The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution

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The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution Page 47

by Bernard Bailyn


  Aristocracy, 65, 70, 300; federalists and, 334. See also Nobility

  Aristotle, 23, 70

  Army, standing: fear of, 36, 48, 61–63, 65, 84, 112–119; antifederalists and, 339–340, 341, 343, 348; federalists and, 354–358, 377. See also Trenchard, Argument; Militia

  Articles of Confederation, 351

  Ashfield, Mass., 265, 266

  Asia, 79, 135, 138

  Assemblies: representation in, 164–165; and internal government, 204, 210–219; proposals for reconstitution of, 286–299; power of, 306–307. See also Government

  Athens, 66, 282

  Augusta County, Va., 259, 306–307

  Aurelius, Marcus, 24

  Authority, civil: obedience to, 92–93, 304–307. See also Government

  Backus, Isaac: on religious establishment, 262–263, 265–267; Letter to a Gentleman, 263; Seasonable Plea, 263; Appeal to the Public, 266–267; and civil disobedience, 305–306; Fish Caught, 306

  Bacon, Sir Francis, 22, 30, 45, 199; Calvin’s Case, 225

  Baldwin, Ebenezer: Appendix, 104, 121, 129–130; on ministerial conspiracy, 129–130; Duty of Rejoicing, 141

  Baptists, 255, 257, 260, 305; protest of, against religious establishment, 261–271; invasion of Continental Congress by, 268–269; and civil disobedience, 305. See also Allen, John; Backus, Isaac

  Barnard, Edward, Sermon, 284

  Baron, Richard, 40, 58

  Barrington, Daines, Observations on the More Ancient Statutes, 31

  Battle of Brooklyn, 17

  Beard, Charles, 326

  Beccaria, Cesare, 27, 29, 150, 348

  Belknap, Jeremy, 157

  Bentley, Richard, 23

  Bernard, Sir Francis, 109, 207, 279; and Stamp Act, 112; and presumed conspiracy, 122–123, 151; Letters, 277; Copies of Letters, 277, 284; on colonial nobility, 278; Select Letters, 279

  Berwick, Mass., 265

  Bible, 10, 127, 238, 240, 315

  Bill(s) of rights, 349–351

  Birmingham, England, 169

  Blackstone, Sir William, 31, 174, 229; on representation, 171; Commentaries, 171, 177, 186, 201; on sovereignty of Parliament, 201–202

  Bland, Richard, 8; dispute with John Camm, 5, 252–253; literary style of, 11, 15; Colonel Dismounted, 11, 64, 176, 181, 212; Inquiry, 32, 58, 81, 168, 308; on rights, 58, 307; on Saxons, 82; on constitutions, 176; on internal and external government, 210–211; and slavery, 235; on religious establishment, 252–253, 258; Letter to Clergy, 254. See also Two-Penny Acts

  Bodin, Jean, 198

  Bolingbroke, Viscount, see St. John, Henry

  Bollan, William: on corruption in England, 133; Epistle from Timolean, 135

  Bolton, Mass., 265

  Bonham’s Case, see Coke, Sir Edward

  Boston, 10, 44, 87, 111, 115, 119, 126, 133, 237; town meeting of, 60, 94, 107, 113, 117, 121; troops in, 112, 114, 116

  Boston Evening Post, 64, 115, 239

  Boston Gazette, 44, 57, 64, 69, 72, 76, 87, 98, 104, 235

  Boston Massacre, 116, 129, 240; orations commemorating, 4, 6, 7

  Boston Port Act, 118

  Boston Tea Party, 4, 118, 152

  Boucher, Jonathan, 38, 318; “On Civil Liberty, Passive Obedience, and Nonresistance,” 29, 301, 314–318; Letter from a Virginian, 61, 219; View of the Causes, 157, 282; and civil disobedience, 314–315; on equality, 316–318

  Bowdoin, James, 116, 368; Short Narrative, 129

  Bracton, Henry de, 30

  Bradbury, Thomas, The Ass, 131

  Brady, Robert, 31, 82

  Braxton, Carter: Address, 66, 124, 143, 291, 292; constitutional ideas of, 291–292

  Brown, Dr. John, Estimate of the Manners, 87

  “Brutus” (pseud.), 330, 335–337, 339–340, 347–348, 358

  Brutus, Marcus Junius, 26

  Bryan, Samuel, 333

  Burgh, James, 132; Political Disquisitions, 40, 41, 344; Britain’s Remembrancer, 40, 86, 87

  Burk, John Daly, 157

  Burke, Edmund, 147, 163, 169, 315; Thoughts on the Present Discontents, 134, 146; on conspiracy, 146, 158–159; on representation, 163

  Burlamaqui, Jean Jacques, 27, 28, 29; on internal and external obligations, 210

  Burnet, Bishop Gilbert, 45

  Bute, Earl of, see Stuart, John

  Butler, Bishop Joseph, 315

  Caesar, Julius, 24

  Caldwell, David, 340

  Caligula, 131

  Calvin’s Case, see Coke, Sir Edward; Bacon, Sir Francis

  Cambridge, Mass., 96, 254, 255

  Camden, Earl of, see Pratt, Charles

  Camm, John: dispute with Richard Bland, 5, 252–253; Critical Remarks, 11, 236; on slavery, 235–236; on religious establishment, 154–155, 252–253; Single and Distinct View, 254. See also Two-Penny Acts

  Canada, 84, 126, 155, 280

  Care, Henry, English Liberties, 44

  Carlisle Commission, 227

  Carmichael, John, Self-Defensive War Lawful, 6–7

  Carroll, Charles (Sr.), 56, 82, 91–92, 213

  Carroll, Charles, of Carrollton, 91–92, 131, 132, 137

  Carter, Landon, 252

  Carthage, 282

  Cartwright, John, 41

  Cassius Longinus, C., 26

  “Cato” (pseud. of New York writer), 346–347, 348. See also Addison

  Cato, M. Porcius, 24

  Cato’s Letters, see Trenchard

  “Centinel” (pseud. of S. Bryan), 333, 333–334

  Chalmers, James: and enlightenment authors, 29; Plain Truth, 29, 66, 248, 287, 288; Additions to Plain Truth, 85, 282

  Champion, Judah, Brief View, 83

  Chandler, Thomas Bradbury, 318; American Querist, 11, 12, 15, 313; What Think Ye, 184, 226, 281; on rights, 188; on sovereignty, 226; on colonial nobility, 281; on obedience to authority, 313–314; Friendly Address, 313, 314

  Chaplin, Ebenezer, The Civil State Compared to Rivers, 9, 15

  Charles I, 28, 29, 53, 118, 145, 200; His Majesties Answer, 71

  Charles II, 121

  Charters, as written constitutions, 191–193

  Checks and balances, 323, 324; Henry (P.) on, 345–346; “Americanus” (Stevens) on, 363–364; federalists’ reliance on, 368–369, 369, 371

  Church, Benjamin, Massacre Oration, 169

  Church of England: Hoadly and, 38–39; desire of, to become established in colonies, 95–98; establishment of, 248–249; in Virginia, 251–253; and Mayhew-Apthorp controversy, 254–257. See also Society for the Propagation of the Gospel

  Cicero, Marcus Tullius, 23, 24, 25, 26

  “Cincinnatus” (pseud.), 342

  Civil disobedience, see Authority, civil

  Classics, use of by pamphleteers, 23–26

  Coercive Acts, 4, 126, 148

  Coke, Sir Edward, 43, 54, 171, 177, 179, 180, 201; citation of, by colonists, 30–31; and Bonham’s Case, 177; and Calvin’s Case, 225

  Colden, Cadwallader, Philip Livingston on, 127

  College of Philadelphia, 311

  College of Rhode Island, 269

  Collinson, Peter, 89

  Colonies, American (British): special role of, in history, 83–84, 138–143, 160–161; contrasted with England, 83–86; misrepresentation of, 99–100; and Parliamentary sovereignty, 202–229; socio-constitutional balance in, 274–301, 307–311; attitudes to authority in, 301 ff. See also Independence; Parliament; Representation; Rights; Taxes; and individual colonies by name

  Common law: influence of, on colonists, 30–31; and natural rights, 76–79

  Commons, 70, 274; role of, in execution of laws, 73–74; representation of, 163–164. See also Democracy

  Commons, House of, see Parliament

  Compleat History of the Turks, A, 63

  “Concise View of the Principles of the Constitution,” 190, 229

  Conduct of Cadwallader Colden, The, 107

  Congregationalism, 96, 249, 255, 257, 261–262, 305; and slavery, 242–245; and religious establishment, 24
9, 261–271; and civil disobedience, 305

  Congress (U.S.), 332, 338, 341

  Connecticut, 6, 119, 129, 212; charter of, 191; and slave trade, 245; and religious establishment, 248–249; ratifying convention, 359

  Considerations upon the Act of Parliament, 238

  Conspiracy: fear of, in colonies, 86, 88–89, 95, 119–120, 144–150; on part of Church of England, 95–99; and Stamp Act, 99–102; and customs commissioners, 102–103; and tenure of judges, 105–106; and plural officeholding, 109–110; and standing army, 112–115; colonists’ explanation of, 119 ff.; presumed ministerial origins of, 77–80, 124–131, 145–149; and Book of Esther, 127; fear of, in England, 145–148; presumed, on part of colonists, 150–159; antifederalists and, 333–334

  Constitution, British, 129, 287; colonial views of, 66–77, 175, 180–184, 273, 285–287, 296; balance of powers in, 70–77; Saxon origins of, 80–82; and Mass. Government Act, 119; compared with Virginia’s, 276. See also Common law; Parliament; Rights

  Constitution, U.S., 321–322, 324–376 passim; antifederalists’ objections to, 331–351, 376; federalists support, 351–379

  Constitutional Convention (Philadelphia, 1787), 376

  Constitutions: colonial ideas of, 176–189; as written, 190–193, 324

  Constitutions, state: and development of constitutional thought, 230–232, 299–301; proposals for, in Virginia, 291–293; proposals for, in Pennsylvania, 294–299; of American states, 324

  Continental Congress, 4, 11, 126, 136, 150, 173, 198, 223, 240; denial of conspiracy, 153–155; and abolition of slave trade, 245–246; Baptist invasion of, 268–269

  Cooke, Samuel, 247; Sermon, 12, 183, 192, 239

  Coombe, Thomas, Sermon, 140

  Cooper, Samuel, 210

  Corbin, Francis, 356, 361, 368

  Corruption in government: efforts to prevent, 330–331; antifederalists and, 345–347, 368; federalists and, 369–370, 378–379

  Corsica, 66

  Cosby, William, 88

  Councils, colonial, role of, 275–279

  Coxe, Tench, 334, 354–355, 377

  Craftsman, The, see St. John

  Cromwell, Oliver, 29, 287

  Crown, British, 106, 274, 300; constitutional role of, 73; ill feeling toward appointments by, 102 ff., 276–279; and presumed conspiracy to subvert colonial liberty, 122–130; supremacy of, over colonies, 202 ff. See also Constitution, British; Power

  Curtius Rufus, Q., 24

  Customs: Commissioners of, 102–105; regulations and officers, 343

  Dana, Edmund, 102

  Dana, James, 83

  Danbury, Conn., 129

  Dartmouth, Lord, see Legge, William

  Davies, Samuel, 251

  Debt, national, 335

  Declaration … for Taking up Arms, 126

  Declaration of Independence, 14, 152–153, 155, 156, 237, 246

  Declaratory Act, 202, 227

  Defoe, Daniel, 8, 13; Shortest Way with the Dissenters, 13

  Delaware, 150, 194, 245

  Delolme, John Louis, 27

  Democracy, 70, 278, 282–284, 300, 301; in America, and virtue, 372–373. See also Commons; Constitution, British

  “Democratic Federalist” (pseud.), 339

  Demosthenes, 171

  Denmark, 65, 79, 113. See also Molesworth, Robert

  Devotion, Ebenezer, Examiner Examined, 168

  Dialogue Between the Ghost of General Montgomery … and An American Delegate, 12

  Dialogue Between a Southern Delegate and His Spouse, 12

  Dickinson, John, 8, 11, 58, 82, 123, 129, 130, 370; Essay on the Constitutional Power, 23, 58, 170, 223, 226, 227; scholarship of, 23, 26; Farmer’s Letters, 37, 42, 63, 64, 75, 102, 104, 145, 215, 232–233, 238, 283, 337, 344; Speech Delivered … 1764, 39, 187, 192; on rights, 77, 187; Address to … Barbados.…, 78, 187; views of England, 89–91, 137; on ministerial conspiracy, 100–101, 119–120, 145; Late Regulations, 121; “Address to the Inhabitants of the Colonies,” 153–155, 173; on charters, 187, 192; constitutional views of, 215–216, 223, 226, 283; on colonies and state of slavery, 232–233

  Dilly, Edmund, 135

  Dio Cassius Cocceianus, 24

  Divine right, see Crown, British

  Documentary History of the Ratification of the Constitution, 326

  Doddridge, Philip, 40

  Douglass, William: Summary, Historical and Political, 75, 165; on qualifications for legislators, 165

  Dougliad, The, 279

  Downer, Silas, Discourse, 104, 187, 217, 238

  Drayton, William, 17; Letter from Freeman, 64, 107, 110, 279, 280, 284; Charge, 137; on colonial nobility, 279–280; on democracy, 283

  Duché, Jacob, 315

  Dulany, Daniel (Sr.), Right of the Inhabitants, 43–44

  Dulany, Daniel (Jr.), 28, 42, 144; Considerations, 60–61, 66, 67, 79, 168, 171, 212, 215; on power, 60; on representation, 167; on distinction between external and internal authority, 211–212, 215

  Dunk, George Montagu, 3rd Earl of Halifax, 151

  East India Company, 132

  Eclipse, The, 233

  Economic basis of politics, 324–325

  Economic growth, American, 351–352

  Economic Interpretation of the Constitution (Beard), 326

  Edes, Peter, [Massacre] Orations Delivered at the Request of Inhabitants, 6

  Edwards, Jonathan, 243

  Egypt, 63

  Elections, Congressional, 332, 338

  Eliot, Andrew, 283; Sermon, 6, 59, 93, 181, 283, 308; correspondence with Hollis, 35, 40, 99, 104, 114, 115, 116, 120, 123, 126, 131, 132, 141, 189, 263, 264, 266; on standing army, 114, 116; on conspiracy against colonies, 120–121, 123; on England, 125, 131; on religious establishment, 263–264

  Eliot, Sir John, 201

  Elliot, Jonathan, 326

  Ellsworth, Oliver, 322, 329, 359; “Landholder” essays, 328

  Empire: concept of, 76

  England, 38, 41, 42, 51, 52, 110, 111, 238, 296; corruption in, 46–51, 85–92, 130–138; elections in, 47–49, 89–90; nature of radicalism in, 47, 283–284; history of liberty in, 66 ff., 79–80; colonists’ view of, 86–93, 95, 128–138; origins of supposed conspiracy in, 119 ff.; compared with Rome, 135–136; fear of conspiracy in, 145–148; Civil War in, 198. See also Church of England; Constitution, British; Crown, British; Customs, Commissioners of; Glorious Revolution; Great Britain; Normans; Parliament; Whigs, English; and kings by name

  Enlightenment, European, 26–30

  Epictetus, 24

  Episcopacy, see Church of England

  Equality, 307, 316–317, 318

  Essay of a Frame of Government for Pennsylvania, 296

  Establishment, religious: fear of Episcopal, 95–98; in colonies, 247–249; early protests against, 249–251; and constitutional thought, 251–252; and Two-Penny Acts, 252–254; and Mayhew-Apthorp controversy, 156–158, 254–257; protests against by radical sectarians, 257–271

  Esther (Biblical), 127

  Euripides, 24

  Europe, 79

  External government, see Government

  External taxes, see Taxes

  Faction, supposed designs of, in colonies, 150–157; and interest, 363–364, 366–367, 367–368; Webster on, 373. See also Conspiracy

  Fairfax, Bryan, 121

  Fairfax Resolves, 120

  Farmington, Conn., 125, 242

  Federal Farmer, 326, 349, 350–351

  Federalism, 351–379

  Federalist papers, 61, 282, 301, 326; contemporary responses to, 327–328, 328–329; on models for American form of government, 353–354; on standing army, 356–357; on extensive republic, 359, 362; on dual sovereignty, 365–366, 377–378; on virtue and republican government, 368–371; on judicial review, 330; twentieth-century attention to, 329

  Federalist X (Madison): antecedents of, 329, 363, 367–368; on factionalism, 367–368

  Federalists, 351–379; writings of, 326–327; and loyalists (linked by antifederalist
s), 332; on standing army, 354–357, 377; on size of republic, 360–368; on virtue and republican government, 368–376, 378. See also Federalist papers

  Filmer, Robert, 27, 28, 201, 311; on sovereignty, 199

  Findley, William, 337n

  First Book of … American Chronicles, 10, 15

  Fish, Elisha, Joy and Gladness, 127

  Fitch, Thomas, Reasons Why, 192, 212

  Flanders, 66

  Ford, P. L., 326

  Foreign relations, American, 324–325

  Fortescue, Sir John, 30

  Foster, Dan, Short Essay, 33

  Foster, Sir Michael, 31

  Fothergill, Dr. John, 149

  Four Letters on Interesting Subjects, 74, 129, 172, 183, 189, 299, 308; on constitutions, 182–183; on structure of government, 298

  Fowle, Daniel, Appendix to the … Eclipse of Liberty, 165

  France, 66, 129, 238, 305; despotism in, 63, 66, 79, 118

  Franklin, Benjamin, 43, 87, 102, 127, 149, 214, 215, 333; as writer, 13; and European Enlightenment, 27; on corruption in England, 88–89, 130, 136; on placemen, 102; and distinction between external and internal taxes, 213–215, 337

  Franklin, James, 43, 44

  Freedom, see Liberty

  French Revolution, 19, 38, 314

  Gaius, 24

  Galba, Servius Sulpicius, 131, 132

  Galloway, Joseph, 136, 156, 187, 280, 335; and Enlightenment authors, 29; Candid Examination, 30, 143; on corruption in England, 137; Historical and Political Reflections, 157; A Reply, 157, 223; on sovereignty, 223, 226; Plan of Union, 226

  Garth, Charles, 166

  Gay, John, 49

  Genoa, 66

  Genuine Principles of the Ancient Saxon … Constitution, 61, 183–184, 297

  George I, 133

  George II, 38, 106

  George III, 82, 124, 134, 145–146, 147, 156, 224, 226, 303, 304; on presumed conspiracy in the colonies, 152–153

  Georgia, 248

  Georgia (Russia), 66

  Germany, 79, 138

  Gerry, Elbridge, 322

  Gilbert, Sir Geoffrey, 31

  Glorious Revolution, 35, 46, 52, 81, 105, 123, 132, 147, 173, 201

  Goldsboro (Goldesborough), John, Reports, 31

  Gordon, Thomas, 39, 40, 45, 133; translation of Tacitus, 22, 42, 43, 45; Cato’s Letters, 22, 36, 37, 39, 40, 43, 44, 45, 48–49, 52, 53, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 64, 68, 77, 80, 86, 132, 137, 283–284; influence on colonists, 35–36, 44, 53; Independent Whig, 36, 43, 45, 53; translation of Sallust, 42, 137

 

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