The Thirty-Year Genocide

by Benny Morris

  224. Youssouf Kemal, Minister of Foreign Affairs to High Commissioner, 15 September 1921, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 438.

  225. Julian Gillespie, assistant US trade commissioner, Ankara, to Bristol, 10 January 1922, quoting the Nationalist foreign minister, Youssouf Kemal, USNA RG 59, 867.00, Roll 10.

  226.

  Communiqué from the League of Nations to its member states, 14 November 1921, UKNA FO

  371 / 6536.

  227. Untitled memorandum by Theda Phelps to Allen Dulles, July 1922, USNA RG 59, 867.4016, Roll 47.

  228. “Minutes of the 61st Meeting of the A.G.S. and Armenian and Greek Representatives,” 27

  April 1921, UKNA FO 371 / 6548.

  229. Greek Patriarchate, circular 20 August / 2 September 1921; and unsigned, untitled, undated memorandum, both in USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 438.

  230. “Minutes of the 65th Meeting of the A.G.S. and the Armenian and Greek Representatives,” 22

  June 1921, UKNA FO 371 / 6548.

  231. Legation of Greece, London, to Curzon, 8 June 1921, UKNA FO 371 / 6516; and Greek Ecumenical Patriarchate “bulletin,” 9 September 1921, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 438.

  Notes to Pages 414–417

  232. Committee of Greek Refugees of Konia and Silleh & Surrounding Districts (Smyrna) to Lloyd George, 14 March 1922, UKNA FO 371 / 7878; and untitled memorandum attached to Rumbold to Curzon, 31 August 1921, UKNA FO 371 / 6527.

  233. Entry for 15 July 1921, LC, Bristol Papers, War Diary.

  234. Unsigned (by a missionary), “Report of Adabazar and Ismidt Schools, 1914–1921,” undated but prob ably from summer 1921, Houghton ABC 16.9.1, Vol. 1.

  235. Vice- Consul W. L. C. Knight to Earl Granville, 30 June 1921, UKNA FO 371 / 6523.

  236. “Minutes of the 66th Meeting of the A.G.S. and Armenian and Greek Representatives,” 6

  July 1921, UKNA FO 371 / 6548.

  237. C. Parren and T. Nicolaides to “Madam,” 13 April 1922, attached to Barry, Catholic Women’s Suffrage Society, to SecState, 11 May 1922, UKNA FO 371 / 7877.

  238. Graves to Toynbee, 27 July 1921, Bodl. MS Toynbee Papers 52. F. J. Baker to Eric Drummond, 9 October 1922, UKNA FO 371 / 7955.

  239. “Diary of . . . USS Brooks, from 7 July till ? July 1921,” entry for 15 July 1921, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 438.

  240. Dulles, “Memorandum of Conversation with Commander Bristol of the USS Overton, regarding the situation of American tobacco interests in Samsoun as Affected by the Nationalists,” 6 August 1921, LC, Bristol Papers 35.

  241. Dunn (Ankara), “Interview with Youssouf Kemal Bey, Minister of Foreign Affairs,” 30 June 1921, LC, Bristol Papers 35.

  242. Dunn, “Second Interview with Youssouf Kemal Bey,” 5 July 1921, LC, Bristol Papers 35.

  243. “Youssuf Kemal et la question Armenienne: Le delegué Kemaliste pretend ne rien savoir,” 21 February 1922, Bosphore.

  244. Rendel, “Memorandum by Mr. Rendel on Conversation with Col. Rawlinson on 23rd May 1922,”

  24 May 1922, UKNA FO 371 / 7878.

  245. Rendel, “Atrocities in Asia Minor Etc. Protests Received by His Majesty’s Government, and Action Taken,” 28 December 1921, UKNA FO 371 / 7875.

  246. “Deportations and Atrocities in Samsoun— Service Report,” 19 April 1922, quoting from a report by Jackson dated 23 March 1922, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 466.

  247. Armenian- Greek Section of the British High Commission, Constantinople, “Deportations and Massacre on Black Sea Littoral, and Massacre at Marsovan,” undated but covering note Rumbold to Curzon, 22 October 1921, UKNA FO 371 / 6534.

  248. Bristol to SecState, 25 July 1921, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 438.

  249. Bristol to SecState, 25 July 1921, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 438; and Rumbold to Curzon, 2 December 1921, UKNA FO 371 / 6536.

  250.

  USS

  Sands, “Diary at Samsoun,” entries for 28 and 29 November and ? December 1921, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 440.

  251. “Minutes of the 81st Meeting of the A.G.S. and Armenian and Greek Representatives,” 1 February 1922, UKNA FO 371 / 7933.

  252. Rendel, minute, “Atrocities File 19,” 27 March 1922, UKNA FO 371 / 7876.

  253.

  CO

  USS

  Sturtevant to Bristol, 20 January 1922, diary, entry for 31 December 1921, USNA RG

  84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 459.

  254. “Destruction of Greek Villages above Ordou, February 12–16, 1922,” attached to Riggs to Bristol, 21 June 1922, USNA RG 59, 867.4016, Roll 47.

  255. Hosford, “Brief Memorandum of Recent Conditions and Events in Northern Anatolia, particularly in Marsovan,” undated but from October 1921, Houghton ABC 16.9.1, Vol. 2; and “Minutes of the 74th Meeting of the A.G.S. and Armenian and Greek Representatives,” 12 October 1921, UKNA FO

  Notes to Pages 417–421

  371 / 6549. A list of those hanged in Amasya was published in the Turkish newspaper Ehali, Samsun, on 25 September 1921. Shaw writes that the Samsun In de pen dence Court executed “485” Pontus Greeks and the special Amasya In de pen dence Court executed “several hundred” during August– November 1922

  (Shaw, From Empire to Republic, vol. 3, part 1, 1016, 1018).

  256. Xenides, “The Recent Greek Deportations and Other Atrocities in Asia Minor,” undated but from November 1921, USNA RG 59, 867.4016, Roll 46.

  257. “Minutes of the 76th Meeting of the A.G.S. and Armenian and Greek Representatives,” 9 November 1921, UKNA FO 371 / 6549.

  258. Rumbold to Curzon, 6 October 1921, UKNA FO 371 / 6531; and “Minutes of the 73rd Meeting of the A.G.S. and Armenian and Greek Representatives,” 12 October 1921, UKNA FO 371 / 6549.

  259. Peet to Barton, 9 November 1921, Houghton ABC 16.9.3, Vol. 52; and “Minutes of the 76th [77th?] Meeting of the A.G.S. and Armenian and Greek Representatives,” 23 November 1921, UKNA FO 371 / 6549. “Crucified” in this context usually meant being nailed to a door or wall or board, not necessarily a cross.

  260. Greek Patriarchate to President of the Council of the League of Nations, 13 / 26 November 1921, UKNA FO 371 / 6537.

  261. “Minutes of the 84th Meeting of the A.G.S. and Armenian and Greek Representatives,” 15

  March 1922, UKNA FO 371 / 7933.

  262. Rumbold to FO, 17 February 1922, UKNA FO 371 / 7855.

  263.

  USS

  Sands, “Diary at Samsoun,” entries for 8 and 12 March 1922, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 463.

  264.

  CO

  USS

  Fox, Webb Trammell, to Bristol, “Diary,” entry for 10 April 1922, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 462; and CO USS Childs to Bristol, “Diary Samsoun,” entry for 18 May 1922, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 462.

  265. E. G. Haas, CO USS Sturtevant, to Bristol, 1 May 1922, “Diary,” USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 463; and CO USS Childs to Bristol, “Diary Samsoun,” entry for 18 May 1922, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 462.

  266. Armenian patriarchate report, 25 August 1922, UKNA FO 371 / 7954.

  267. Rumbold to FO (No. 241), 10 May 1922, UKNA FO 371 / 7876.

  268.

  “Comité des Grecs originaires du Pont- Euxin” in Athens, to British Ambassador, 17 July 1921, UKNA FO 371 / 6527.

  269. Rumbold to FO, 27 May 1922, UKNA FO 371 / 7878.

  270. Rumbold to FO, (No. 242), 10 May 1922, UKNA FO 371 / 7876.

  271. Commander E. G. (?) Haas, USS Sturtevant, Samsun, “Diary,” entry for 18 April 1922, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 463.

  272. Olive Crawford, Trebizond, to Peet, 2 August 1922, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol.

  464.

  273. “Statement of Ethel Thompson, of Boston, Mass., Concerning Her Work in the Interior of Anatolia from August, 1921– June 11, 1922,” 4 August 1922, USNA RG 5
9, 867.4016, Roll 47.

  274. Gibbons, “Trebizond, Asiatic Turkey,” 20 May 1922, UKNA FO 371 / 7878. One of Gibbons’

  in for mants was a missionary, Olive N. Crawford. She also, separately, described what she had seen in Trabzon (Crawford to Peet, 2 August 1922, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 464).

  275. Report by J. H. Crutcher, NER director, Trebizond, in CO USS Fox, “Diary,” 18 June 1922, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 462.

  276. Theda Phelps to the State Department, 2 June 1922, USNA RG Turkey (Constantinople), Vol.

  464; and unsigned, “Memorandum,” 31 May 1922, attached to Rumbold to Balfour, 2 June 1922, UKNA FO 371 / 7879.

  Notes to Pages 421–426

  277. Crawford to Peet, 25 April 1922, UKNA FO 371 / 7878.

  278. Theda Phelps to the State Department, 2 June 1922, USNA RG Turkey (Constantinople), Vol.

  464; and unsigned, “Memorandum,” 31 May 1922, attached to Rumbold to Balfour, 2 June 1922, UKNA FO 371 / 7879.

  279. “Statement of Ethel Thompson, of Boston, Mass., concerning her work in the interior of Anatolia from August, 1921– June 11, 1921,” 4 August 1922, USNA RG 59, 867.4016, Roll 47.

  280. Satow (Beirut) to Curzon, 3 April 1922, UKNA FO 371 / 7876.

  281. B. Bannerman Murdoch and J. Herbert Knapp, “Report of Greek and Armenian Deportees who Passed through Arabkir or were Stationed at Arabkir,” 14 June 1922, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 464.

  282. Greek Patriarchate, “A Summary of a letter written by a Greek from Samsoun and sent from the mountain of Ayou- tepe,” undated, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 438; and “Minutes of the 71st Meeting of the A.G.S. and Armenian and Greek Representatives,” 14 September 1921, UKNA FO

  371 / 6548. See also “Deposition assermentée, de MM. Jacobe Cantoni . . . ,” 18 July 1921, appended to Rattigan to Curzon, 27 July 1921, UKNA FO 371 / 6524.

  283.

  USS

  Sands, “Diary at Samsoun,” entry for 30 November 1921, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 440.

  284. Unsigned, “Report Made from Information Given by John Eufremides and George Isaridi, Refugees from Pontus, November 1921,” undated, UKNA FO 3721 / 7876.

  285. Hofmann, “Cumulative Genocide,” 98.

  286. For example, the vali of Diyarbekir allowed NER to temporarily shelter and feed Greek deportees passing through and in October– December 1921 allowed deportees to settle in villages and earn a living.

  “In the protection of the deportees the Turkish Government helped us by every means in their power,”

  missionary Emily Wade reported in “To whom it may concern,” 23 June 1922, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 465.

  287. “Statement of Ethel Thompson, of Boston, Mass., Concerning Her Work in the Interior of Anatolia from August, 1921– June 11, 1922,” 4 August 1922, USNA RG 59, 867.4016, Roll 47.

  288.

  Ibid.

  289. Henderson, “Turkey Annual Report 1922,” c. November 1923, UKNA FO 371 / 9176.

  290. Yowell to Charles Evans Hughes, 2 May 1922, USNA RG 59, 867.4016, Roll 48.

  291. Ward to Hughes, undated but c. 5 May 1922, and Ward, “Memorandum of Greek Deportations,”

  undated but from May 1922, both attached to the Yowell- Ward report, UKNA FO 371 / 7879.

  292. Ward to Hughes, undated but c. 5 May 1922, UKNA FO 371 / 7879.

  293. Jaquith to Vickerey, NER, New York, 3 May 1922, USNA RG 59, 867.4016, Roll 46.

  294. Yowell and Ward to Jackson, 5 April 1922, USNA RG 59, 867.4016, Roll 46. See also “Killing by Turks has been Renewed,” New York Times, 6 May 1922.

  295. “Extracts from the Diary of Dr. Mark Ward, Mezreh, Mamouret ul Aziz, Anatolia,” attached to Bristol to SecState, 12 July 1922, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 464; and Ward, “Memorandum of Greek Deportations,” undated but from May 1922, UKNA FO 371 / 7879.

  296. Ward and Yowell to Jackson, 5 April 1922, USNA RG 59, 867.4016, Roll 46.

  297. Xenides, “The Recent Greek Deportations and Other Atrocities in Asia Minor,” undated but from November 1921, USNA RG 59, 867.4016, Roll 46.

  298. Joseph Beach, Henry Murphy, Lillian Sewny, and Katherine Fletcher, “Report on Conditions in Anatolia Submitted by Members of the Cesarea Unit, Near East Relief, to the United States High Commission, Constantinople,” 4 December 1922, USNA RG 59, 867.4016, Roll 48.

  299. Secret Intelligence Ser vice (SIS), “The Great National Assembly and Dr. Yowell’s Report on Turkish Atrocities,” 30 May 1922, UKNA FO 371 / 7879.

  Notes to Pages 426–430

  300. Translated text of Kemal’s speech attached to Rumbold to Balfour, 27 June 1922, UKNA FO

  371 / 7867.

  301. Alleged letter from “Jaquith” to Fethi, 22 June 1922; and W. A. Kennedy to an editor in The Daily Telegraph, 29 June 1922, both in UKNA FO 371 / 7880.

  302. Turkish Government, “Certain Facts with Reference to the Greek Rebellion in the Pontus and Steps Taken by the Turkish Government,” undated but from May 1922, Bodl. MS Toynbee Papers 50; and “The Explanation of the Ministry of Interior,” Ankara, 22 May 1922, in “Explanation Furnished by Anatolian News Agency in Connection with Allegations Made by Major Yowell,” UKNA FO 371 / 7878.

  303. Rumbold to FO, 10 May 1922, (No. 241), UKNA FO 371 / 7876.

  304. Ministry of Interior, Ankara, 22 May 1922, in “Explanation Furnished by Anatolian News Agency in Connection with Allegations Made by Major Yowell,” UKNA FO 371 / 7878.

  305. Entry for 24 May 1922, LC, Bristol Papers, War Diary.

  306. Rumbold to Balfour, 30 May 1922, UKNA FO 371 / 7878.

  307. Hosford, “Brief Memorandum . . . ,” 6 December 1921, USNA RG 59, 867.00, Roll 10.

  308. SIS, “The Great National Assembly and the Commission of Enquiry into Atrocities,” 10

  June 1922, UKNA FO 371 / 7880; and “British Secretary’s Notes of a Meeting Held at 10, Downing Street, London, on Monday, June 19, 1922, at 2.45 p.m.,” UKNA FO 371 / 7866.

  309. Henderson to Balfour, 18 July 1922, UKNA FO 371 / 7880.

  310.

  CO

  USS

  Overton (?) to Bristol, Samsun diary, entry for 25 October 1922, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 462.

  311. B. Bannerman Murdoch and J. Herbert Knapp, “Report of Greek and Armenian Deportees who Passed through Arabkir or were Stationed at Arabkir,” 14 June 1922, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 464.

  312. Depositions to Greek Red Cross Committee, from April 1923, by ex- PoWs— Gabriel Scalo Choriti and Gheorgios Sava, both of Mitylene, John Ferounakis and Anesti Dimou from Volo, and Peter Papapetropoulos, from Lehana, attached to Bentinck to Curzon, 27 April 1923, UKNA FO 371 / 9094.

  313. Lt. Leno Melas to ?, 28 May 1923, UKNA FO 371 / 9096.

  314. Bentinck to Curzon, 4 July 1923, UKNA FO 371 / 9097.

  315.

  Koran, 47:4.

  316. H. Barfield to ?, 11 March 1921 and accompanying tables, UKNA FO 371 / 6491. In June 1916

  some 300 Armenian families were deported to Damascus (Heck to SecState, 11 March 1919, USNA RG

  84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 405)— the only large war time deportation of Smyrniots.

  317. Lt. C. E. S. Palmer, Royal Navy, undated memorandum attached to Webb to Balfour, 11 December 1918, UKNA FO 371 / 3416.

  318. Lt. L. R. Gooding to G.S. “I,” GHQ, Constantinople, 5 March 1919, UKNA FO 371 / 4157; and Lt. Col. Ian Smith, Area Control Officer, Smyrna, untitled report, 7 April 1919, UKNA FO 371 / 4157.

  319.

  Ford,

  Eden to Armageddon, 402.

  320. De Robeck to Curzon, Encl. 1 (Report of Inter- Allied Commission on the Greek Occupation), 11 October 1919, UKNA FO 371 / 5132.

  321. Bristol to Horton, 25 February 1920, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 424.

  322. Horton to US Mission, Paris, 19 July 1919, USNA RG 59, 867.00, Roll 7.

  323. Commande
r C. E. Heathcote- Smith, “Memorandum on Greek Aspirations to Asia Minor Coast Strip,” undated, attached to Webb to Balfour, 13 March 1919, UKNA FO 371 / 4165. See also Horton to US Mission, Paris, 19 July 1919, USNA RG 59, 867.00, Roll 7; and Horton to SecState, “The Near Eastern Question,” 26 September 1922, USNA RG 59, 867.4016, Roll 47.

  324.

  Churchill,

  World Crisis, 379.

  325.

  Smith,

  Ionian Vision, 90.

  Notes to Pages 430–434

  326. Vali of Aydın, “Vilayet of Aidin,” undated but from May 1919, and “Resume of the Report of General Ali Hadir Pacha, Commanding the 17th Army Corps of Smyrna,” undated, both in USNA RG