Islamic armies, 88
“Italian rights,” 22, 212
Italians, 2, 123, 156
Italy, x, 8, 17, 22, 50, 106, 123, 126, 139, 148
Alaric’s march into, 141
aqueducts of, 180
Calabrian region of, 175, 199
economy of, 180
northern, 141, 142, 161
Piedmont region of, 140
Po Valley of, 140
southern, 153, 173, 174, 201
Umbria in, 2
unification of, 189
Jerome of Bethlehem, 3, 4, 58–59, 148, 166, 167, 168, 182, 192
Jerusalem, 14, 79, 169, 171–72
A.D. 70 sack of, 75, 199
destruction of the Second Temple in, 50, 129, 168
Roman conquest of, 50, 187
Temple Mount in, 63
Jesus Christ, 127, 165
apostles of, 75, 166
birth of, 1
crucifixion and burial of, 63, 75, 80
eternal nature of, 71–72, 80
as Messiah, 79
oral traditions about the life of, 75
resurrection of, 63
second coming of, 72, 79, 172
as son of God, 72
teachings of, 85
Jewish Wars, 50, 63, 75, 129
Jews, 7, 14, 49, 57, 72, 75, 79, 86, 168–69, 197
bias against, 129–30
Roman, 129
John, Saint, 186
John of Patmos, 168
Jordan, 20, 181
Jordanes, 25, 26, 30–31, 33, 34, 35, 36, 39, 41, 54, 119, 125, 140, 141, 158, 174, 184, 199
Jovius, 158
Judaea, 50, 129, 168
Julian, Emperor of Rome, 88, 90
Julius (Roman official), 41, 42
Juno (Roman goddess), 5
Jurassic period, 32
Juvenal, 64
Kavieretium, 19
Kings, Book of, 81
Lactantius, 79
Lampadius, Senator, 149
Lanciani, Marcella, 189–91, 190
Lanciani, Mary Ellen Rhodes, 189–91, 190
Lanciani, Rodolfo, 189–96, 190
Lapiths, 114
Latin language, 4, 5, 7, 9, 10, 12, 13, 23, 24, 26, 28, 34–35, 37–38, 42, 46, 47, 56–58, 144, 149, 165, 180, 182
Leptis Magna, 24
Libanius of Antioch, 11
Libya, 68
Licinius, Emperor of Rome, 75
Liguria, 50
lions, 88, 90
Lives (Plutarch), 47
Livia, Empress of Rome, 151, 225
Livy, 4, 42
Lombards, 10
Lucretius, 136
Lusitania, 50
Lykabetos, Mount, 113
Macedonia, 53
Macedonians, 31
Macrobius, 174
Magnus Maximus, 70
malaria, 174
Marc Antony, 149
Marcella, x, 1–3, 8, 167, 209
abduction of, 2, 3
death of, 3, 4, 166
eulogy for, 4
library of, 1
Marcomanni tribe, 52
Marcus Aurelius, 192–93
Maria, Empress of Rome, 151, 154
Maritza River, 53
Marius, General, 123
Marnas (pagan deity), 49
Mascezel, 121
Matthew, Gospel of, 76
Maximinus, Emperor of Rome, x, 21, 23–27, 29, 50
biographies of, 24, 25, 26
birth of, 24
boyhood and adolescence of, 24–25
murder of, 27
wrestling matches of, 24, 25
Maximus son of Bato, 19, 211
Mediterranean Sea, 6, 7, 8, 14, 18, 20, 21, 30, 48, 51, 102, 113, 125, 126, 156, 175, 178
Megara, 117
Menander, 119
Mérida, 181
Mesopotamia, 6, 88
Messalina, Empress of Rome, 192
metalworking skills, 51
Micca, 24
Middle Ages, 30, 48, 85, 101, 135, 150, 162, 169, 183, 188
Middle East, 46, 88, 182
Milan, 67, 78, 100, 105, 120, 140, 170
Mithras (pagan god), 2
Modares, 60, 103
modern calendar, 1
Moldova, 14, 36
Mongols, 169–70
Moors, 46, 52, 181
Moselle River, 11
Museum of the Bretti and Enotri, 200
Museum of the Treasure of Alaric, 199–200
Muslims, 169, 181, 182, 184
myrrh, 6
Nabateans, 57
Naples, 173
Narbonne, 175
Nazis, 199
Nebuchadnezzar, King, 168
Neo-Babylonian Empire, 168
Nero, Emperor of Rome, 18, 78, 188
New History, A (Zosimus), 43
New York Times, 190
Nicaea, 71, 80
Nicene Creed, 71–72, 179
Nicomedia, 11
Niña, 184
Nobel Prize, 34
Nola, 173
Nonnus, 58
Nordic languages, 81
North Africa, xi, 21, 48, 57, 121–22, 170, 188
nosos, 174–75
Occhiuto, Mario, 199–200
Odoacer, 178, 179
Odyssey (Homer), 118
Oium, 30
Olympiodorus of Thebes, 108–10, 141, 151–52, 154, 174
Olympus, Mount, 106
“On Exile” (Plutarch), 47
On the Nature of Things (Lucretius), 136
Orba, 144
Origins and Deeds of the Goths, The (Jordanes), 30, 184
Orosius of Spain, 141, 166, 176, 182–83, 185
Ostia, 57, 153, 180
Ostian Road, 163
Ostrogoths, xi, 125–26, 179, 181
“Our Father” prayer, 85
Ovid, 15, 16, 17, 20, 183
paganism, 2
animal sacrifice in, 75, 79, 82, 86, 105, 170
art and architecture of, 86, 105
customs of, 168–69
Greek and Roman gods and goddesses of, 5, 7, 15, 19, 20, 106, 171
monuments of, 108
patriotic festivals of, 75
religious gatherings of, 16, 171
Palmyra, 64
Pannonian cap, 54
Pap, King of Armenia, 39
Paris, 115
Passia, x, 19
patchouli, 102n
Paul, Saint, 79
letters of, 75
Pavia, 180
Peloponnesian peninsula, 113
Peloponnesian War, 114
Pericles, 113, 114, 186
Persian Empire, 38–39, 40, 71, 88–91, 114, 120, 127, 163–64, 168, 181
desert of, 93
Roman conflicts with, 90
Persian Gulf, 88
Persians, 67
Persians, The (Aeschylus), 115
Peter, Saint, 75, 166
Petrarch, 183
Philippi, 75
Philostorgius, 141
Phoenician Women (Euripides), 118–19
Photius of Constantinople, 109–10
Pine Tree Island, 15, 43, 110, 142, 213
deforestation of, 32, 33
ports and harbors of, 33
Pinna, 82
Pinta, 184
Pirustians, 19
Pius VI, Pope, 194
Pius IX, Pope, 189
Plasmodium falciparum, 174
Plato, 1, 115
Pliny, 34, 153
Plutarch, 5, 44, 47–48, 63
biographies and essays of, 47
Poem for Emperor Honorius on Celebrating His Sixth Consulship (Claudian), 12, 144
Poland, eastern, 36
Pollentia, Battle of (A.D. 402), 140–41, 142, 144
Pompeii, 69
Portugal, x
Portus, 153
Portus Road, 163
Postumian Road, 139–40
Principia, 192, 193–94
Prisca, 75, 78
Proba, Anicia, 164–65, 187, 194
Procopius of Caesarea, 165, 187, 193
Propontis Sea, 128
Prudentius, 106–7, 134–36, 183
Psalms, 59
Psychomachia (“The Battle of the Souls”) (Prudentius), 135
Punic language, 57
Quadi tribe, 52
Quadratus, Ummidius, 192
Quaranta, Paola, 196
Quevedo, Francisco de, 183–84
Quintilian, 186
Radagaisus, 148
Ramses II, Pharaoh, 71
Ravenna, 67, 105, 145, 149, 160, 161, 180
Reburrus, 23
Red Sea, 90
religious freedom, x 42, 73, 86, 134
Rema, 82
Renaissance, 116, 182, 188, 189
Revelation, Book of, 73, 168, 169
Rhine River, 6, 11
Rhodes, 114
Rimini, 80, 140, 158, 159
Roderic, King of the Visigoths, 181
Roman army, 16–17, 18, 22–24, 38, 40, 41, 50–57, 87–88, 113, 123–25, 134, 141, 164
cavalry of, 91
Goths in, 51–56, 70, 88, 90–91, 94
payment and provisioning of, 51–52
retirement from, 52
trades practiced in, 56
training and education in, 54–57, 164
Roman Catholic Church, 80, 82, 179
Holy Mass in, 166, 186
papacy of, 188
Roman Curia, 65
Roman Empire:
Achaea province in, 113
Alaric as an enemy of, ix
anti-Gothic sentiment in, 11, 132–33, 137, 152, 156, 158
anti-immigrant sentiment in, 9–10, 126–27, 130–32, 152
Aquitaine province in, 176, 178, 181
bigotry and xenophobia in, 31, 38, 41, 42, 61, 126, 195
border patrol of, 50, 70
borders and frontiers of, xi, 5, 6, 7, 14, 15, 16, 21, 23, 25, 28, 36, 46, 50, 80, 93
“Byzantine East” of, 11
Christianity adopted as official religion of, 68, 71–72, 93, 107, 127, 171
citizenship in, ix, 20, 21–22, 23, 25, 26, 27, 29, 48, 52, 57, 60–61, 156, 198
civil war in, 93–94
contracts and business transactions in, 18–19, 20
courts of, 21, 25, 78
cultural values (“Romanitas”) of, 7–8, 9, 20, 23, 27, 29, 46, 73, 76, 108, 179
customs and technology of, 18
“customs of one’s ancestors” (mos maiorum) in, 106
Dacia province of, 17–20, 22, 23, 28, 29, 37, 178
decline and fall of, xii–xiii, 4, 10, 11, 29, 66, 169, 178–79, 183
decorated and enscribed tombs in, 17, 20, 23, 57
early history of, 41–42
educational system of, 58
England abandoned by, 178
expansion and growth of, 5, 8, 17, 20
Gothic relations with, 54
Goths in, 84, 124–25, 132–33
Iberian provinces of, 49
immigrants in, 46–49, 60–61, 65, 84, 91, 103, 124–25
“Latin West” of, 11
law and order concerns of, 18
legal principles of, 176–77
lower classes of, 67
loyal confederates (foederati ) in, 50, 94
military campaigns of, 16–17
Numidia province of, 23, 58
paganism vs. Christianity in, 65–67
Pannonia province in, 49
postal service of, 53, 124
provinces of, 65, 68
republican government of, 5, 11, 21, 29, 30, 36, 38, 40, 49, 67, 92, 104, 105, 111, 123, 126, 159, 178
rudimentary refrigeration in, 102n
size and diverse population of, 49–50, 54, 131
slavery in, x, 16, 19, 70, 75, 92–93, 124, 127, 132, 142, 218
social vanity and self-absorption in, 64–65
sphere of influence of, 88
state-sponsored murder in, 38–39
territorial holdings of, 4, 14, 17–20, 28, 48
Romania, 14, 18, 33, 36
Roman Senate, 12, 78, 123, 132, 149
Rome, 15, 20
Alaric’s A.D. 410 attack on, ix, xi, xii, 1–5, 7, 10–12, 27, 66, 161, 164–72, 185–88, 193–95
Alaric’s blockade of, 153–55, 170, 173
Aqua Claudia aqueduct in, 107
Aventine Hill in, 3, 190, 191, 192, 194–97
Basilica Aemelia in, 194
Baths of the Emperor Decius in, 192, 195
Blues vs. Greens, 65
Capitoline Hill in, 4–5
cemeteries and catacombs of, 173
Circus Maximus in, 2, 145
civic festivities in, 163
Colosseum in, 7, 63, 105, 187
commerce and trade in, 1, 2, 6
as cultural center, 6
Diocletian’s Baths in, 187, 191
education system of, 160
elite classes of, 58, 64–65, 104, 113
Esquiline Hill in, 194–95
eternal flame in, 71
exclusive clubs of, 2, 58
famine of A.D. 408 in, 69, 152–54, 157, 159
fire brigade of, 3
fire of A.D. 1084 in, 189
foundation of, 2, 5, 38
four imperial prefectures of, 124–25, 222
gates of, 2, 3, 11, 162, 163, 173, 187
harbor of, 4
hills of, 153
House of the Vestal Virgins in, 190
imported food and wine enjoyed in, 8
monuments of, 6–7, 10, 46
monument to the attack of a.d. 410 in, 185–86
pagan vs. Christian, 65–67
palace of the Pactumeii in, 193
Palatine Hill in, 145
Pantheon in, 7
Peace Forum in, 187, 193, 199
Porta Pia in, 189
public baths in, 63, 192, 195
Roman Forum in, 12, 189, 190, 194
St. Peter’s Basilica in, 166, 179, 186
Salt Gate of, 2, 11, 57, 161, 163, 164, 165, 189, 191
Salt Road in, 57, 140, 161, 187
sports and entertainment in, 7, 8, 9, 61, 63, 65, 100, 105, 162
streets and roads of, 2, 5, 11–12, 22, 57, 61, 130, 139–40, 152, 160, 163, 195
traditional clothing in, 14, 65, 111
Trajan’s Column in, 133
Trastevere district of, 186
Vatican in, 189
Vicus Caprarius road in, 195
Vigna Torlonia, 192
voting in, 21
walls of, 159, 162–63, 189, 197
wealth and power centered in, 5, 7–8
welfare program of, 188
Roşia Montană, 18
Rubens, Peter Paul, 101
Rubicon River, 6
Rufinus, 85, 104–5, 110–12, 121, 128, 220
Russia, southern, 36
Saba, 82–83
Sabines, 2
Sahara desert, 52
Salarian Road, 140
salicylic acid, 34
Sallust, 187, 231
Santa Maria, 184
Sântana de Mureş, 36n
Sardis, 57, 108
Sarmatians, 15
Sarus, General, 161
Sasanid family, 88–89
Saturn (Roman god), 106
Saxons, 10
Scandinavia, 31
Scandza, 30, 31
Scipio, 87
Septimius Severus, Emperor of Rome, 24, 25
Serena (wife of General Stilicho), 110, 120, 144, 148, 149–52, 154
Servius, 38
Seven Books of History Against the Pagans (Orosius), 182–83
Seville, 181
Shakespeare, William, 199
Sibylline Oracles, The, 79
Silk Road, 90, 181
silver, 18, 166
Simelli, Carlo Baldassarre, 191
slavery, x, 16, 19, 70, 75, 92–93, 124
, 127, 132, 142, 218
Slovenia, 93
Social War, 123, 156
Socrates, 113, 197
Socrates of Constantinople, 85, 104, 132, 141
Sodom and Gomorrah, 169, 228
Sogdiana, 181
Sophocles, 118
Soviet Union, 36n
Sozomen, 79, 85, 141, 155, 197
Spain, x, 53, 68, 140, 166, 176, 178, 182
Sparta, 113, 114, 117
Stephanas, 75
Stilicho, General, 110, 120–23, 125, 140–42, 144, 145, 148–52, 222
Alaric’s brief partnership with, 148–49
murder of, 149, 150, 152, 154
Stone Age, 17, 63
Sueves tribe, 52, 140
Sulla, General, 113, 123
Sulpicius Maximus, Quintus, 57, 215
Symmachus, 134
Synesius, Bishop, 126
Syria, 11, 46, 72, 181
deserts of, 39
Tacitus, 42, 184
Taifali tribe, 52
Tarsus, 39
Taurus Mountains, 40
Terving tribe, 14, 37, 54
Thagaste, 58
Theater of Dionysus, 118
Thebes, 109
Theoderic, King of Italy, 179–81
Theodoret, 85
Theodosius, Emperor of Rome, 53–54, 61–63, 67–74, 78–80, 85–87, 90, 92–95, 100–103, 101, 105–7, 109, 110, 112, 120–21, 144, 150, 151, 156, 170, 171, 175, 177
Theodosius the Second, Emperor of Rome, 11, 150
Thermantia, Empress of Rome, 154
Thermopylae, 117
Theseus, 47
Thessaloniki, 61, 75, 101, 219
Thrace, 15, 21, 47, 53, 113
Thracians, 15, 26
Tiber River, 162, 179, 188
Tigris River, 88, 90
Timaeus (Plato), 115
Timothy Aelurus, 4
Titus, Emperor of Rome, 69
Titus Andronicus (Shakespeare), 199
Toledo, 181
Toulouse, 176
Trajan, Emperor of Rome, 14, 16–17, 23, 180, 192
Transylvanian mountains, 17, 29, 33
Triassic period, 32
Tribigild, 132, 133
Trier, 11, 67, 114
triptychs, 18
Tristia (Ovid), 15
Trojan Horse, 84
Trojan War, 31, 116
Turkey, 11
Twain, Mark, 64
Ukraine:
central, 36
southern, 14
United States, 190
universe, concepts of, 6
Urban VIII, Pope, 188
Ursa Major constellation, 5
Ursa Minor constellation, 5
Valens, Emperor of Rome, 38–41, 49, 53, 54, 70
murder of, 41, 56
Valentinian the Second, Emperor of Rome, 71
Valeria, 78
Valerii family, 186
Vandals, xi, 46, 120, 121, 140, 148, 149, 151, 152, 176, 178, 188, 189
vanillin, 102n
Vasari, Giorgio, 183
Vegetius, 51, 62, 103, 139, 162, 164
Verona, 130, 140, 141, 180
Vestal Virgins society, 71
Vesuvius, Mount, A.D. 79 eruption of, 69
Via Aemelia, 140
Via Appia, 163, 173
Via Flaminia, 140, 160, 163
Via Postumia, 139–40
Via Salaria, 140
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