The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution

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The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution Page 48

by Bernard Bailyn


  Gordon, William, Discourse, 104

  Government: by consent of governed, 172–174; and balance of powers, 72, 273–281, 284–301; and control of factions, 273, 300; qualifications for leaders of, 309–311; distinction between internal and external spheres of, 209–219; and equality, 316–318; American forms of, 330–379 passim. See also Authority, civil

  Graves, Henry, 213

  Graves, William, 132

  Great Awakening, 249

  Great Britain, 131, 278, 313, 314. See also Church of England; Constitution, British; Crown, British; Customs, Commissioners of; England; Glorious Revolution; Normans; Parliament; Privy Council; Representation; and kings by name

  Greece, 133, 287

  Grenville, George, 150, 151, 168

  Grotius, Hugo, 27, 43, 150, 177, 205, 206

  Guthrie, William, 41

  Hadley, Mass., 265

  Hale, Sir Matthew, 30, 201

  Halifax, Earl of, see Dunk, George Montagu

  Hall, David, 87–88, 115, 133, 135, 149

  Hall, John, 29

  Haman (Biblical), 127

  Hamilton, Alexander, 312, 330, 337, 356–358; and Enlightenment authors, 27; Farmer Refuted, 28, 64, 188, 197, 198; Full Vindication, 121; on English society, 137; on natural rights, 188; and Constitution, 352–353; on standing army, 356–357; on size of republic, 365–366, 368; on virtue, 370

  Hampden, John, 132, 344

  Hancock, John, 17; Oration, 63, 116, 121

  Hanover County, Va., 259, 260

  Hanson, Alexander Contee, 328, 337, 353, 355–356; Remarks on the Proposed Plan, 328

  Harrington, James, 34, 35, 45, 75, 210, 365

  Hart, Levi, 247; Liberty Described, 77, 243; on slavery, 242–243

  Hartford, Conn., 133

  Harvard College, 254

  Haven, Jason, Sermon, 310

  Haverhill, Mass., 265

  Henry III, 82

  Henry VIII, 29

  Henry, Patrick, 236, 253, 291; on corruption in England, 136–137; and Constitution, 322, 335, 336, 338, 343, 345–346

  Herodotus, 24

  Hervey, John, 38; Ancient and Modern Liberty, 42

  Hicks, William, 181; Considerations, 57, 81, 176, 277; Nature and Extent, 58, 76, 82, 182, 217

  Hill, Wills, 1st Earl of Hillsborough, 119, 331, 332, 344

  Hillsborough, Lord, see Hill, Wills

  Hitchcock, Gad, Sermon, 38, 310

  Hoadly, Benjamin, Bishop of Winchester, 45, 52, 310; influence on colonists, 37–38; Original and Institution of Civil Government, 37; Measures of Submission, 37, 53; Works, 57

  Hobbes, Thomas, 28, 173, 201, 229; on sovereignty, 199, 200

  Holland, 66, 138, 238, 282, 287

  Hollis, Thomas, 40, 87, 283; correspondence with Mayhew, 35, 37, 40, 42, 99; correspondence with Eliot, 35, 40, 99, 104, 114, 115, 116, 120, 123, 126, 131, 132, 141, 189, 263, 264, 266

  Holmes, Abraham, 340

  Holt, Sir John, 30

  Homer, 24

  Hooker, Richard, 201

  Hooper, William, 85, 137, 141

  Hopkins, Samuel, 148–149, 151, 243–245, 247

  Hopkins, Stephen, 11, 42, 99; Fall of Samuel the Squomicutite, 10; Letter to the Author, 11, 17; Rights of Colonies Examined, 35, 100, 185, 212, 235, 344; on sovereignty, 211; on slavery, 234–235

  Horace, 24

  Hotman, Francis, Franco-Gallia, 72–73

  Howard, Martin, Jr., 11, 17, 100; Halifax Letter, 100, 144, 181, 185, 207; and conspiracy, 144; on rights and the common law, 185

  Howard, Simeon, Sermon, 28, 35, 38, 62

  Howe, Sir William, 156–157

  Hulme, Obadiah, Historical Essay, 61, 183–184

  Human nature: antifederalists’ view of, 345–347; Henry on, 345–346; federalists’ view of, 368–373; Madison on, 369; Washington on, 369–370; Hamilton on, 370

  Hume, David, 85, 339; History, 28, 42; “Of the Parties of Great Britain,” 97–98

  Hunt, Isaac, Political Family, 30, 311

  Hunter, Robert: on colonial Assemblies, 75, 118

  Hutcheson, Francis, 40

  Hutchinson, Thomas, 72, 76, 131, 138, 157, 213, 332, 335–336; and Coke, 31; distrust of, 99, 121–122, 331, 344; Copy of Letters Sent to Great-Britain, 100, 280; and plural office-holding, 109–110; and presumed conspiracy, 121–123, 151, 152, 155–156; Strictures, 155, 156, 246; and distinction between external and internal taxes, 212; Speeches … to the General Assembly, 219–222, 225; on sovereignty, 220–222; on slavery. 246

  Impeachment trials, 342, 342–343

  Imperium in imperio, 223–229, 336, 358–360, 377; See also Federalism

  Independence: hesitant colonial attitude toward, 142–143; Paine on, 286–287

  Independent Advertiser (Boston), 60

  Independent Whig, see Trenchard

  India, 63, 129

  Ingersoll, Jared, Letters, 202

  Inglis, Charles: True Interest, 18, 30, 66, 175, 176, 177, 180; on Paine, 18; and Enlightenment authors, 29, 30; on constitutions, 175

  Internal government, see Government

  Internal taxes, see Taxes

  Iredell, James, 85, 141, 150, 207, 213, 225, 322, 328; “Marcus” essays, 342

  Ireland, 104, 128. See also Coke (Calvin’s Case)

  James I, 199, 200

  Jay, John, 322

  Jefferson, Thomas, 1, 8, 38, 39, 43, 81, 123, 152, 189, 229, 282, 292; Summary View, 7, 16, 62, 83, 121, 172, 189, 237, 241; literary style of, 16; and classical authors, 24–25; and European Enlightenment, 27; and radical tradition, 42; on conspiracy, 119–120, 123, 124; on source of rights, 188; on slavery, 236, 241; and religious freedom, 261; constitutional proposals of, 292–293

  Jekyll, Sir Joseph, 168

  Jenkinson, Charles, 123

  Jennings, Edmund, 132

  Johnson, Samuel, 24, 227, 239

  Johnson, Samuel (of Conn.), 282

  Johnson, Stephen, Some Important Observations, 64, 67, 69, 124, 127, 131, 142, 171, 193, 238, 305, 307

  Jones, Thomas, 156; History, 157

  “Journal of the Times,” 114, 115

  Judges, independence of, 74–75, 105–108

  Judicial review, 329, 330, 359

  Jugurtha, 137

  Juries, 74, 108

  Jury trials, 341

  Justinian, 24

  Juvenal, 24

  Kent, James, 177, 178

  Kenyon, Cecilia M., 326

  King, Rufus, 328, 333

  Knox, Henry, 327

  Knox, William, 229; on distinction between external and internal taxes, 218; Controversy … Reviewed, 218

  “Landholder” (pseud. of O. Ellsworth), 328

  Lathrop, John, Sermon, 42

  Latitudinarianism, 38. See also Hoadly

  Laud, William, Archbishop of Canterbury, 339

  Laurens, Henry, Extracts from the Proceedings, 104

  Lee, Arthur, 39, 126, 129, 276; “Monitor” letters, 66, 102, 137, 151, 152, 169, 170, 189; on Lord Bute, 122–123; on representations, 168, 170–171

  Lee, Richard Henry, 120, 227, 276, 291, 293, 353

  Legge, William, 2d Earl of Dartmouth, 148–149

  Leonard, Daniel (“Massachusettensis”), 143, 207, 219, 226, 280, 314, 318, 319; Origin of the American Contest, 143, 207, 219, 314

  Leslie, Charles, 52, 53, 311; on authority, 310

  Letter to the Freeholders, 6

  Letter to the People of Pa., 69, 75, 105

  Liberalism: in America, 352, 367; and luxury, 371–372

  Liberty: colonial view of, 57–59, 79–84, 233–235; and balance of powers, 76–77, 233, 284–285; endangered in England, 85–92; conspiracy to subvert, 95, 118–120, 144–159. See also Government

  Liberty and Property Vindicated, see Church, Benjamin

  Lind, John, 156, 226, 284

  Livingston, Philip: Other Side of the Question, 9, 10, 188; on Cadwallader Colden, 127

  Livingston, William: Independent Reflector, 14, 36–37, 42, 53, 250; Occasional Reve
rberator, 38

  Livy, 24, 25

  Lloyd, David, 68

  Locke, John, 8, 22, 27, 28, 29, 30, 36, 38, 40, 43, 45, 52, 54, 83, 132, 150, 168, 173, 363; influence on colonists, 27, 28, 59; Second Treatise, 57, 173, 235; on slavery, 235, 242–243

  London, 18, 26, 88, 96, 115, 122, 123, 128, 133

  London Journal, 36

  Lords, House of, see Parliament

  Lovell, James, Oration, 62, 79

  Lowndes, Rawlins, 341

  Loyalists, 332

  Lucan (M. Annacus Lucanus), 24

  Lucian, 24

  Lucretius, 24

  Ludlow, Edmund, Memoirs, 118, 141

  Lutheran Church, 98, 250–251

  Luxury: and liberty, 372; and virtue, 371–372

  Lyme, Conn., 238

  Machiavelli, 85

  Macaulay, Catharine, History of England, 41, 42; Observations on a Pamphlet, 61, 147

  Madison, James, 55, 153, 189, 197, 229, 260, 282; and Constitution, 322, 353; on dual sovereignty, 359; on size of republic, 366–368; on virtue and government, 369

  Madox, Thomas, 31, 82

  Magna Carta, 69, 78, 81, 173, 187, 286, 374

  Mainwaring, Roger, 28, 29, 53, 199, 344

  Majoritarianism, 367

  Manchester, England, 169

  Mandeville, Bernard, 28, 49

  Manning, James, 269

  Mansfield, Lord, see Murray, William

  “Marcus” (pseud. of J. Iredell), 342

  Marcus Aurelius, 24

  Martin, Alexander, America, 57

  Martin, Luther, 322; Genuine Information, 333

  Maryland, 91, 111, 240; charters of, 11

  Maryland Gazette, 40, 68

  Mason, George, 120, 322, 336, 340, 342, 346, 349, 369

  Massachusetts, 6, 52, 99, 119, 164, 165, 239, 255, 279, 280; excise controversy in, 39, 53; tenure of judges in, 107–108; plural officeholding in, 109–110; Church of England in, 156–158, 254–257; Circular Letter of 1768, 181; House of Representatives of, 181, 219–221; charter of, 190; Laws and Liberties of, 194; and abolition of slave trade, 245–246; and religious establishment, 247, 248, 261–271; Council of, 277–278; ratifying convention, 340, 341, 343, 370

  Massachusetts Convention of 1768, 151

  Massachusetts Government Act, 119

  Mather, Cotton, 14

  Mather, Moses, America’s Appeal, 57, 67, 73, 79, 174, 183, 193, 224, 233, 235

  Mayhew, Jonathan, 38, 40, 84, 255, 283; and Apthorp controversy, 5, 96–97, 99, 255–257; and classical authors, 24; correspondence with Hollis, 35, 37, 40, 42, 99; Discourse, 38, 41, 52, 53, 92, 93; Snare Broken, 45, 57, 123, 124, 140; sources of thought, 45; Two Discourses, 85; Observations, 96, 97, 257; Remarks, 97; Popish Idolatry, 99; on America as refuge for liberty, 140. See also Aplin, Verses; Authority, civil; Charles I

  McDougall, Alexander, 278–279

  Mein, John: Sagittarius’s Letters, 17, 219, 241; on slavery, 241

  Merchants, colonial, 118

  Methodists, 258

  Militia, colonial, 62, 63, 84; state, relationship to federal army, 340, 354, 356. See also Army, standing

  Milton, John, 8, 40; Eikonoklastes, 34; influence of, on colonists, 34, 45; Tenure of Kings, 34; Paradise Lost, 89

  Ministerial Catechise, 10, 15, 104

  Molasses, see Sugar Act

  Molesworth, Robert, 1st Viscount, 39; Account of Denmark, 39, 65, 66, 98–99; definition of a “real Whig,” 71–72, 73

  Molière, 23

  Monarchy, 70, 355 See also Crown, British

  Montague, Mass., 265

  Montesquieu, 27, 29, 30, 77, 150; and British Constitution, 71–72; Spirit of the Laws, 72, 87, 347, 348, 374–5; antifederalists and, 345; Hamilton and, 361; Stevens and, 363, 365; Murray and, 372; Adams (J.) and, 372; Webster and, 373

  Moore, Maurice, Justice and Policy, 32, 82, 168, 172

  Mordecai (Biblical), 127

  More, Sir Thomas, 365

  Morris, Gouverneur, 322

  Morris, Lewis, 88

  Morris, Robert, 322

  Moyle, Walter, 62. See also Trenchard, Argument Shewing

  Murray, William, 1st Earl of Mansfield, 123

  Murray, William Vans, 371–372, 372, 373

  Nasson, Samuel, 343

  Neal, Daniel, 33

  Nedham, Marchamont, 45; Excellencie of a Free State, 58

  Negroes, see Slavery; Slave Trade

  Nepos, Cornelius, 24

  Neville, Henry, 34, 45

  New Bern, N.C., 10

  Newcastle, Duke of, see Pelham-Holles, Thomas

  New England Courant, 43

  New Jersey, 96, 240; tenure of judges in, 106; charters of, 191; “Laws, Concessions, and Agreements,” 195

  Newport Mercury, 30–39, 57

  Newport, R.I., 244

  New York, 44, 88, 96, 108, 115, 133, 194; Assembly of, 75, 118; Council of, 75, 118, 278–279; tenure of judges in, 106; charters of, 191, 195; Act Declaring What Are the Rights, 197; and religious establishment, 247, 248, 250; Committee of Safety in, 312

  New York Evening Post, 57, 64, 77, 233, 235

  New York Gazette, 80

  New York Journal, 115

  New York Mercury, 57, 61, 80

  New York Weekly Journal, 43, 44, 85

  Nicholas, Robert Carter, Considerations, 70, 142

  Nicholas, Wilson, 356

  Niles, Hezekiah, 160

  Nobility, 274; lack of, in colonies, 275–277; proposals for creation of, in colonies, 278–280. See also, Aristocracy; Constitution, British

  Noble, Oliver, Some Strictures, 61, 62, 121, 127

  Normans, 80–81

  Norris, Isaac, I, 43

  North, Frederick (Lord North), 123, 128, 147, 227

  North Carolina: tenure of judges in, 106; and religious establishment, 248; ratifying convention, 340, 346

  Norwich, Conn., 10

  No Standing Army, 62

  O Liberty Thou Goddess Heavenly Bright, 85

  Obedience, see Authority

  Observations on Several Acts of Parliament, 104

  O’Hara, Charles, 146

  “Old Whig” (pseud.), 336

  Oldisworth, William, Dialogue, 57

  Olive Branch Petition, 126

  Oliver, Andrew, 279

  Oliver, Peter, Origin and Progress, 152, 157

  Onslow, Arthur, 163, 164

  Orders in Council, 103

  Orwell, George, 2

  Otis, James, Jr., 8, 69, 80, 99, 247; as writer, 18; and Enlightenment authors, 27; Rights of the British Colonies, 28, 31, 35, 67, 69, 81, 173, 178, 179, 205, 206, 207, 238; Vindication, 28, 79, 85, 186, 189, 207; and Coke, 31, 177; on power, 55; Brief Remarks, 56, 100, 206, 207; on rights, 78–79, 185–187; on representation, 168; Considerations, 169, 170; and writs of assistance case, 176–177; on constitutions, 176–181, 189–190; on sovereignty, 205–209; on slavery, 237–238

  Ovid, 24

  Paine, Thomas, 29, 180, 183; Common Sense, 5, 143, 175, 285, 286; as writer, 16; on balance in government, 285–286; attacks on, 287–291

  Palfrey, William, 112, 132

  Pamphlets: definition of, 1–2; use made of, in Revolution, 1–8; George Orwell on, 2; literary qualities of American Revolutionary, 9–19; and public opinion, 323

  Paoli, Pasquale, 66

  Pardon(s), presidential, 342

  Parker, Henry, 200

  Parliament: manipulation of, by Walpole, 47–51; supremacy of, 69, 222–223; role in British Constitution, 73–74, 176–177, 180–181; natural rights expressed by, 77–78; Saxon origins of, 81–82; elections to, 89–90; representation in, 162–164, 166–167; colonial representation in, 166–167, 176; jurisdiction in colonies, 186–187, 202–229; right to tax colonies, 202, 214–215; self-correction of, 205–209; efforts to restrict power of, 209–219; selection of members, 338. See also Authority; Constitution, British; Representation; Sovereignty; Wilkes

  Parliament, Acts of, see Magna Carta

  Parsons, Jonath
an, Freedom, 247, 270, 271

  Parsons, Samuel Holden, 360

  Parsons, Theophilus, 298

  Parsons’ Cause, see Two-Penny Acts

  Pelham-Holles, Thomas, 1st Duke of Newcastle, 146

  Pemberton, Isaac, 167, 269

  Pendleton, Edmund, 81

  Penn, William, 84; as constitution maker, 191–192; “Laws, Concessions, and Agreements,” 195

  Pennsylvania, 115, 165, 182, 194, 240; Assembly of, 105, 187; tenure of judges in, 105–106; charter of, 187, 191, 192; and slave trade, 245; and religious establishment, 247; proposals for constitution of, 294–298; Essay of a Frame of Government for, 296; Proprietary party in, 308

  Pennsylvania Chronicle, 115

  Pennsylvania Gazette, 134

  Pennsylvania Journal, 80

  People the Best Governors, The, 294

  Persia, 127

  Petronius, 24

  Petyt, William, 31, 82, 168

  Philadelphia, 10, 43, 87, 126, 128, 133, 239, 268

  “Philadelphiensis” (pseud. of B. Workman), 334

  Pickering, Timothy, 352, 355

  Pinckney, Charles, 368

  Piso, 131

  Pitt, William, 280; on corruption in England, 134–135; on conspiracy, 147

  Pitt, William, the Younger, 156, 280

  Plato, 24, 365

  Pliny, 24

  Philoleutherus Lipsiensis, see Bentley, Richard

  Plutarch, 24, 25

  Poland, 63, 64, 79, 138

  Polybius, 24

  Poor, and military service, 356

  Pope, Alexander, 49

  Power: colonial view of, 55–62; as opponent of liberty, 57–58; and standing army, 61; constraints and limitation of, 323, 349–351, 368–369, 376, 378–379; fear of (before Revolution), 323, 330–331; problem of establishing and controlling, 325, 330–331, 376; antifederalists and, 333, 338, 345–347; federalists and, 351, 361; property as basis of, 373. See also Authority, civil; Crown, British

  Powers, see Government

  Pownall, Thomas, 202, 210; Administration of the Colonies, 140–141, 226–227

  Pratt, Charles, 1st Earl of Camden, 168; on conspiracy against liberty, 94

  Presbyterianism, 96, 249, 251, 257, 259, 260, 270

  President (U.S.): impeachment of, 342; powers of, 342; constraints on, 379

  Price, Richard, 41, 132

  Prideaux, Humphrey, 59; Old and New Testament Connected, 33

  Priestley, Joseph, 41, 132, 133

  Prince, Thomas, Chronological History of New England, 33

 

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