Water is for Fighting Over
Page 20
16.Putnam et al., “The Importance of Western Alfalfa Production,” 2.
17.US Department of Agriculture National Agricultural Statistics Service, “CropScape Cropland Data Layer.”
18.Medellín-Azuara, Lund, and Howitt, “Jobs per Drop Irrigating California Crops.”
19.Cohen et al., “Water to Supply the Land,” 61.
20.Hundley, The Great Thirst, 469.
21.Nelson, “Increase in Crop Acreages and Property Values in Imperial County,” 2.
22.Sauder, The Yuma Reclamation Project, 55.
23.US Bureau of the Census, “Sixteenth Census of the United States: 1940,” 409.
24.US Department of Agriculture, “Census of Agriculture, 2012,” Arizona 276; US Bureau of the Census, “Sixteenth Census of the United States: 1940,” 399, 409.
25.Imperial County Agricultural Commission, “Imperial County Agricultural Crop and Livestock Report,” 2000, 3; 2014, 5.
26.US Department of Agriculture, “Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Shipments, 2014,” 24–25.
27.US Department of Agriculture, “Census of Agriculture, 2012,” Arizona, 226–28; California 239–47; Colorado 227–36; New Mexico 225–30; Nevada 212–16; Utah 224–28; Wyoming 223–27.
28.Yuma County Agricultural Water Coalition, “A Case Study in Efficiency,” 30–35.
29.US Bureau of Economic Analysis, “Regional Economic Accounts, Farm Income and Expenses” (table CA45).
30.Bureau of the Census, “Census of Agriculture, 1974,” Arizona 11–12; US Department of Agriculture, “Census of Agriculture, 2012,” 2014, Arizona 276; US Bureau of Reclamation, “Compilation of Records in Accordance with Article V of the Decree of the Supreme Court in Arizona v. California,” 8–9; US Bureau of Reclamation, “Colorado River Accounting and Water Use Report—Arizona, California, and Nevada,” 2015, 14–16.
31.US Bureau of Economic Analysis, “Regional Economic Accounts, Farm Income and Expenses” (table CA45).
32.Cohen, Christian-Smith, and Berggren, Water to Supply the Land, 69.
33.Khaled Bali, author interview, July 7, 2014.
34.Fleck, “When Water Supplies Ebb, Users Go with the Flow.”
35.US Department of Agriculture, “Crop Production—2014 Summary,” 32–33.
36.California Department of Food and Agriculture, “Dairy Production Data”; US Department of Agriculture, “Milk Production.”
37.Dan Putnam, author interview, September 15, 2015.
Chapter 3 Notes
1.Woestendiek, “In Middle of Desert, Las Vegas Builds Lake.”
2.Moehring, Resort City in the Sunbelt, 46.
3.Las Vegas Sun, “How Much Water Evaporates from the Bellagio Fountains?”; Bali, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, “Imperial Alfalfa Irrigation Requirement.”
4.Author’s estimate based on reported hotel rooms, occupancy rates, and visitor spending reported by the Nevada Gaming Control Board (see the “Nevada Gaming Abstract 2014”).
5.Nevada Gaming Control Board, “Nevada Gaming Abstract 2014,” 1–10.
6.US Department of Agriculture, “2012 Census of Agriculture—Imperial County California Profile,” 1.
7.Davis, Dead Cities, 101. See also Harrison, “Water Use and Natural Limits in the Las Vegas Valley,” which critiques Davis and other Las Vegas critics.
8.Gleick and Palaniappan, “Peak Water Limits to Freshwater Withdrawal and Use,” 11161.
9.Moehring and Green, Las Vegas, 2.
10.Moehring, Resort City in the Sunbelt, 4.
11.Dumke, “Mission Station to Mining Town: Early Las Vegas,” 263; Vegas Artesian Water Syndicate, prospectus.
12.Las Vegas Age, “Action of 7 States Means Millions to Las Vegas.”
13.Moehring, Resort City in the Sunbelt, 212.
14.Southern Nevada Water Authority, “Water Resource Plan 2009,” 2.
15.Arizona v. California, 373 U.S. 546 (1963), 583.
16.Moehring, Resort City in the Sunbelt, 212.
17.Ibid., 213.
18.Ibid.
19.Harrison, “Water Use and Natural Limits in the Las Vegas Valley,” 39.
20.Ibid., 40.
21.Ibid., 44.
22.Ibid., 40.
23.US Bureau of Reclamation, “Compilation of Records in Accordance with Article V of the Decree of the Supreme Court of the United States in Arizona v. California,” 1987, 26; US Bureau of Reclamation, “Compilation of Records in Accordance with Article V of the Decree of the Supreme Court of the United States in Arizona v. California,” 1993, 18.
24.Southern Nevada Water Authority, “Water Resource Plan, 2009.”
25.Harrison, “Water Use and Natural Limits in the Las Vegas Valley,” 50.
26.Mulroy, “Beyond the Division,” 105.
27.Kurtis Hyde, author interview, February 26, 2015.
28.William Hasencamp, presentation to Metropolitan Water District of Southern California Water Planning and Stewardship Committee, July 13, 2015; Brean, “Authority Approves Leasing Water to California.”
29.Southern Nevada Water Authority, “Water Resource Plan 2009,” 67; US Census Bureau, “2014 Population Estimates, QuickFacts.”
30.John Entsminger, author interview, October 1, 2015.
31.Southern Nevada Water Authority, “Member Agency Estimated Population and Annual Water Usage 1994–2013” (data provided by Southern Nevada Water Authority, June 17, 2014); Albuquerque Bernalillo County Water Utility Authority, “New Mexico Office of State Engineering GPCD Calculator,” 2014 (data provided by Albuquerque Bernalillo County Water Utility Authority, January 14, 2015).
32.Cahill and Lund, “Residential Water Conservation in Australia and California,” 118.
33.Grant et al., “Adapting Urban Water Systems to a Changing Climate: Lessons from the Millennium Drought in Southeast Australia,” 10728.
34.Las Vegas Valley Water Authority, “Consolidated Annual Financial Report,” 2014, 71.
35.Glaeser, Triumph of the City, 132.
36.Lustgarten, “The ‘Water Witch.’”
37.Southern Nevada Water Authority, “Water Conservation Plan 2014–2018,” 22; Southern Nevada Water Authority, “Water Resource Plan 2015,” 25; US Bureau of Reclamation, “Colorado River Accounting and Water Use Report, 2015,” 22.
38.Los Angeles Department of Water and Power, “2005 Urban Water Management Plan,” 1–9; California State Water Resources Control Board, “Urban Water Supplier Enforcement Statistics.”
39.Albuquerque Bernalillo County Water Utility Authority, Municipal Pumping Report, 2014 (provided to author upon request); John Stomp, “Water Resources Management Strategy Update.”
40.Southern Nevada Water Authority, “Water Resource Plan 2015,” 39.
Chapter 4 Notes
1.Sid Wilson, author interview, May 25, 2015; Jennifer Pitt, author interview, November 12, 2010. Pitt worked for the Environmental Defense Fund during the events described in this book. In late 2015, she became Director of the Colorado River Project for the National Audubon Society.
2.Testimony of Jennifer Pitt, Environmental Defense Fund, US House Subcommittee on Water and Power, Oversight Hearing on Collaboration on the Colorado River, April 9, 2010.
3.Leavenworth, “Colorado Conversion?”
4.Carrillo-Guerrero, “From Accident to Management,” 84; Jennifer Pitt, personal communication, September 18, 2015.
5.Glennon and Pitt, “Our Water Future Needs Creativity.”
6.Ward, Border Oasis, 45.
7.Hundley, Dividing the Waters, 173.
8.Judkins and Larson, “The Yuma Desalting Plant,” 410.
9.Yuma Desalting Plant / Cienega de Santa Clara Workgroup, “Balancing Water Needs on the Lower Colorado River,” 1.
10.Ostrom, “Beyond Markets and States: Polycentric Governance of Complex Economic Systems,” 641.
11.Gerlak, “Resistance and Reform: Transboundary Water Governance in the Colorado River Delta,” 100–19.
Chapter 5 Notes
1
.Cohen et al., “Municipal Deliveries of Colorado River Basin Water,” 13–15.
2.US Geological Survey, “Estimated Use of Water in the United States.”
3.Konikow, “Groundwater Depletion in the United States,” 7.
4.Kathryn Sorensen, author interview, February 20, 2015.
5.Welsh, How to Create a Water Crisis, 14.
6.Martin and Young, “The Need for Additional Water in the Arid South-west: An Economist’s Dissent,” 31.
7.Arizona Constitution, Article 22, Section 20.
8.Young, “The Arizona Water Controversy: An Economist’s View,” 3.
9.Kupel, Fuel for Growth.
10.Statement of Ralph Murphy, Hearings held at the Ingleside Inn, Phoenix, Arizona, on H.R. 6251 and H.R. 9826 before the House Committee on Irrigation and Reclamation, 69th Congress (1926).
11.St. Louis Federal Reserve, Resident Population in Arizona.
12.Statement of Fred T. Colter, Hearings on H.R. 2903 before the House Committee on Irrigation and and Reclamation, 68th Congress (1924).
13.“Dam Storm Thunders,” Los Angeles Times, May 23, 1928; “Senators Battle Over Boulder Dam,” New York Times, May 30, 1928.
14.Mann, The Politics of Water in Arizona, 83.
15.Beaver, Images of America: Parker, 86.
16.Reisner, Cadillac Desert, 258.
17.Los Angeles Herald-Express, November 14, 1934, in Beaver, Images of America: Parker, 85.
18.Summitt, Contested Waters, 42.
19.Hearings on Arizona water resources before a subcommittee of the Committee on Irrigation and Reclamation, United States Senate, 78th Congress, 2nd session, July 31 and August 1–4, 1944, 46.
20.Ibid., 9.
21.Ibid., 13.
22.August, Vision in the Desert, 175.
23.Motion for Leave to File Bill of Complaint and Bill of Complaint, Arizona v. California, No. [10] Original, 1952 Term (U.S.).
24.MacDonnell, “Arizona v. California Revisited,” 370.
25.A bill to authorize, construct, operate, and maintain the Central Arizona Project, Arizona–New Mexico, and for other purposes, S. 1658, 88th Congress (1964).
26.Yuma (Arizona) Sun, June 9, 1963, 6.
27.August, Vision in the Desert, 187.
28.“Sen. Hayden Takes Step in Billion Dollar Dream,” Yuma Sun.
29.Dozier and McCann, “CAP Priority to Colorado River Water,” undated, 1.
30.Arizona Interstate Stream Commission, 27.
31.US Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Statistics Service Quickstats.
32.Campbell, “Pinal County Agriculture,” 13.
33.Colorado River Basin Project Act, Public Law 90-537, 90th Congress, S. 1004 (1968).
34.Connall, “A History of the Arizona Groundwater Management Act,” 331.
35.Bureau of the Census, “1978 Census of Agriculture,” Arizona 119; US Department of Agriculture, “2012 Census of Agriculture,” Arizona 249.
36.US Geological Survey, “Estimated Use of Water in the United States in 1980,” 36; US Geological Survey, “Estimated Use of Water in the United States in 2010,” 9.
37.Kathleen Ferris, author interview, August 3, 2015; Konikow, “Groundwater Depletion in the United States (1900–2008),” 7.
38.US Geological Survey, “Estimated Use of Water in the United States,” 1975 and 2010.
39.Loomis, “Ducey: Don’t Punish Arizona for Its Water Conservation.”
40.Davis, “Is California Trying to Take Our Water?”
Chapter 6 Notes
1.“Ground Water: The Perils to Its Purity,” Los Angeles Times, December 12, 1989.
2.Ostrom, “Public Entrepreneurship,” 13.
3.Western Regional Climate Center, Long Beach Daugherty Field, California.
4.Hundley, The Great Thirst, 88; Ostrom, “Public Entrepreneurship,” 11.
5.Mendenhall, Development of Underground Waters in the Central Coastal Plain Region of Southern California, 10.
6.Ostrom, “Public Entrepreneurship,” 15.
7.Hardin, “The Tragedy of the Commons,” 1243–48.
8.Chibnik, Anthropology, Economics, and Choice, 161.
9.See, for example: Green, Managing Water, 64.
10.Ostrom, “A Long Polycentric Journey.”
11.Ibid., 14.
12.Ostrom, “Why Do We Need To Protect Institutional Diversity?” 141.
13.Ostrom, “Public Entrepreneurship,” 284.
14.“Warning Given on Salt Barrier,” Los Angeles Times, July 26, 1946
15.Ostrom, “Public Entrepreneurship,” 284.
16.Ibid., 30.
17.Ibid., 236.
18.Ibid., 238.
19.Ibid., 271.
20.Sarewitz, “How Science Makes Environmental Controversies Worse,” 399.
21.Ostrom, “Public Entrepreneurship,” 270.
22.Ostrom, Governing the Commons, 116.
23.Ostrom, “Public Entrepreneurship,” 288.
24.Ibid., 294.
25.Blomquist, “Crafting Water Constitutions in California,” 111.
26.Ostrom, Governing the Commons, 120.
27.Blomquist, Dividing the Waters, 302.
28.Ostrom, Governing the Commons, 126
29.Ibid.
30.“Hawthorne Mayor Hits ‘Double Tax,’” Los Angeles Times, November 15, 1959.
31.Ostrom, Gardner, and Walker, Rules, Games, and Common-Pool Resources, 4; Water Replenishment District of Southern California, “Engineering and Survey Report,” 13–16.
Chapter 7 Notes
1.US Bureau of Reclamation, “Accounting for Colorado River Water Use within the States of Arizona, California, and Nevada Calendar Year 2003,” 15–16.
2.Hettena, “Interior Secretary Cuts California’s Share of Colorado River Water.”
3.Grace Napolitano, in testimony to the Subcommittee on Water and Power, Committee on Resources, H.R. Rep. No. 107-78 at 43 (2001).
4.Tyler, Silver Fox of the Rockies, 107.
5.The technical dividing line is a place called “Lee Ferry,” a geographical artefact of the need to include outflow from the Paria River, located slightly downstream from the place more commonly known as “Lee’s Ferry,” where early Mormon settlers had operated a ferry. To further complicate matters, the National Park Service, which now maintains the old site, calls it “Lees Ferry.”
6.Lochhead, “Upper Basin Perspective on California’s Claims to Water from the Colorado River, Part II,” 328.
7.MacDonnell, “Arizona v. California Revisited,” 363.
8.Larry Anderson in testimony to the Subcommittee on Water and Power, Committee on Resources, H.R. Rep. No. 107-78 at 11 (2001).
9.Western Regional Climate Center, “Historic Climate Division Data Summaries.”
10.US Bureau of Reclamation, “Colorado River Basin Natural Flow Data.”
11.Wood, “California Drought Springs New Limits on Developers,” 9.
12.Lochhead, “An Upper Basin Perspective, Part II,” 326.
13.Coates, “Colorado Offers Water to California.”
14.Lochhead, “An Upper Basin Perspective, Part II,” 328.
15.US Bureau of Reclamation, “Agreement Requesting Apportionment of California’s Share of the Waters of the Colorado River Among the Applicants in the State” (commonly known as the “The California Seven Party Water Agreement of 1931”); Jerla, “An Analysis of Coordinated Operation of Lakes Powell and Mead under Lower Reservoir Conditions,” 21.
16.Reisner and Bates, Overtapped Oasis, 149.
17.Glennon, Unquenchable, 258–71.
18.Lochhead, “An Upper Basin Perspective, Part II,” 354.
19.Ibid., 356.
20.Ibid., 395.
21.Vollmann, Imperial, 956.
22.Minutes of Imperial Irrigation District Special Board Meeting, El Centro, CA, December 9, 2002.
23.Lochhead, “Upper Basin Perspective on California’s Claims to Water from the Colorado River Part II,” 396.
Chapter 8 Notes
1.US House Subcommittee on Water and Power, Committee on Resources, H.R. Rep. No. 107-78 at 43 (2001).
2.Phillip Pace, Minutes, Special Meeting of the Board of Directors of the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, January 6, 2003, 258.
3.William Hasencamp, author interview, May 27, 2015.
4.Gottlieb and FitzSimmons, Thirst for Growth, 14.
5.Ibid., 15.
6.Hundley, The Great Thirst, 284.
7.California Department of Water Resources, California State Water Project at a Glance, 1.
8.Testimony of Ronald Gastelum, “Water: Is It the Oil of the 21st Century?” Hearing before the US House Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure, May 22, 2003.
9.Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, “Southern California’s Integrated Water Resources Plan,” 1-1.
10.Ibid., 3–35.
11.Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, Annual Progress Report to the California State Legislature, 19.
12.US Bureau of Reclamation, “Groundwater Banking Pilot Project of Central Valley Project Water from City of Tracy to Semitropic Water Storage District,” 8.
13.Semitropic Water Storage District, Combined Financial Statements, 6.
14.Howitt and Hanak, “Incremental Water Market Development,” 79.
15.William Hasencamp, author interview, April 30, 2015.
Chapter 9 Notes
1.Meister, “Sample Cost to Establish and Produce Wheat, Imperial County,” ii; Imperial Irrigation District, “Monthly Crop Acreage Report,” 1.
2.Zetland, “Will the People of Imperial Valley Jump or Get Pushed?”
3.Tina Shields, author interview, August 14, 2015.
4.Berman, “A Tale of Two Transfers.”
5.“Get Ready for the Big Grab,” Imperial Valley Press, February 25, 2007.
6.“Land, Water, Homes, Stability, and Progress,” Los Angeles Times, August 9, 1903.
7.Clifford, Overland Tales, 299.
8.Meadows, “UC Desert Research and Extension Center Celebrates 100 Years.”
9.Stevens, Hoover Dam, 9.
10.Hendricks, “Developing San Diego’s Desert Empire.”
11.“Death of Dr. Wozencraft,” Daily Evening Bulletin (San Francisco), November 24, 1887.
12.Hays, Conservation and the Gospel of Efficiency, 243.