by Ilan Stavans
Finally, the extraordinary people of Restless Books—Annette Hochstein, Joshua Ellison, Michael Berk, Nathan Rostron, Jack Saul, Brinda Ayer, Alex Sarrigeorgiou, and Renata Limón—allowed me the opportunity to delve into the topic with their full support. I am in their debt.
SOURCES
The most authoritative Spanish edition is Don Quijote de la Mancha, Edición del Instituto Cervantes, edited by Francisco Rico (2 vols.; Barcelona: Instituto Cervantes-Crítica, 1998).
In English, my ur-text, from which I quote, is the John Ormsby translation of Don Quixote, first published in London in 1885 and available at http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/996. Occasionally I also employ Don Quixote de La Mancha, translated by Samuel Putnam (New York: Viking, 1949), with an introduction and critical text based on the first editions of 1605 and 1615, as well as variorum notes. And The Complete Works of Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra, edited by James Fitzmaurice-Kelly (Glasgow: Gowans & Gray, 1901–3).
I have also made ample use of various resources: Juan Bautista de Avalle-Arce, Enciclopedia cervantina (Alcalá de Henares, Spain: Centro de Estudios Cervantinos, 1997); Anthony J. Cascardi, editor, The Cambridge Companion to Cervantes (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001); Tom Lathrop, Don Quijote Dictionary: Spanish-English (Newark, Delaware: Juan de la Cuesta, 1999); Howard Mancing, The Cervantes Encyclopedia (2 vols.; Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 2004); and Mancing, Cervantes’ Don Quixote: A Reference Guide (Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 2006).
At the lexicographic level, I sought Sebastián de Covarrubias Orozco, Tesoro de la lengua castellana o española, edited by Felipe C. R. Maldonado, revised by Manuel Camarero (Madrid: Editorial Castalia, 1995); Diccionario de autoridades (Madrid: Gredos, 1990); Historical Thesaurus of the Oxford English Dictionary, edited by Christian Kay et al. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009); and Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary (Springfield, Massachusetts: Merriam-Webster, 2011).
Finally, in structure as well as scope, the immediate ancestor of this book, in my own work, is Imagining Columbus: A Literary Voyage (New York: Macmillan, 1992).
The following are the basic bibliographical resources connected with each of the chapters. Entries are listed in the first chapter they are cited or mentioned and then not subsequently.
PREFACE
Jorge Luis Borges, “La conducta novelística de Cervantes,” in Cervantes y el Quijote, edited by Sara Luisa del Carril and Mercedes Rubio de Zocci (Buenos Aires: Emecé, 2005), pp. 17–22; Charles-Augustin Sainte-Beuve, The Literary Criticism of Sainte-Beuve, edited and translated by Emerson R. Marks (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1971); Solar System Dynamics, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov; Ilan Stavans, “A Rejection Letter,” New Republic, online, February 10, 2005, reprinted in “Don Quixote at Four Hundred,” in A Critic’s Journey (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2010), pp. 95–100; Ilan Stavans, “The Downside of Digging Up Cervantes,” The New Yorker online, March 19, 2015; and Lionel Trilling, “Manners, Morals, and the Novel,” in The Moral Obligation to Be Intelligent: Selected Essays, edited by Leon Wieseltier (New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2000), pp. 105–9.
1 | IN HIS LIKENESS
Luis Astrana Marín, Vida ejemplar y heróica de Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra (Madrid: Instituto Editorial Reus, 1948–58); William Byron, Cervantes: A Biography (Garden City, New York: Doubleday, 1978); Jean Canavaggio, Cervantes, translated by J. R. Jones (New York: W. W. Norton, 1991); Miguel de Cervantes, Exemplary Novellas, translated by Walter K. Kelly (Emmaus, Pennsylvania: Sory Classics, 1952); Daniel Eisenberg, A Study of Don Quixote, preface by Richard Bjornson (Newark, Delaware: Juan de la Cuesta, 1987); Manuel Fernández Álvarez, Cervantes visto por un historiador (Madrid: Espasa, 2005); James Fitzmaurice-Kelly, Life of Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra (London: Chapman & Hall, 1892); Stephen Gilman, The Novel according to Cervantes (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989); Roberto González-Echevarría, editor, Cervantes’ Don Quixote: A Casebook (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005); Juan Givanel Mas y Gaziel, Historia gráfica de Cervantes y del Quijote (Madrid: Editorial Plus-Ultra, 1955); Vladimir Nabokov, Lectures on Don Quixote, edited by Fredson Bowers (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1983); and Charles D. Presberg, Adventures in Paradox: “Don Quixote” and the Western Tradition (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2001).
2 | THE SO-CALLED NORMAL
John Jay Allen, “El desarrollo de Dulcinea y la evolución de don Quijote,” Nueva revista de filología hispánica, 38 (1990): 849–56; Diana de Armas Wilson, “Rethinking Cervantine Utopias: Some No (Good) Places in Renaissance England and Spain,” in Echoes and Inscriptions: Comparative Approaches to Early Modern Spanish Literatures, edited by Barbara A. Simerka and Christopher B. Weimer (Lewisburg, Pennsylvania: Bucknell University Press, 2000), pp. 191–209; Erich Auerbach, “The Enchanted Dulcinea,” in Mimesis: The Representation of Reality in Western Literature, translated by Willard R. Trask (Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1953); María del Carmen Cañizares Ruíz, “La ‘ruta de Don Quijote’ en Castilla, La Mancha: nuevo itinerario cultural europeo,” Nimbus: revista de climatología, meteorología y paisaje, 21–22 (2008): 55–75; Arthur Efron, Don Quixote and the Dulcinated World (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1971); Ruth El Saffar, Beyond Fiction: The Recovery of the Feminine in the Novels of Cervantes (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984); Joseph R. Jones, “The Baratarian Archipelago: Cheap Isle, Chicanery Isle, Joker’s Isle,” in “Ingeniosa Invención”: Essays on Golden Age Spanish Literature for Geoffrey L. Stagg in Honor of His Eighty-Fifth Birthday, edited by Ellen M. Anderson and Amy R. Williamsen (Newark, Delaware: Juan de la Cuesta, 1999), pp. 137–47; Salvador de Madariaga, Don Quixote: An Introductory Essay in Psychology (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1935); Alberto Manguel and Gianni Guadalupi, The Dictionary of Imaginary Places, updated edition (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1980); Haruki Murakami, Norwegian Wood, translated by Jay Rubin (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1999); Lionel Trilling, The Liberal Imagination: Essays on Literature and Society, introduction by Louis Menand (New York: New York Review of Books, 2008); John Updike, “In Response to a Request from Le Nouvelle Observateur to Write Something about Cervantes’ Don Quixote,” in More Matter: Essays and Criticism (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1983), pp. 844–46; Mario J. Valdés, “Don Quijote de la Mancha y la verdad de Dulcinea del Toboso,” Revista canadiense de estudios hispánicos, 25 (2000): 29–41; and Eric J. Ziolkowski, “Don Quijote’s Windmill and Fortune’s Will,” Modern Language Review, 86 (1991): 884–97.
3 | MADNESS AND METHOD
Josep Béa and Victor Hernández, “Don Quixote: Freud and Cervantes,” International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 65 (1984): 141–53; Aubrey F. G. Bell, “The Wisdom of Don Quixote,” Books Abroad, 21, no. 3 (1947): 259–63; Walter Benjamin, “The Storyteller: Observations on the Works of Nikolai Leskov,” in Selected Writings, Vol. 3: 1935–1938, translated by Edmund Jephcott et al., edited by Howard Eiland and Michael W. Jennings (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1999), pp. 143–66; Anne J. Cruz, “Psyche and Gender in Cervantes,” in The Cambridge Companion to Cervantes, edited by Anthony J. Cascardi (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002); Helen Deutsch, “Don Quixote and Don Quixotism,” in Neuroses and Character Types: Clinical Psychoanalytic Studies (New York: International University Press, 1965); Ruth Anthony El Saffar and Diana de Armas Wilson, editors, Quixotic Desire: Psychoanalytic Perspectives on Cervantes (Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1993); Henry Fielding, Joseph Andrews and Shamela, edited by Judith Hawley (New York: Penguin Classics, 1999); Fielding, Rape upon Rape; or, The Justice Caught in His Own Trap and The Coffee-House Politician (1730), Woodson Research Center, Fondren Library, Rice University, http://exhibits.library.rice.edu/items/show/640; Michel Foucault, The Order of Things: An Archaeology of the Human Sciences, translated by Alan Sheridan-Smith (New York: Random House, 1970); Sigmund Freud, Complete Works (7 vols.; New York: Penguin, 2003); Joan
E. Gedo and Ernest S. Wolf, “Freud’s Novelas Ejemplares,” Annual of Psychoanalysis, 1 (1973): 299–317; Léon Grinberg and Juan Francisco Rodríguez, “The Influence of Cervantes on the Future Creator of Psychoanalysis,” International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 65 (1984): 155–68; Iván Jaksi, “Don Quijote’s Encounter with Technology,” Cervantes, 14, no. 1 (1994): 75–95; Carroll B. Johnson, Madness and Lust: A Psychoanalytical Approach to Don Quixote (Berkeley: University of Califlornia Press, 1983); Jacques Lacan, Écrits (Paris: Éditions du Seuil, 1966); György Lukács, The Theory of the Novel, translated by Anna Bostock (London: Merlin Press, 1971); V. C. Pando, “The Wolf’s Men: The Relationship between Freud and Cervantes,” Psicopatología, 26, nos. 1/2 (2006): 33–60; James A. Parr, “Cervantes Foreshadows Freud: On Don Quixote’s Flight from the Feminine and the Physical,” Cervantes: Bulletin of the Cervantes Society of America, 15, no. 2 (1995): 16–25; S. S. Prawer, “The Dog, the Knight, and the Squire Sigmund Freud’s Reading of Cervantes,” Oxford German Studies, 37, no. 1 (2008): 74–91; E. C. Riley, “Cervantes, Freud, and Psychoanalytic Narrative Theory,” Modern Language Review, 88, no. 1 (1993): 1–14; Theodore Sarbin, “The Quixotic Principle: A Belletristic Approach to the Psychological Study of Imaginings and Believings,” in The Social Context of Conduct: Psychological Writings of Theodore Sarbin, edited by Vernon L. Allen and Karl E. Scheibe (New York: Praeger, 1982), pp. 169–86; and Henry W. Sullivan, “Don Quixote de la Mancha: Analyzable or Unanalyzable?,” Cervantes: Bulletin of the Cervantes Society of America, 18, no. 1 (1998): 4–23.
4 | A MODERN NOVEL
John Jay Allen, “The Narrators, the Reader, and Don Quijote,” MLN, 91 (1976): 201–12; Diana de Armas Wilson, Cervantes, the Novel, and the New World (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000); Edward T. Aylward, Towards a Revaluation of Avellaneda’s False “Quijote” (Newark, Delaware: Juan de la Cuesta, 1989); Harold Bloom, editor, Cervantes (New York: Chelsea House, 1987); Jorges Luis Borges, Discusión (Buenos Aires: Alianza, 1997), pp. 3–4; Borges, “Partial Magic of the Quijote,” translated by James E. Irby, in Labyrinths, edited by Donald A. Yates and James E. Irby (New York: New Directions, 1962), pp. 193–96; Borges, “The Wall and the Books,” in The Perpetuan Race of Achille and the Tortoise, translated by Esther Allen, Suzanne Jill Levine, and Eliot Weinberger (London: Penguin Books, 2010), pp. 78–81; Américo Castro, Cervantes y los casticismos españoles (Madrid: Alianza Editorial, 1966); Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Coleridge’s Poetry and Prose: Authoritative Texts and Criticism, selected and edited by Nicholas Halmi, Paul Magnuson, and Raimonda Modiano (New York: W. W. Norton, 2004); Anne J. Cruz and Carroll B. Johnson, editors, Cervantes and His Postmodern Constituencies (New York: Garland, 1999); Daniel Eisenberg, Cervantes y el Quijote (Barcelona: Montesinos, 1993); Stephen Gilman, Cervantes y Avellaneda: estudio de una imitación, translated by Margit Frenk Alatorre (Mexico City: Colegio de México, 1951); Paul Groussac, Un énigme litterarire: le D. Quichotte d’Avellaneda (Paris: A. Picard, 1903); James Iffland, De fiestas y aguafiestas: risa, locura e ideología en Cervantes y Avellaneda (Madrid: Iberoamericana, 1999); Maureen Ihrie, Skepticism in Cervantes (London: Tamesis Books, 1982); Milan Kundera, The Art of the Novel, translated by Linda Asher (New York: Grove Press, 1986); Harry Levin, Contexts of Criticism (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1957); Ellen Lokos, “The Politics of Identity and the Enigma of Cervantine Genealogy,” in Cervantes and His Postmodern Constituencies, edited by Anne J. Cruz and Carroll B. Johnson (New York: Garland, 1999); Leopoldo Lugones, El imperio jesuítico: ensayo histórico [1907] (Buenos Aires: Losada, 1959); Jesús G. Maeso, “El sistema narrativo del Quijote: la construcción del personaje Cid Hamete Benengeli,” Cervantes, 15, no. 1 (1995): 111–41; Howard Mancing, The Chivalric World of Don Quixote: Style, Structure, and Narrative Technique (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1982); José Ortega y Gasset, Meditations on Quixote, translated by Evelyn Rugg and Diego Marín (New York: W. W. Norton, 1961); Ortega y Gasset, The Revolt of the Masses (New York: W. W. Norton, 1994); Felipe Pérez Capo, El “Quijote” en el teatro: repertorio croinológico de 290 producciones relacionadas con la inmortal obra de Cervantes (Barcelona: Millá, 1947); Geoffrey Stagg, “El sabio Cide Hamete Benengeli,” Bulletin of Hispanic Studies, 33 (1956): 218–25; and Ilan Stavans and Iván Jaksi, What Is ‘la hispanidad’? (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2011).
5 | THE CONJUROR OF WORDS
Amado Alonso, Castellano, español, idioma nacional: historia espiritual de tres nombres (Buenos Aires: Losada, 1938); Ambrose Bierce, The Devil’s Dictionary (New York: Dover, 1993); Jorge Luis Borges, El idioma de los argentinos [1928] (Buenos Aires: Alianza, 2001); Borges, “An Investigation of the Word,” translated by Suzanne Jill Levine and Eliot Weinberger, in Selected Non-Fiction, edited by Eliot Weinberger (New York: Viking, 1999), pp. 32–39; Miguel de Cervantes, Don Quijote: A New Translation, translated by Burton Raffel, introduction by Diana de Armas Wilson (New York: W. W. Norton, 1999); Diccionario de la lengua española (Barcelona: Espasa-Calpe, 2001); Paul Groussac, Crítica literaria (Buenos Aires: J. Menéndez e hijo, 1924); Franz Kafka, Die Verwandlung (Leipzig: Kurt Wolf, 1915); Kafka, Selected Short Stories, translated by Willa and Edwin Muir, introduction by Philip Rahv (New York: Modern Library, 1993); Samuel Johnson, Selected Essays, edited by David Womersley (New York: Penguin Classics, 2003); Rafael Lapesa, Historia de la lengua española, 9th edition, prologue by Ramón Menéndez Pidal (Madrid: Gredos, 1981); Ángel Rosenblat, La lengua del “Quijote” (Madrid: Gredos, 1971); and Sócrates, “¿Cuántas palabras tiene Don Quijote?,” Solosequenosenada, June 1, 2009, http://www.solosequenosenada.com/2009/06/01/cuantas-palabras-tiene-el-libro-don-quijote-de-la-mancha-de-cervantes/.
Here are two other examples of the first line of El Quijote in English translation, organized chronologically by their respective year of publication:
• Thomas Shelton: “There lived not long since, in a certain village of the Mancha, the name whereof I purposely omit, a gentleman of their calling that used to pile up in their halls old lances, halberds, morions, and such other armours and weapons.”
• Samuel Putnam: “In a village of La Mancha the name of which I have no desire to recall, there lived not so long ago one of those gentlemen who always have a lance in the rack, an ancient buckler, a skinny nag, and a greyhound for the chase.”
6 | QUIJOTISMO AND MENARDISMO
Sebastian Balfour, The End of the Spanish Empire: 1898–1923 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997); Jorge Luis Borges, “Pierre Menard, Author of the Quixote,” in Labyrinths, translated by James E. Irby (New York: New Directions, 1964); Carolyn Boyd, Historia Patria: Politics, History, and National Identity in Spain, 1875–1975 (Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1997); Christopher Britt Arredondo, Quixotismo: The Imaginative Denial of Spain’s Loss of Empire (Albany: State University of New York Press, 2005); Américo Castro, El pensamiento de Cervantes, edited by Julio Rodríguez-Puértolas (Barcelona: Noguer, 1972); Castro, An Idea of History: Selected Essays, translated and edited by Stephen Gilman and Edmund L. King (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1977); William Childers, Transnational Cervantes (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2006); John J. Ciofalo, “Goya’s Enlightenment Protagonist: A Quixotic Dreamer of Reason,” Eighteenth-Century Studies, 30, no. 4 (1997): 421–36; Diego Clemencín, editor, El ingenioso hidalgo don Quijote de la Mancha, by Miguel de Cervantes, 400th anniversary edition, with 356 engravings by Gustave Doré and critical study by Luis Astrana Marín (Valencia, Spain: Editorial Alfredo Ortells, 1993); Rubén Darío, Selected Writings, edited by Ilan Stavans, translated by Greg Simon, Andrew Hurley, and Steven F. White (New York: Penguin, 2005); Isabel Escandell Proust, “Goya, autor de dos imágenes de don Quijote,” Volver a Cervantes: actas del IV Congreso Internacional de la Asociación de Cervantistas, Lepanto, 1, no. 8 (2001): 415–38; Carlos Fuentes, Cervantes o la crítica de la lectura (Mexico: Joaquín Mortíz, 1976); Fuentes, Myself with Others: Selected Essays (New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1990);
Ángel Ganivet, Idearium español, con El porvenir de España (Madrid: Espasa-Calpe, 1897); Gabriel García Márquez and Roberto Pomb, “Habla Marcos,” Revista Cambio (March 25, 2001), http://www.elhistoriador.com.ar/entrevistas/m/marcos.php; Ricardo Gullón, La invención del 98 y otros ensayos (Madrid: Gredos, 1969); A. G. Lo Ré, “A Possible Source for Picasso’s Drawing of Don Quixote,” Cervantes, 12, no. 1 (1992): 105–10; Ramiro de Maeztu, Defensa de la hispanidad (Madrid: Espasa, 1946); Emmanuel Marigno, “La visión de don Quijote de Francisco Goya, un autoportrait métaphorique?,” Crisoladas: revue du C.R.I.S.O.L., 16/17, no. 1 (2006): 162–74; José Martínez Ruiz “Azorín,” La ruta de Don Quijote (Madrid: Biblioteca Renacimiento, 1915); Manuel V. Monsonís Monfort, “Un Quijote de Picasso,” Ars Longa, 14–15 (2005–6): 345–54; José Ortega y Gasset, The Dehumanization of Art and Other Essays on Art, Culture, and Literature (Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1968); Nicola Palladino, “Pintura, imaginación y deseo. Le Illustrazioni di Dalí al Don Quijote,” Central Virtual Cervantes (2005): 103–26; V. S. Pritchett, The Myth Makers (New York: Vintage, 1980); Pritchett, The Spanish Temper (London: Chatto & Windus, 1954); José Enrique Rodó, Ariel, translation, reader’s reference, and annotated bibliography by Margaret Sayers Peden (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1988); Rachel Schmidt, “Conclusion: Goya and the Romantic Reading of Don Quijote,” in Critical Images: The Canonization of Don Quixote through Illustrated Editions of the Eighteenth Century (Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1999); and Miguel de Unamuno, Vida de Don Quijote y Sancho (Madrid: Alianza Editorial, 1987).