hera (Greek goddess), 116
Heraclian, 173
Herodian, 27
Hesiod, 174–75
Hippo, 170
Histories (Olympiodorus), 109
History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, The (Gibbon), 66, 80
Holy Land, 167, 192
Homer, 6, 26, 118, 119, 127
Honorius, Emperor of Rome, 1, 10–11, 27, 52–53, 105, 106, 107–8, 110, 112, 120–21, 122, 129, 135, 140, 144–45, 148–52, 154, 156, 158–61, 173, 175–76, 178, 188, 192, 220
Hormisdas, General, 91–92
humanism, 182, 183
Huns, xi, 128, 169
Gothia attacked by, 37, 92
Hyperboreans, 6
Iberian Peninsula, 181
Illiad (Homer), 127
Illyricum, 122, 129–30, 140, 147, 148, 155, 179
Alaric appointed general of, 124–26, 129, 137–38, 158
India, 6
Indian Ocean, 90
Inna, 82
Innocent I, Pope, 170–71
Intercisa, 49
Isabella, Queen of Spain, 183
Islam, 181